- Scan ID:
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- Submitted URL:
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- Report Finished:
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class="layout__main" tabindex="-1"><section class="article-hero"><div class="container container--grid"><div class="article-hero__inner"><time class="article-hero__date" title="Published on 04 April 2022; last updated on 01 November 2024." datetime="2022-04-04T00:00:00.000Z">04 April 2022</time><h1 class="article-hero__title"><abbr title="GatsbyJS">Gatsby</abbr> & <abbr title="Graph Query Language">GraphQL</abbr>: Nodes <abbr title="versus">vs</abbr>. Edges</h1></div></div><figure class="article-hero__media-wrap article-hero__media-wrap--blurred" style="background-color: rgb(8, 8, 8); --background-image: url(/static/d84773933de014236b34af7c03c442f5/7ac61/nodes-hero.webp);"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained article-hero__image"><div style="max-width:1700px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='668'%20width='1700'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"></div><div aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:#080808;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;object-fit:cover"></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/static/d84773933de014236b34af7c03c442f5/7ac61/nodes-hero.webp 376w,
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/static/d84773933de014236b34af7c03c442f5/692e5/nodes-hero.webp 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1700px) 1700px, 100vw"/><img width="1700" height="668" data-main-image="" style="object-fit:cover;opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 1700px) 1700px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="eager" src="/static/d84773933de014236b34af7c03c442f5/4cda3/nodes-hero.png" srcSet="/static/d84773933de014236b34af7c03c442f5/48711/nodes-hero.png 376w,
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/static/d84773933de014236b34af7c03c442f5/5dcf9/nodes-hero.png 1500w,
/static/d84773933de014236b34af7c03c442f5/4cda3/nodes-hero.png 1700w,
/static/d84773933de014236b34af7c03c442f5/57f0a/nodes-hero.png 1920w" alt="Hero image for Gatsby & GraphQL: Nodes vs. Edges. Image by Shutterstock."/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="article-hero__image-caption">Hero image for 'Gatsby & GraphQL: Nodes vs. Edges.' Image by Shutterstock.</figcaption></figure></section><section class="container container--grid rich-content rich-content--article" id="scrollDownAnchor"><div class="rich-content__inner rich-content__inner--article"><p>Although strictly speaking this doesn't relate directly to <abbr title="GatsbyJS">Gatsby</abbr>, it is a question that I am asked fairly frequently when it comes to developing with <abbr title="GatsbyJS">Gatsby</abbr>. For many front‑end developers, using <abbr title="GatsbyJS">GatsbyJS</abbr> will be the first time that they have been exposed to <abbr title="Graph Query Language">GraphQL</abbr> queries.</p><p>So, what's the difference? Take this query for example:</p><div class="pullout-panel rich-media-outset rich-code"><div class="pullout-panel__inner"><div class="container container--grid container--outset"><div class="rich-media-outset__inner"><pre class="rich-code__inner rich-code__inner--scrolled-to-left"><code class="rich-code__code language-graphql" lang="graphql (programming language)"><span class="rich-code__line">query Shuttles {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> allShuttles {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> edges {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> node {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line"> nodes {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line">}</span><span class="rich-code__line"></span></code></pre></div></div></div></div><p>At first glance, the result from this looks to be the same for both <code class="rich-content__inline-code">edges</code> and <code class="rich-content__inline-code">nodes</code>:</p><div class="pullout-panel rich-media-outset rich-code"><div class="pullout-panel__inner"><div class="container container--grid container--outset"><div class="rich-media-outset__inner"><pre class="rich-code__inner rich-code__inner--scrolled-to-left"><code class="rich-code__code language-json" lang="json (programming language)"><span class="rich-code__line">data: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> allShuttles: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> edges: [</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> node: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Enterprise',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> node: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Columbia',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> node: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Challenger',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> ],</span><span class="rich-code__line"> nodes: [</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Enterprise',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Columbia',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Challenger',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> ],</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line">},</span></code></pre></div></div></div></div><p>However, there are some subtle and key differences between the two.</p><figure class="pullout-panel rich-media-outset"><div class="pullout-panel__inner"><div class="container container--grid container--outset"><div class="rich-media-outset__inner"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained rich-content__image" style="aspect-ratio: 2200 / 1097;"><div style="max-width:1160px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='578'%20width='1160'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"></div><div aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:#282828;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;object-fit:cover"></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/static/ceb78b98dd60048e42acf4d224324ec8/3513b/shuttle.webp 376w,
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/static/ceb78b98dd60048e42acf4d224324ec8/0940d/shuttle.webp 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1160px) 1160px, 100vw"/><img width="1160" height="578" data-main-image="" style="object-fit:cover;opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 1160px) 1160px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/ceb78b98dd60048e42acf4d224324ec8/dd6b8/shuttle.jpg" srcSet="/static/ceb78b98dd60048e42acf4d224324ec8/b47c2/shuttle.jpg 376w,
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/static/ceb78b98dd60048e42acf4d224324ec8/ffa05/shuttle.jpg 1920w" alt="Photograph of the Nasa Shuttle Endeavour in Los Angeles, taken by Kvnga in Unsplash."/></picture></noscript></div></div></div></div></figure><h2 class="rich-content__heading rich-content__heading--level-1" id="heading-graph-theory">Graph Theory</h2><p>In order to explain the difference, you need to have a very gentle grasp of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory" class="rich-content__link" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" title="Graph Theory. Opens in a new window.">Graph Theory</a>. In the quickest and simplest way I can manage: Graph Theory describes the idea that data can be modelled by connecting circles (nodes) of data, via lines that describe the relationship between nodes (edges). Therefore, our <abbr title="Graph Query Language">GraphQL</abbr> data looks a little like a much more complex version of this diagram:</p><figure class="pullout-panel rich-media-outset"><div class="pullout-panel__inner"><div class="container container--grid container--outset"><div class="rich-media-outset__inner"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained rich-content__image" style="aspect-ratio: 1100 / 401;"><div style="max-width:1160px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='423'%20width='1160'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"></div><div aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:#f8f8f8;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;object-fit:cover"></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/ad35b/graph-theory.webp 376w,
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/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/44d1f/graph-theory.png 1920w" alt="Diagram of a directed graph by David_W on Wikicommons."></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/ad35b/graph-theory.webp 376w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/055a4/graph-theory.webp 576w,
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/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/b6fa4/graph-theory.webp 1920w" sizes="(min-width: 1160px) 1160px, 100vw"/><img width="1160" height="423" data-main-image="" style="object-fit:cover;opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 1160px) 1160px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/94beb/graph-theory.png" srcSet="/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/b5370/graph-theory.png 376w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/24bfc/graph-theory.png 576w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/963da/graph-theory.png 768w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/4226e/graph-theory.png 992w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/94beb/graph-theory.png 1160w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/d0a4f/graph-theory.png 1200w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/18916/graph-theory.png 1500w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/58673/graph-theory.png 1700w,
/static/0f039b112f9e3566ad43a59fd4a2dd0d/44d1f/graph-theory.png 1920w" alt="Diagram of a directed graph by David_W on Wikicommons."/></picture></noscript></div></div></div></div></figure><p>Each circle is a <code class="rich-content__inline-code">node</code>, each line between them is an <code class="rich-content__inline-code">edge</code>.</p><h2 class="rich-content__heading rich-content__heading--level-1" id="heading-nodes">Nodes</h2><p>In situations where you only need to access an item of data directly (without any additional data about it's relationship with other nodes), then accessing them directly via <code class="rich-content__inline-code">node</code> makes perfect sense: it is a shorter and more concise query, and it returns all the data you need.</p><h2 class="rich-content__heading rich-content__heading--level-1" id="heading-edges">Edges</h2><p>On the other hand, <code class="rich-content__inline-code">edges</code> also describe the relationship between those <code class="rich-content__inline-code">nodes</code>. So, expanding on the original example above:</p><div class="pullout-panel rich-media-outset rich-code"><div class="pullout-panel__inner"><div class="container container--grid container--outset"><div class="rich-media-outset__inner"><pre class="rich-code__inner rich-code__inner--scrolled-to-left"><code class="rich-code__code language-graphql" lang="graphql (programming language)"><span class="rich-code__line">query Shuttles {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> allShuttles {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> edges {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> node {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line"> next {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line"> previous {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line"> }</span><span class="rich-code__line">}</span></code></pre></div></div></div></div><p>Results in:</p><div class="pullout-panel rich-media-outset rich-code"><div class="pullout-panel__inner"><div class="container container--grid container--outset"><div class="rich-media-outset__inner"><pre class="rich-code__inner rich-code__inner--scrolled-to-left"><code class="rich-code__code language-json" lang="json (programming language)"><span class="rich-code__line">data: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> allShuttles: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> edges: [</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> node: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Enterprise',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> next: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Columbia',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> previous: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: null,</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> node: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Columbia',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> next: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Challenger',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> previous: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Enterprise',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> node: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Challenger',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> next: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: null,</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> previous: {</span><span class="rich-code__line"> name: 'Columbia',</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line"> ],</span><span class="rich-code__line"> },</span><span class="rich-code__line">},</span></code></pre></div></div></div></div><p>What we now have is all the same data that we had previously when querying <code class="rich-content__inline-code">nodes</code> directly but with the addition of knowing which shuttle (item of data) came before and after it.</p><h3 class="rich-content__heading rich-content__heading--level-2" id="heading-pagination-in-gatsby-using-edges">Pagination in <abbr title="GatsbyJS">Gatsby</abbr> Using Edges</h3><p>Pagination in <abbr title="GatsbyJS">Gatsby</abbr> itself is definitely something for another time and another article, but to give some brief context: in the case of developing within <abbr title="GatsbyJS">Gatsby</abbr>, the most common use‑case for <code class="rich-content__inline-code">edge</code> queries is going to be building up pagination between pieces of data. For example, blog articles.</p><p>I use this myself to determine what the 'next' article at the bottom of this very page should be. I also use it again to display the next project in the footer of each <a class="rich-content__link" href="/projects/">portfolio item</a>. Using the <code class="rich-content__inline-code">edges</code> structure, you can pass the <code class="rich-content__inline-code">next</code> and <code class="rich-content__inline-code">previous</code> nodes into <code class="rich-content__inline-code">pageContext</code> from <code class="rich-content__inline-code">gatsby‑node.js</code>, and then use that data as you need. Were you simply to query <code class="rich-content__inline-code">nodes</code> directly, this relationship between preceding and proceeding nodes would not be available.</p><h2 class="rich-content__heading rich-content__heading--level-1" id="heading-the-difference-in-a-nutshell">The Difference in a Nutshell</h2><p>All of this is a lot of words (and excuses to post pictures of Space Shuttles) to say in a nutshell: the difference is that a <code class="rich-content__inline-code">node</code> is a specific piece of data whereas <code class="rich-content__inline-code">edge</code> allows you to access and use the relationship between that data and others as well.</p><p>Use a <code class="rich-content__inline-code">node</code> query if you just want the data. Use an <code class="rich-content__inline-code">edge</code> query if you want to know more about the data's relationship with other pieces of data in your schema.</p><div class="rich-content__share"><div class="pullout-panel rich-media-outset"><div class="pullout-panel__inner"><div class="container container--grid container--outset"><div class="rich-media-outset__inner"><hr class="rich-content__rule"></div></div></div></div><button class="clap-button" type="button" aria-label="There are currently null claps for this article. 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1.3-5.9-1.2-7.7-2.4-1.8-5.9-1.3-7.7 1.2 0 .1-.1.1-.1.2l-25.3 36c-1.8 2.4-1.2 5.9 1.3 7.7-.1 0 0 0 0 0m21.2 23.9c.6 2.4 2.8 4.1 5.3 4.1.5 0 .9-.1 1.4-.2l42.7-10.8c2.9-.7 4.7-3.7 4-6.7-.7-2.9-3.7-4.7-6.7-4l-42.7 10.8c-3 .9-4.7 3.8-4 6.8m-56.9-40.7c.3 2.8 2.6 5 5.5 5h.5c3-.3 5.2-3 4.9-6L304.2 82c-.3-3-3-5.2-6-4.9s-5.2 3-4.9 6z" class="dynamic-clapping_svg__wave"></path></svg><span class="clap-button__label"></span><span class="clap-button__adder" aria-hidden="true">+0</span></button></div></div></section><section class="container container--grid article-categories"><div class="article-categories__inner"><h2 class="article-categories__title">Categories:</h2><ol class="article-categories__list"><li class="article-categories__list-item"><a class="article-categories__item-link" href="/articles/categories/gatsbyjs/"><abbr title="GatsbyJS">GatsbyJS</abbr></a></li><li class="article-categories__list-item"><a class="article-categories__item-link" href="/articles/categories/node/">Node</a></li><li class="article-categories__list-item"><a class="article-categories__item-link" href="/articles/categories/development/">Development</a></li><li class="article-categories__list-item"><a class="article-categories__item-link" href="/articles/categories/graphql/"><abbr title="Graph Query Language">GraphQL</abbr></a></li></ol></div></section><div class="featured-articles featured-articles--page-panel" role="region" aria-labelledby="featured-articles-title" aria-live="polite"><div class="container featured-articles__container"><h2 id="featured-articles-title" class="featured-articles__title">More articles</h2><div class="featured-articles__button-wrap"><a class="button button--dark-primary button--centered button--animated featured-articles__button" tabindex="0" aria-label="View all" href="/articles/"><span class="button__inner">View all</span></a></div><ol class="featured-articles__grid" role="list" aria-label="Featured Articles Carousel"><li class="featured-articles__grid-item" tabindex="-1" role="listitem"><article class="article-grid-item" aria-label="HTML Video and the `preload` Attribute"><a title="HTML Video and the Preload Attribute" class="article-grid-item__link" href="/articles/html-video-and-the-preload-attribute/"><figure class="article-grid-item__image-wrap" style="background: rgb(232, 232, 232);"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained article-grid-item__image"><div style="max-width:680px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='426'%20width='680'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"></div><div aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:#e8e8e8;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;object-fit:cover"></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/9da9e/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 376w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/61ad1/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 576w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/13c89/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 680w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/6ee21/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 768w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/7e64f/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 992w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/fe183/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 1030w" sizes="(min-width: 680px) 680px, 100vw"><img width="680" height="426" data-main-image="" style="object-fit:cover;opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 680px) 680px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/9480f/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg" srcset="/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/34661/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 376w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/1d875/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 576w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/9480f/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 680w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/40784/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 768w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/f8bc6/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 992w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/3bd4c/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 1030w" alt="HTML Video and the preload Attribute."></picture><noscript><picture><source type="image/webp" srcSet="/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/9da9e/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 376w,
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/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/13c89/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 680w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/6ee21/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 768w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/7e64f/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 992w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/fe183/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.webp 1030w" sizes="(min-width: 680px) 680px, 100vw"/><img width="680" height="426" data-main-image="" style="object-fit:cover;opacity:0" sizes="(min-width: 680px) 680px, 100vw" decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/9480f/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg" srcSet="/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/34661/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 376w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/1d875/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 576w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/9480f/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 680w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/40784/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 768w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/f8bc6/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 992w,
/static/f5584201b878f2bd1b0caa402646934c/3bd4c/sony-mp90-cassette-grid.jpg 1030w" alt="HTML Video and the preload Attribute."/></picture></noscript></div><div class="article-grid-item__button"><span class="article-grid-item__button-label">Next article</span><span class="article-grid-item__button-icon"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 32 32" class="article-grid-item__arrow"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M5 16h22m-9 9 9-9-9-9"></path></svg></span></div><figcaption class="article-grid-item__image-caption">HTML Video and the preload Attribute.</figcaption></figure><time class="article-grid-item__date" title="Published on 29 March 2022; last updated on 27 February 2024." datetime="2022-03-29T00:00:00.000Z">29 March 2022</time><h3 class="article-grid-item__title"><abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr> Video and the <code class="article-grid-item__title-code">preload</code> Attribute</h3></a></article></li><li class="featured-articles__grid-item" tabindex="-1" role="listitem"><article class="article-grid-item" aria-label="Adding static files to a GatsbyJS site"><a title="Adding Static Files to a GatsbyJS Site" class="article-grid-item__link" href="/articles/adding-static-files-to-a-gatsbyjs-site/"><figure class="article-grid-item__image-wrap" style="background: rgb(8, 8, 8);"><div data-gatsby-image-wrapper="" class="gatsby-image-wrapper gatsby-image-wrapper-constrained article-grid-item__image"><div style="max-width:680px;display:block"><img alt="" role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20height='426'%20width='680'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20version='1.1'%3E%3C/svg%3E" style="max-width:100%;display:block;position:static"></div><div aria-hidden="true" data-placeholder-image="" style="opacity:1;transition:opacity 500ms linear;background-color:#080808;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;object-fit:cover"></div><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="/static/87d0448691102ac39663e96b68622e4c/9da9e/records---grid.webp 376w,
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/static/87d0448691102ac39663e96b68622e4c/13c89/records---grid.webp 680w,
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/static/87d0448691102ac39663e96b68622e4c/9480f/records---grid.jpg 680w,
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/static/87d0448691102ac39663e96b68622e4c/f8bc6/records---grid.jpg 992w,
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I'd happily work with him again and would easily recommend his talent to <span style="white-space: nowrap;">everyone!”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Simon Hunt </strong><strong class="quote__position">Co-Founder</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/daniel-franks-b176464a/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is enthusiastic and enjoys getting work completed. His opinion on how we have developed features has been key to our success this financial year. He is fun to work with, always vocal and the dynamic he brought has driven us to deliver better quality features faster <span style="white-space: nowrap;">than before.”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Daniel Franks </strong><strong class="quote__position">Product Owner</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/andy-howell-51952451/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>If you're seeking to elevate the visual appeal of your design and translate it into an exceptional user interface, John Kavanagh is the ideal professional for the job. With his outstanding skills as a <abbr title="User Interface">UI</abbr> developer, he consistently delivers remarkable work with remarkable efficiency. John's contributions make him a valuable addition to any front‑end team.”</p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Andy Howell </strong><strong class="quote__position">Technical Lead</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/genedarocha/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is an exceptional programmer who consistently delivered high‑quality work at Selfridges. He possesses exceptional front‑end development skills and has a remarkable ability to tackle complex problems with creative and effective solutions.</p><p>What sets John apart is his strong work ethic and dedication to delivering results. He is a reliable and proactive team player, willing to go the extra mile to ensure project success. I was particularly impressed with his ability to resolve issues and make the explanations simple and succinct. He communicates effectively, collaborates seamlessly with team members, and approaches challenges with a positive and solution‑oriented mindset.”</p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Gene Da Rocha </strong><strong class="quote__position">Generative AI Engineer</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexharmsworth/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>I was lucky enough to work with John Kavanagh at Selfridges on the CX Team for the better part of a year. Throughout that time John's expertise and insight were invaluable in helping get projects started and over the finish line. He is a very approachable, diligent, and good‑humoured Front End Developer and I hope to work with him <span style="white-space: nowrap;">again soon!”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Alex Harmsworth </strong><strong class="quote__position">Front End Developer</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/clive-evans-2a1b9b31/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>Delighted to write a few words of sincere praise for John Kavanagh's excellent and exciting work and help in launching our new film production company. I plan to contact him again shortly about another, completely different project, as I do not think anyone could handle <span style="white-space: nowrap;">it better!”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Clive Evans </strong><strong class="quote__position">Director & Producer</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/adam-millington-41512623/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is a fantastic developer with all the skills one would want in a lead developer. He's done a superb job on all tasks and has been a great resource within the company. Exceptionally knowledgeable, self‑motivated, and a great team player. I would certainly work with <span style="white-space: nowrap;">John again!”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Adam Millington </strong><strong class="quote__position">Front-end Developer</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/howell-lee-5bb407127/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh was always articulate, willing to speak his mind, helpful and always did an amazing job ‑ he clearly takes immense pride his in work (and rightly so!). His attention to detail and perfectionist attitude helped produce a product that we could all be <span style="white-space: nowrap;">proud of.”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Howell Lee </strong><strong class="quote__position">Head of Business Analysis</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/metheridge/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is one of the most open‑minded developers I have ever worked with. His appreciation of great creative work, his enthusiasm and 'anything is possible' attitude is always a breath of fresh air. He is always super efficient and effective, combining a great work ethic with immense talent.”</p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Mike Etheridge </strong><strong class="quote__position">Creative Direction + Design</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/%F0%9F%91%A8%F0%9F%8F%BE%E2%80%8D%F0%9F%92%BB-menelik-williams-51556427/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is a passionate and highly skilled developer with a wonderful ability to calmly concede downward business pressures whilst pragmatically delivering the project <span style="white-space: nowrap;">at hand.</span></p><p>John is never phased by project management/requirement issues as are common in these environments, instead, he always finds a way to deliver value to both the end consumer and the business. It's not always easy to remain level‑headed and calm on high‑pressure projects but John's good nature and professionalism invariably remain infallible. It's an absolute pleasure working <span style="white-space: nowrap;">with him.”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Menelik Williams </strong><strong class="quote__position">Lead Full Stack Developer</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/markburchwebdev/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is an incredible <abbr title="User Interface">UI</abbr> developer, mentor and passionate lead developer. </p><p>I've been incredibly impressed by his technical understanding of <abbr title="User Experience">UX</abbr> and front‑end frameworks. Rapid turnaround times with quality output and attention to detail. Would highly recommend.”</p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Mark Burch </strong><strong class="quote__position">Technical Lead</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/phanos-panayiotou-715211162/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>I had the pleasure of working alongside John Kavanagh on a project focussing around building static webpages for a client, as well as improving their current webpages. John was an absolute pleasure to work with, he knows how to benefit the project and is able to get his point across without being offensive, this really helped him share his vast knowledge of JavaScript, <abbr title="GatsbyJS">Gatsby</abbr> and Contentful.</p><p>I can see John fitting into most environments as he has a great sense of humour, can read the room and has very advanced <span style="white-space: nowrap;">soft skills.”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Phanos Panayiotou </strong><strong class="quote__position">Product Developer</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidleemannheim/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is an 'above and beyond' front end developer. By that, a task could be assigned to John and he would complete it effectively, but more than that, if involved at the beginning of the process he would add so much more value to the project in way of ideas, solutions, process, search optimisation, user experience and <span style="white-space: nowrap;">so forth.”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">David Mannheim </strong><strong class="quote__position">Founder & CEO</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/dersanli/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh’s biggest strength is his ability to deal with conflicting priorities in high‑pressure situations. Along with his excellent development skills, John’s ability to manage difficult stakeholders and requirements is one of the key reasons that the projects he led were completed on time without too many <span style="white-space: nowrap;">problems.”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Devrim Ersanli </strong><strong class="quote__position">Senior Front-end Developer</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/langsamu/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is a highly intelligent and truly senior front‑end web developer, who's surprisingly well versed in the arcana of <abbr title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</abbr>. I enjoyed John's productivity and attitude, and I very much look forward to working together again.”</p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Samu Lang </strong><strong class="quote__position">Technical Director</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/clarissereyes/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is an incredibly talented and efficient developer with great expertise in <abbr title="GatsbyJS">Gatsby</abbr> and Contentful. He is incredibly personable and also always willing to share his knowledge. I also appreciated his ability to communicate openly and in a way that allowed me to find a way forward <span style="white-space: nowrap;">with him.</span></p><p>It was a pleasure to work with John and I would welcome another opportunity to work with <span style="white-space: nowrap;">him again!”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Clarisse Reyes </strong><strong class="quote__position">Senior Client Success Manager</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jamiescott/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is a talented front end developer and was also a very fast learner. No matter what was thrown at John he always delivered in a timely manner and with a professional attitude. He is easy to work with and an inspirational person to <span style="white-space: nowrap;">be around.”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Jamie Scott </strong><strong class="quote__position">CTO & Co-Founder</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/christianduncan/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>I've worked with John Kavanagh several times, and can fully recommend his services as a front‑end web developer to anyone. He is a strong JavaScript programmer, and has thorough knowledge of cross‑platform <abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr>/<abbr title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</abbr> development. Always punctual, very friendly and importantly knows how to get the job done on time, maintaining a keen eye for professional detail.”</p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Christian Duncan </strong><strong class="quote__position">Technical Lead</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li><li class="quotes-carousel__item" aria-hidden="true"><blockquote class="quote" cite="https://www.linkedin.com/in/malinj/"><div class="quote__text"><span class="quote__quote-mark">“</span><p>John Kavanagh is one of the best front‑end developers I've had the pleasure of working with. Incredibly knowledgeable, great attention to detail – he understands design and why it's important to get it right. Always professional but with a great sense of fun, John would be an asset to any team <span style="white-space: nowrap;">and project.”</span></p></div><footer class="quote__footer"><p class="quote__info"><strong class="quote__name">Malin Johannesson </strong><strong class="quote__position">Lead UI Designer</strong></p></footer></blockquote></li></ol><button type="button" class="quotes-carousel__button quotes-carousel__button--forwards" aria-label="Next quote" tabindex="0"></button><span class="quotes-carousel__indicator"><span class="quotes-carousel__indicator-tick quotes-carousel__indicator-tick--animate"></span></span></div></aside><footer class="footer" id="footer" tabindex="-1"><div class="container container--grid footer__container"><ul class="footer__navigation"><li class="footer__navigation-item"><a class="footer__navigation-link" rel="home" href="/">Home</a></li><li class="footer__navigation-item"><a class="footer__navigation-link" href="/about/">About</a></li><li 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