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.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyBottomWrapper{border-top:none;padding-top:0}}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotFader{bottom:0;height:5em;left:1px;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;transition:opacity .3s;width:calc(100% - 1em);z-index:10}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CybotCookiebotFader:not(.CybotCookiebotFaderLeft){left:auto;right:1px}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotFader.CybotCookiebotDialogActive{opacity:1}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotFaderLeft,#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotFaderRight{height:100%;width:3.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotFaderLeft{left:0}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotFaderRight{left:auto;right:0}@media screen and (min-width:1280px){#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotFader:not(.CybotCookiebotFaderLeft):not(.CybotCookiebotFaderRight){width:calc(100% - 1.5em)}}#CybotCookiebotDialogBody{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialogBody 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#D6D6D6;display:flex;flex-direction:row-reverse;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-end;margin:1em 0 1.5em auto;padding-bottom:1.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderButton,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderToggleDeselectVendorsLink,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderToggleSelectVendorsLink{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;border:2px solid #1032CF;border-radius:.25em;color:#141414;display:flex;font-weight:600;padding:.75em 1em;text-decoration:none;user-select:none}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderButton:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderToggleDeselectVendorsLink:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderToggleSelectVendorsLink:hover{opacity:.85}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderButton.select,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderToggleSelectVendorsLink{background-color:#1032CF;border-color:#1032CF;color:#ffffff;margin-left:.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderButton.select,#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderToggleSelectVendorsLink{margin-left:0;margin-right:.5em}@media screen and (min-width:601px){#CybotCookiebotDialogFooter #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyButtonsWrapper{align-items:stretch;flex:1;flex-direction:row;justify-content:flex-end}#CybotCookiebotDialogFooter #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyButtons 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#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyEdgeMoreDetails{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;margin:1.5em 2em .5em 0}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyEdgeMoreDetails{margin-left:1.125em;margin-right:0}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyEdgeMoreDetails a{align-items:center;color:#1032CF;display:flex;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyEdgeMoreDetails a:after{border-style:solid;border-width:.15em .15em 0 0;color:#141414;content:"";display:block;height:.563em;margin-left:1em;transform:rotate(45deg);width:.563em}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyEdgeMoreDetails a:after{margin-left:0;margin-right:1em;transform:rotate(225deg)}#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtons{width:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper{-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;display:flex;flex-shrink:0;height:32px;position:relative;width:57px}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper:hover input[type=checkbox]:not(:disabled)+.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider{opacity:.85}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper input[type=checkbox].CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButton{opacity:0}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider{background-color:#141414;border-radius:32px;bottom:0;left:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;transition:background-color .4s}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider:before{background-color:#ffffff;border-radius:50%;bottom:4px;content:"";height:24px;left:4px;position:absolute;transition:transform .4s;width:24px}#CybotCookiebotDialog input:checked+.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider{background-color:#1032CF}#CybotCookiebotDialog input:checked+.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider:before,#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogTabContent input+.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider:before{background-color:#ffffff;transform:translateX(26px)}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogTabContent input:checked+.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider:before{transform:translateX(0)}#CybotCookiebotDialog form input[type=checkbox][disabled]:checked+.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider{background-color:#D6D6D6;pointer-events:none}#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane{border-bottom:1px solid #D6D6D6;padding:1em 0}#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonWrapper{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:1em;text-align:center;width:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonWrapper+.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonWrapper label{font-size:.875em;font-style:italic;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.15px;padding-bottom:0}#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonDescription{font-weight:700}#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane label:not([for=CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonNecessary]) .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonDescription:hover{color:#1032CF}@media screen and (min-width:601px){#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane{padding:0}#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonWrapper{flex-direction:column;padding:1.5em 1em;width:25%}#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonWrapper:not(:last-of-type){border-right:1px solid #D6D6D6}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonWrapper:not(:last-of-type){border-left:1px solid #D6D6D6;border-right:none}#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonLabel{margin-bottom:.75em}#CybotCookiebotDialogTabContent input:focus+.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider{box-shadow:0 0 1px #1032CF}}@media screen and (min-width:1280px){#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane{border-bottom:none}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonWrapper{border:none;flex-direction:row;margin:.5em 2.5em 0 0;padding:0;width:auto}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonLabel{margin-bottom:0}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelWrapper{width:auto}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonLabel{margin-right:1em}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge[dir=rtl] .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonLabel{margin-left:1em;margin-right:0}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonsSelectPane .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonWrapper{border-left:none;margin:.5em 0 0 2.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog.CybotEdge #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyEdgeMoreDetails{display:inline-flex;height:2em;margin:0}}#CybotCookiebotDialog input[type=checkbox]{height:1.5em;margin-right:.5em;width:1.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] input[type=checkbox]{margin-left:.5em;margin-right:0}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper form{height:100%;width:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper input[type=checkbox]{height:100%;margin-right:0;width:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs input[type=checkbox]{-moz-appearance:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-o-appearance:none;background-color:#ffffff;border:2px solid #D6D6D6;border-radius:4px;position:relative}#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs input[type=checkbox]:not(:checked):hover{border-color:#141414}#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs input[type=checkbox]:checked{background-color:#1032CF;border-color:#1032CF}#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs input[type=checkbox]:checked:after{border-bottom:2px solid #ffffff;border-right:2px solid #ffffff;content:"";display:inline-block;height:50%;left:50%;position:absolute;top:calc(50% - 2px);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(45deg);width:25%}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs{padding:0 .625em;width:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2TabsIntro{padding:1.125em 1.125em .25em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2TabsIntro:nth-child(3){margin-bottom:1.5em}.CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerHeader{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton:before,.CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tab:before{border-style:solid;border-width:.15em .15em 0 0;content:"";display:inline-block;height:.5em;left:0;margin-right:1.875em;position:relative;top:.625em;transform:rotate(-45deg);vertical-align:top;width:.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton:before,#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tab:before{margin-left:1.875em;margin-right:0}.CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton.CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed:before,.CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tab.CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed:before{top:.25em;transform:rotate(-225deg)}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard{border-bottom:1px solid #D6D6D6;padding:1.5em 0}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard:not(:first-child){padding-top:1.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABContainer .CookieCard{border-bottom:none;border-top:1px solid #D6D6D6}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CookieCard:last-of-type{margin-bottom:1em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CookieCard:first-of-type{padding-top:1.625em}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton,#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tab{border:1px solid transparent;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5em;padding-right:.75em;user-select:none}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton,#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tab{padding-left:.75em;padding-right:0}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tab:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider:not(.CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount):hover{color:#1032CF}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeIntro,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeTableContainer,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CollapseCard{padding-top:1em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CollapseCard>div:not(.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABWrapper){letter-spacing:.3px;line-height:1.6em;margin-left:2.9em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2CardIntro{letter-spacing:.3px;line-height:1.6em;margin-left:2.9em;padding-top:1em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CollapseCard>div:not(.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABWrapper),#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2CardIntro{margin-left:0;margin-right:2.9em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyEmptyCategoryMessage{border:1px solid #D6D6D6;border-radius:.5em;font-weight:600;margin:1em 0;padding:1em 1.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup{border:1px solid #D6D6D6;border-radius:.5em;margin-bottom:.5em;padding:1em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup:not(.open):hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05)}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider{display:block;font-weight:700;position:relative;text-decoration:none}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider>div{pointer-events:none}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider:not(.CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount){color:#141414}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider.CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed:after,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider:after{border-style:solid;border-width:.15em .15em 0 0;content:"";display:inline-block;height:.5em;position:absolute;right:1em;top:.5em;transform:rotate(-45deg);width:.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider.CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed:after,#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider:after{left:1em;right:auto}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider.CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed:after{transform:rotate(-225deg)}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink{align-items:center;display:inline-flex;padding-top:1em;position:relative}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo{background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);border:1px solid #D6D6D6;border-radius:1em;margin-bottom:.5em;padding:1em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper.CybotCookiebotDialogShow{display:block}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper{margin-top:3.125em;position:relative}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper:before{border-top:1px solid #D6D6D6;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;top:-1.5em;width:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProviderDescription{margin-bottom:1.56em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle{display:block;font-weight:700;line-height:1.6em;margin-bottom:.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription{display:block;letter-spacing:.3px;padding-bottom:1em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter{border-top:1px solid #D6D6D6;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding-top:.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent{margin-top:.5em;width:100%}@media screen and (min-width:1280px){#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs{padding:0 1.125em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeTableContainer{margin-top:2em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeTableContainer,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CollapseCard{margin-left:3em;padding-top:.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeTableContainer,#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CollapseCard{margin-left:0;margin-right:3em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CollapseCard>div:not(.CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABWrapper){margin-left:0}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard{padding:1.125em 0 1.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CookieCard:last-of-type{margin-bottom:1.5em;padding-bottom:2em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CookieCard:first-of-type{padding-top:1.125em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tabs .CookieCard:last-of-type{padding-bottom:1.125em}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeIntro{padding-left:3em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeIntro{padding-left:0;padding-right:3em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyEmptyCategoryMessage{margin:0 0 1.5em;padding:1.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo{padding:1.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper{margin-top:3.75em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper:before{top:-2em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProviderDescription{margin-bottom:1.875em}#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent{width:50%}}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogHide{display:none}.CybotExpandLink{position:relative}.CybotExpandLink.CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed:after,.CybotExpandLink:after{border-style:solid;border-width:.15em .15em 0 0;content:"";height:.5em;position:absolute;right:1em;top:.3em;transform:rotate(-45deg);width:.5em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CybotExpandLink.CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed:after,#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CybotExpandLink:after{left:0;right:auto}.CybotExpandLink.CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed:after{transform:rotate(-225deg)}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotExternalLinkArrow{margin-left:.625em}#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir=rtl] .CybotExternalLinkArrow{margin-left:0;margin-right:.625em;transform:scaleX(-1)}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton:not(:disabled):not(.disabled),#CybotCookiebotDialog .CookieCard .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentIABv2Tab:not(:disabled):not(.disabled),#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper input[type=checkbox],#CybotCookiebotDialog button,#CybotCookiebotDialog input,#CybotCookiebotDialog label:not([for=CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonNecessary]){cursor:pointer}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper input[type=checkbox]:disabled{pointer-events:none}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapperDisabled{cursor:not-allowed}#CybotCookiebotDialog dt{word-break:break-all}#CybotCookiebotDialog fieldset{border:none;width:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialog fieldset #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyFieldsetInnerContainer{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%}#CybotCookiebotDialog legend.visuallyhidden{display:block}#CybotCookiebotDialog .visuallyhidden{height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyContentText a,#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderViewPartnersLink,#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentList dt a,#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailFooter a,#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABDescription a,#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentTextAbout a{color:#1032CF;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none}#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyContentText a:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABHeaderViewPartnersLink:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentList dt a:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogDetailFooter a:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonIABDescription a:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink:hover,#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentTextAbout a:hover{opacity:.85}#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper input:focus-visible+span,#CybotCookiebotDialog :focus-visible,#CybotCookiebotDialog:focus-visible{outline:none}@media screen and (min-width:601px){#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper input:focus-visible+span,#CybotCookiebotDialog :focus-visible{outline:2px solid #1032CF}}@media not all and (min-resolution:.001dpcm){@media screen and (min-width:1280px){#CybotCookiebotDialog #CybotCookiebotDialogBody .CybotCookiebotScrollContainer{display:block}}}#CookiebotSessionPixel{display:none}
#CybotCookiebotDialogPoweredbyCybot svg {
display: block;
height: 1.7em;
opacity: 1;
max-width: 133px;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialogPoweredByText {
display: none;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialog .CybotCookiebotBannerCloseButton {
margin-left: 2.313rem;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialog[dir="rtl"] .CybotCookiebotBannerCloseButton {
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: 2.313rem;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper {
position: relative;
margin-top: 3.125em;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper.CybotCookiebotDialogShow {
display: block;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper:before {
content: '';
position: absolute;
top: -1.5em;
left: 0;
width: 100%;
border-top: 1px solid #D6D6D6;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProviderDescription {
margin-bottom: 1.56em;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo:before {
display: none;
}
@media screen and (min-width: 601px) {
#CybotCookiebotDialogPoweredbyCybot svg {
height: 2em;
}
}
@media screen and (min-width: 1280px) {
#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper {
margin-top: 3.75em;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProviderDescription {
margin-bottom: 1.875em;
}
#CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes .CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper:before {
top: -2em;
}
}
</style></head>
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style="background-image: linear-gradient(to top, rgb(255, 255, 255), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0));"></div><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBody"><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContent"><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentTextOverview" lang="en"><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainer"><ul id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerTypes" style="list-style-type: none;"><li class="CookieCard"><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerNecessaryCard"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerHeader"><button id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerNecessary" class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" lang="en" data-target="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsNecessary" aria-label="Necessary (29)" aria-controls="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsNecessary" aria-expanded="false"><label for="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonNecessaryInline">Necessary </label> <span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">29</span></button><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapperDisabled CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><form><input type="checkbox" id="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonNecessaryInline" class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButton CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonDisabled" disabled="disabled" checked="checked"> <span class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider"></span></form></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeIntro">Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like page navigation and access to secure areas of the website. The website cannot function properly without these cookies.</div><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsNecessary" class="CollapseCard CybotCookiebotDialogHide" aria-labelledby="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerNecessaryCard"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeTableContainer"><ul class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabContent" style="list-style-type: none;"><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Cookiebot<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://www.cookiebot.com/goto/privacy-policy/" title="Cookiebot's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">1.gif</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to count the number of sessions to the website, necessary for optimizing CMP product delivery. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: Pixel Tracker</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">CrazyEgg<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://www.crazyegg.com/privacy" title="CrazyEgg's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_ce.cch</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Google<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">2</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://business.safety.google/privacy/" title="Google's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><p class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProviderDescription">Some of the data collected by this provider is for the purposes of personalization and measuring advertising effectiveness.</p><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">test_cookie</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to check if the user's browser supports cookies.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">ar_debug</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Checks whether a technical debugger-cookie is present. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 3 months</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">LinkedIn<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-policy" title="LinkedIn's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">li_gc</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 180 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">commenting.mdpi.com<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">2</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">SESS#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Preserves users states across page requests.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">XSRF-TOKEN</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Ensures visitor browsing-security by preventing cross-site request forgery. This cookie is essential for the security of the website and visitor. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#"><div>commenting.mdpi.com<br>res.mdpi.com<br>consent.cookiebot.com<br></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">3</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">CookieConsent [x3]</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Stores the user's cookie consent state for the current domain</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 year</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">matomo.mdpi.com<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_pk_testcookie_domain</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie determines whether the browser accepts cookies.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">mdpi.com<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">4</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">__cfruid</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie is a part of the services provided by Cloudflare - Including load-balancing, deliverance of website content and serving DNS connection for website operators. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_cfuvid</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie is a part of the services provided by Cloudflare - Including load-balancing, deliverance of website content and serving DNS connection for website operators. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">cf_clearance</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 year</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">MDPIPHPSESSID</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Pending</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#"><div>mdpi.com<br>mdpi.org<br>mdpi-res.com<br>t.co<br></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">4</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">__cf_bm [x4]</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie is used to distinguish between humans and bots. This is beneficial for the website, in order to make valid reports on the use of their website.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#"><div>script.crazyegg.com<br>www.mdpi.com<br></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">2</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">ce_successful_csp_check [x2]</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Detects whether user behaviour tracking should be active on the website. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">www.jisc.ac.uk<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">AWSALBCORS</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 7 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">www.mdpi.com<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">7</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">iconify0</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by the website's content management system (CMS) to determine how the website's menu-tabs should be displayed. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">iconify1</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie is set to ensure proper product displays on the website.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">iconify2</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by the website's content management system (CMS) to determine how the website's menu-tabs should be displayed. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">iconify3</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Determines the device used to access the website. This allows the website to be formatted accordingly. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">iconify4</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by the website's content management system (CMS) to determine how the website's menu-tabs should be displayed. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">iconify-count</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by the website's content management system (CMS) to determine how the website's menu-tabs should be displayed. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">iconify-version</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by the website's content management system (CMS) to determine how the website's menu-tabs should be displayed. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="CookieCard"><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerPreferenceCard"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerHeader"><button id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerPreference" class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" lang="en" data-target="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsPreference" aria-label="Preferences (3)" aria-controls="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsPreference" aria-expanded="false"><label for="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonPreferencesInline">Preferences </label> <span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">3</span></button><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><form><input type="checkbox" id="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonPreferencesInline" class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButton CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelConsentCheckbox" data-target="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonPreferences" checked="checked" tabindex="0"> <span class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider"></span></form></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeIntro">Preference cookies enable a website to remember information that changes the way the website behaves or looks, like your preferred language or the region that you are in.</div><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsPreference" class="CollapseCard CybotCookiebotDialogHide" aria-labelledby="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerPreferenceCard"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeTableContainer"><ul class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabContent" style="list-style-type: none;"><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">LinkedIn<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-policy" title="LinkedIn's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">lidc</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">www.mdpi.com<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">2</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">mdpi_layout_type</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie is used to store user setting of using fixed desktop layout instead of the default responsive layout</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 year</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">settings</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie is used to determine the preferred language of the visitor and sets the language accordingly on the website, if possible.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="CookieCard"><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerStatisticsCard"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerHeader"><button id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerStatistics" class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" lang="en" data-target="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsStatistics" aria-label="Statistics (22)" aria-controls="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsStatistics" aria-expanded="false"><label for="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonStatisticsInline">Statistics </label> <span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">22</span></button><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><form><input type="checkbox" id="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonStatisticsInline" class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButton CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelConsentCheckbox" data-target="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonStatistics" checked="checked" tabindex="0"> <span class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider"></span></form></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeIntro">Statistic cookies help website owners to understand how visitors interact with websites by collecting and reporting information anonymously.</div><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsStatistics" class="CollapseCard CybotCookiebotDialogHide" aria-labelledby="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerStatisticsCard"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeTableContainer"><ul class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabContent" style="list-style-type: none;"><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">CrazyEgg<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">5</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://www.crazyegg.com/privacy" title="CrazyEgg's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_ce.clock_data</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects data on the user’s navigation and behavior on the website. This is used to compile statistical reports and heatmaps for the website owner.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_ce.s</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects data on the user’s navigation and behavior on the website. This is used to compile statistical reports and heatmaps for the website owner.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 year</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">cebs</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Tracks the individual sessions on the website, allowing the website to compile statistical data from multiple visits. This data can also be used to create leads for marketing purposes.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">cebsp_</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects data on the user’s navigation and behavior on the website. This is used to compile statistical reports and heatmaps for the website owner.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">cetabid</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Sets a unique ID for the session. This allows the website to obtain data on visitor behaviour for statistical purposes.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Google<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">5</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://business.safety.google/privacy/" title="Google's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><p class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProviderDescription">Some of the data collected by this provider is for the purposes of personalization and measuring advertising effectiveness.</p><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">collect</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to send data to Google Analytics about the visitor's device and behavior. Tracks the visitor across devices and marketing channels.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: Pixel Tracker</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_ga</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 2 years</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_ga_#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by Google Analytics to collect data on the number of times a user has visited the website as well as dates for the first and most recent visit. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 2 years</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_gat</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by Google Analytics to throttle request rate</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_gid</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers a unique ID that is used to generate statistical data on how the visitor uses the website.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Hotjar<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">5</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://www.hotjar.com/legal/policies/privacy/" title="Hotjar's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">hjActiveViewportIds</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie contains an ID string on the current session. This contains non-personal information on what subpages the visitor enters – this information is used to optimize the visitor's experience.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">hjViewportId</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Saves the user's screen size in order to adjust the size of images on the website.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_hjSession_#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects statistics on the visitor's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been read.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_hjSessionUser_#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects statistics on the visitor's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been read.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 year</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_hjTLDTest</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers statistical data on users' behaviour on the website. Used for internal analytics by the website operator. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Twitter Inc.<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://twitter.com/en/privacy" title="Twitter Inc.'s privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">personalization_id</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">This cookie is set by Twitter - The cookie allows the visitor to share content from the website onto their Twitter profile. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 400 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">matomo.mdpi.com<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">3</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_pk_id#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects statistics on the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and what pages have been read.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 year</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_pk_ref#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by Piwik Analytics Platform to identify the referring website from which the visitor has come.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 6 months</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_pk_ses#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by Piwik Analytics Platform to track page requests from the visitor during the session.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#"><div>script.crazyegg.com<br>www.mdpi.com<br></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">2</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">ce_fvd [x2]</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects data on the user’s navigation and behavior on the website. This is used to compile statistical reports and heatmaps for the website owner.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">www.mdpi.com<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">sentryReplaySession</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers data on visitors' website-behaviour. This is used for internal analysis and website optimization. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li class="CookieCard"><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerAdvertisingCard"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerHeader"><button id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerAdvertising" class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerButton CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" lang="en" data-target="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsAdvertising" aria-label="Marketing (41)" aria-controls="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsAdvertising" aria-expanded="false"><label for="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonMarketingInline">Marketing </label> <span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">41</span></button><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSliderWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><form><input type="checkbox" id="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonMarketingInline" class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButton CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelConsentCheckbox" data-target="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonMarketing" checked="checked" tabindex="0"> <span class="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonSlider"></span></form></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeIntro">Marketing cookies are used to track visitors across websites. The intention is to display ads that are relevant and engaging for the individual user and thereby more valuable for publishers and third party advertisers.</div><div id="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabsAdvertising" class="CollapseCard CybotCookiebotDialogHide" aria-labelledby="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieContainerAdvertisingCard"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTypeTableContainer"><ul class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieTabContent" style="list-style-type: none;"><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#"> Meta Platforms, Inc.<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">3</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://www.facebook.com/policy.php/" title=" Meta Platforms, Inc.'s privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">lastExternalReferrer</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Detects how the user reached the website by registering their last URL-address.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">lastExternalReferrerTime</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Detects how the user reached the website by registering their last URL-address.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_fbp</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by Facebook to deliver a series of advertisement products such as real time bidding from third party advertisers.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 3 months</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Google<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">4</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://business.safety.google/privacy/" title="Google's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><p class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProviderDescription">Some of the data collected by this provider is for the purposes of personalization and measuring advertising effectiveness.</p><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">IDE</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Pending</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 400 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">NID</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers a unique ID that identifies a returning user's device. The ID is used for targeted ads.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 6 months</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">pagead/1p-user-list/#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Tracks if the user has shown interest in specific products or events across multiple websites and detects how the user navigates between sites. This is used for measurement of advertisement efforts and facilitates payment of referral-fees between websites.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: Pixel Tracker</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">_gcl_au</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by Google AdSense for experimenting with advertisement efficiency across websites using their services. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 3 months</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">LinkedIn<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">1</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://www.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-policy" title="LinkedIn's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">bcookie</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used by the social networking service, LinkedIn, for tracking the use of embedded services.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 year</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">Twitter Inc.<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">8</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://twitter.com/en/privacy" title="Twitter Inc.'s privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">1/i/adsct [x2]</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: Pixel Tracker</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">i/adsct [x2]</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">The cookie is used by Twitter.com in order to determine the number of visitors accessing the website through Twitter advertisement content. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: Pixel Tracker</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">muc_ads</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects data on user behaviour and interaction in order to optimize the website and make advertisement on the website more relevant. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 400 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">guest_id</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects data related to the user's visits to the website, such as the number of visits, average time spent on the website and which pages have been loaded, with the purpose of personalising and improving the Twitter service.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 400 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">guest_id_ads</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 400 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">guest_id_marketing</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Collects information on user behaviour on multiple websites. This information is used in order to optimize the relevance of advertisement on the website.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 400 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div></div></li><li class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieGroup"><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieProvider CybotCookiebotDialogCollapsed" role="button" aria-expanded="false" href="#">YouTube<div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoCount CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBulkConsentCount">22</div></a><a class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieLink" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" aria-label="Learn more about this provider - opens in a new window" href="https://business.safety.google/privacy/" title="YouTube's privacy policy">Learn more about this provider<img class="CybotExternalLinkArrow" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAC6SURBVHgBpdTdCcMgEAdwT/vk04EOkBG6QifpHH3rCF2hk3SVvBaEuoDYu4IgRRMv/iEkD/Hn+QnOuatS6gEAqDoJIQC/vfe594+m576FjAZKL6XXkSDiYox5UQFLXZEoNZJzXg9B/0hK6SKGWkiMcRVBewjnNIuURdIzyFBFo0jZPnoGqaMbCEqRJkSNIiFPCfILj7F1GLkySfvuqnFlShDxWesF6D76zF4jPJ/GWvum7/NRjBCegtsXQuuTY/odOJIAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" alt=""></a><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoWrapper CybotCookiebotDialogHide"><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">#-#</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">__Secure-ROLLOUT_TOKEN</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Pending</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 180 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">iU5q-!O9@$</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTML Local Storage</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">LogsDatabaseV2:V#||LogsRequestsStore</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: IndexedDB</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">nextId</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">remote_sid</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Necessary for the implementation and functionality of YouTube video-content on the website. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">requests</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Session</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">ServiceWorkerLogsDatabase#SWHealthLog</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Necessary for the implementation and functionality of YouTube video-content on the website. </span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: Persistent</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: IndexedDB</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">TESTCOOKIESENABLED</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 1 day</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Tries to estimate the users' bandwidth on pages with integrated YouTube videos.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Maximum Storage Duration</b>: 180 days</span><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooterContent"><b>Type</b>: HTTP Cookie</span></div></div><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfo"><strong class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoTitle">YSC</strong><span class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoDescription">Registers a unique ID to keep statistics of what videos from YouTube the user has seen.</span><div class="CybotCookiebotDialogDetailBodyContentCookieInfoFooter"><span 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Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM)
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Uro
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Virtual Worlds
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Vision
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Water
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Wild
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Wind
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<option value="women">
Women
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<option value="world">
World
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World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ)
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Youth
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Zoonotic Diseases
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2898/pdf?version=1734515118" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Creation of Flexible Heterogeneously-Doped Carbon Nanotube Paper PN Diodes to Enhance Thermoelectric and Photovoltaic Effects" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2898">Creation of Flexible Heterogeneously-Doped Carbon Nanotube Paper PN Diodes to Enhance Thermoelectric and Photovoltaic Effects</a>
<div class="authors">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jih-Hsin Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chen-Yu Yen</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2898; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122898 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2024
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This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of flexible PN diode devices using phosphorus- and boron-doped carbon nanotube (CNT) paper, also known as Buckypaper (BP). The BP substrate is fabricated from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and doped with phosphorus and boron to form
<a href="#" data-counterslink="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2898/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a>
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This study investigates the fabrication and characterization of flexible PN diode devices using phosphorus- and boron-doped carbon nanotube (CNT) paper, also known as Buckypaper (BP). The BP substrate is fabricated from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and doped with phosphorus and boron to form N-type and P-type semiconductors, respectively. Various experimental techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, Hall effect measurements, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), are employed to analyze the properties of the doped BP. The results reveal that the current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics preliminarily exhibit the basic electrical properties of a diode after doping with P-type and N-type carriers. Subsequently, optimized vertical stacking combined with parallel electrode configurations for the BP diode devices demonstrates that vertical series stacking gradually enhances the thermoelectric voltage, while horizontal parallel connections approximately scale up the thermoelectric and photovoltaic voltages proportionally. The findings underscore the critical role of creating heterogeneously doped CNT-paper PN junction electric fields in improving the performance of carbon-based semiconductor devices. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these directionally oriented energy devices, when stacked, can form modular systems with enhanced efficiency. This work highlights the potential of flexible carbon material-based devices for advanced thermoelectric and photovoltaic applications.
<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2898">Full article</a>
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<div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
/journal/processes/special_issues/CKD3GPBS8S
">New Technologies and Processing of Photoelectric Functional Materials and Devices</a>)<br>
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<a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2898/show"><span>►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1546455"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1546455"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1546455" data-cycle-prev="#prev1546455" data-cycle-progressive="#images1546455" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546455-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g001-550.jpg?1734515203" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1546455" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1546455-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g002-550.jpg?1734515205'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1546455-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g003-550.jpg?1734515206'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1546455-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g004-550.jpg?1734515209'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546455-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g001-550.jpg?1734515203" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1546455-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g001-550.jpg?1734515203" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>(<b>a</b>) Flexible Buckypaper fabricated from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), (<b>b</b>) Raman spectrum of Buckypaper doped with 5% boron oxide and 7.5% phosphorus oxide.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2898'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g002-550.jpg?1734515205" title="
<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>(<b>a</b>) SEM image and EDS compositional analysis of Buckypaper doped with 5% boron oxide, (<b>b</b>) SEM image and EDS compositional analysis of Buckypaper doped with 7.5% phosphorus oxide.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2898'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g003-550.jpg?1734515206" title="
<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>(<b>a</b>) Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the Buckypaper PN diode, (<b>b</b>) Capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2898'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02898/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02898-g004-550.jpg?1734515209" title="
<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>(<b>a</b>) Thermoelectric voltage of the PN diode Buckypaper under different series configurations, (<b>b</b>) Thermoelectric voltage measurement System, (<b>c</b>) Photoresponse under different configurations, (<b>d</b>) Photovoltaic measurement system.</p>
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18 pages, 7502 KiB
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2897/pdf?version=1734514468" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Influence of Stability in New Power Systems with the Addition of Phase Modulation Functions in Thermal Power Units" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2897">The Influence of Stability in New Power Systems with the Addition of Phase Modulation Functions in Thermal Power Units</a>
<div class="authors">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingyang Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chunsun Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoling Yuan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chenghao Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ze Gao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Di Zhang</strong></span> </div>
<div class="color-grey-dark">
<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2897; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122897 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2024
</div>
<div class="abstract-div">
<a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;">
<strong>Abstract </strong>
</a>
<div class="abstract-cropped inline">
The addition of phase modulation function technology to thermal power units is one of the most effective measures to solve dynamic reactive power shortages in the construction process of new power systems. In this paper, the influence of the phase modulation function transformation
<a href="#" data-counterslink="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2897/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a>
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<div class="abstract-full ">
The addition of phase modulation function technology to thermal power units is one of the most effective measures to solve dynamic reactive power shortages in the construction process of new power systems. In this paper, the influence of the phase modulation function transformation of thermal power units on the stability of a new power system is studied. Firstly, the new power system stability index is deeply analyzed, and an evaluation system for power system transient stability is constructed from five key dimensions: transient voltage, static voltage, power angle stability, power flow characteristics, and grid support. Secondly, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method considering the subjective and objective comprehensive weights is proposed, and the influence of the phase modulation transformation of the thermal power unit on the stability of the receiving-end power grid is quantitatively analyzed. Finally, a CEPRI36 node example model was built based on the PSASP v.7.91.04.9258 (China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, China) platform to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can quantitatively analyze the impact of adding a phase modulation function to thermal power units on the stability of the power system. At the point of renewable energy connection, the static voltage stability index improved by 42.9%, the transient power angle stability index improved by 32.1%, the multi-feed effective short-circuit ratio index improved by 33.9%, and the comprehensive evaluation score improved by 14.7%. These results further indicate that adding a phase modulation function to thermal power units can provide a large amount of dynamic reactive power support and improve the voltage stability and operational flexibility of the system.
<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2897">Full article</a>
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<div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
/journal/processes/special_issues/945Y00E134
">Operation and Control of New Power System with Large-Scale Renewable Energy Integration</a>)<br>
</div>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1546437"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1546437"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1546437" data-cycle-prev="#prev1546437" data-cycle-progressive="#images1546437" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546437-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g001-550.jpg?1734514531" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1546437" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g002-550.jpg?1734514532'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g003-550.jpg?1734514533'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g004-550.jpg?1734514537'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g005-550.jpg?1734514540'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g006-550.jpg?1734514541'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g007-550.jpg?1734514542'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g008-550.jpg?1734514543'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g009-550.jpg?1734514544'><p>Figure 9</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1546437-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g010-550.jpg?1734514544'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546437-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g001-550.jpg?1734514531" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1546437-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g001-550.jpg?1734514531" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Weighted quantization analysis based on multi-binary tables.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2897'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g002-550.jpg?1734514532" title="
<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Weighted quantitative analysis based on multiple binary criteria.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2897'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g003-550.jpg?1734514533" title="
<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>A typical PV curve of load bus.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2897'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g004-550.jpg?1734514537" title="
<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>The flowchart of stability evaluation index system construction for receiving-end power grid.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2897'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g005-550.jpg?1734514540" title="
<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>The flowchart of the evaluation methodology for the stability of the receiving-end power grid.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2897'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g006-550.jpg?1734514541" title="
<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Construction of membership function model.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2897'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g007-550.jpg?1734514542" title="
<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>CEPRI36-node topology geographical wiring diagram including renewable energy AC/DC system. The red line represents the 500 kV bus voltage and the green line represents the 220 kV bus voltage in <a href="#processes-12-02897-f007" class="html-fig">Figure 7</a>.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2897'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02897/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02897-g008-550.jpg?1734514543" title="
<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison of stability evaluation indices and scores of the system before unit retrofitting.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison of stability evaluation indices and scores of the system after unit retrofitting.</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>Comprehensive evaluation scores of system stability before and after unit retrofitting.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2896/pdf?version=1734512888" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effects of Modified Cross-Linkers on the Rheology of Water-Based Fracturing Fluids and Reservoir Water Environment" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2896">Effects of Modified Cross-Linkers on the Rheology of Water-Based Fracturing Fluids and Reservoir Water Environment</a>
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by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hua Song</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junyi Liu</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2896; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122896 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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Improving the chemical structure of the cross-linker is a potential method for reducing reservoir pollution and enhancing the fracturing efficiency of shale reservoirs. In this investigation, a three-dimensional (3-D) spherical cross-linker comprising branched chains was synthesized, and the 3-D structure of the cross-linker
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Improving the chemical structure of the cross-linker is a potential method for reducing reservoir pollution and enhancing the fracturing efficiency of shale reservoirs. In this investigation, a three-dimensional (3-D) spherical cross-linker comprising branched chains was synthesized, and the 3-D structure of the cross-linker was analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, we constructed a multifunctional coupled collaborative evaluation device that can be used to evaluate numerous properties associated with water-based fracturing fluids, including fluid viscosity, adsorption capacity, and water pollution. Meanwhile, the influence of varying reservoir conditions and cross-linker content on the fluid viscosity of water-based fracturing fluids and the potential for reservoir contamination has been evaluated and elucidated. The results indicated that the synthesized cross-linker exhibited a superior environmental protection of the shale reservoir and an enhanced capacity for thickening fracturing fluids in comparison to commercial cross-linkers. Moreover, cross-linker content, reservoir temperature, reservoir pressure, and fracture width can affect fluid viscosity and reservoir residual in different trends. The addition of 0.3% nano-cross-linker (Synthetic products) to a water-based fracturing fluid resulted in an apparent viscosity of 160 mPa·s at 200 °C, and the adsorption capacity and water content of the shale reservoir were only 0.22 µg/m<sup>3</sup> and 0.05 µg/L, respectively. Additionally, an elevation in reservoir temperature resulted in a reduction in the adsorption capacity. However, the cross-linker content in groundwater underwent a notable increase, and the cross-linker residue in water increased by 0.009 µg/L. The impact of reservoir pressure on fluid viscosity and groundwater pollution potential exhibited an inverse correlation compared to that of reservoir temperature, and the above two parameters changed by +18 mPa·s and −0.012 µg/L, respectively. This investigation provides basic data support for the efficient fracturing and reservoir protection of shale reservoirs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
/journal/processes/special_issues/G57549I908
">Environmentally Friendly Production of Energy from Natural Gas Hydrates</a>)<br>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1546392"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1546392"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1546392" data-cycle-prev="#prev1546392" data-cycle-progressive="#images1546392" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546392-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g001-550.jpg?1734513028" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1546392" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g002-550.jpg?1734513029'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g003-550.jpg?1734513031'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g004-550.jpg?1734513032'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g005-550.jpg?1734513034'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g006-550.jpg?1734513036'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g007-550.jpg?1734513037'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g008-550.jpg?1734513038'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g009-550.jpg?1734513039'><p>Figure 9</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g010-550.jpg?1734513041'><p>Figure 10</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1546392-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g011-550.jpg?1734513042'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546392-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g001-550.jpg?1734513028" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1546392-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g001-550.jpg?1734513028" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Multifunctional coupling evaluation device for water-based fracturing fluid.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Adsorption and content evaluation of cross-linkers in shale reservoir cracks. (<b>a</b>) Adsorption process of cross−linker in shale reservoir. (<b>b</b>) Assessment of cross−linker content in groundwater.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2896'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g003-550.jpg?1734513031" title="
<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Synthesis process (<b>a</b>) and chemical characterization methods (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) of nano-cross-linkers.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2896'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g004-550.jpg?1734513032" title="
<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>The effect of different cross-linker contents on the rheology and water pollution of water-based fracturing fluids (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>).</p>
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"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g005-550.jpg?1734513034" title="
<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison of the interaction of cross-linkers with reservoir rocks and groundwater solubility.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>The effect of different reservoir temperatures on the rheology (<b>a</b>), water pollution (<b>b</b>), and rock adsorption (<b>c</b>) of water-based fracturing fluids.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2896'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g007-550.jpg?1734513037" title="
<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Microscopic mechanism of reservoir temperature on molecular activity and interaction.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2896'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g008-550.jpg?1734513038" title="
<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Effect trend of different reservoir pressures on the viscosity of the water-based fracturing fluid (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>).</p>
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"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02896/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02896-g009-550.jpg?1734513039" title="
<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Effects of different reservoir pressures on the interactions between cross-linkers and molecules and changes in microstructure.</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>Fluid viscosity under the interaction of different reservoir temperatures and reservoir pressures.</p>
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<strong>Figure 11</strong><br/>
<p>Effect of reservoir fracture width on the performance of water-based fracturing fluid (<b>a</b>) and microscopic mechanism analysis (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>).</p>
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14 pages, 3929 KiB
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2895/pdf?version=1734513447" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Study on the Damping Performance of the Arrangement of Half-Bowl Spherical Structure Under Impact Velocity" data-journal="processes">
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<div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div>
<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2895">Study on the Damping Performance of the Arrangement of Half-Bowl Spherical Structure Under Impact Velocity</a>
<div class="authors">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jian Ma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kun Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiangjun Meng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Canguang Zheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingchao Du</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiangjun Kong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dan Tian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liangsong Huang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ran Yi</strong></span> </div>
<div class="color-grey-dark">
<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2895; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122895 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
</a>
<div class="abstract-cropped inline">
During mine excavation, rock wall collapse can pose a safety risk to miners. Reasonably designed support equipment can prevent collapse and ensure a safe working environment. In this paper, a new half-bowl spherical rubber structure is introduced and modeled using Abaqus to study
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<div class="abstract-full ">
During mine excavation, rock wall collapse can pose a safety risk to miners. Reasonably designed support equipment can prevent collapse and ensure a safe working environment. In this paper, a new half-bowl spherical rubber structure is introduced and modeled using Abaqus to study its damping ability under different impact energies. By comparing the support reaction forces and pressures of the A-S, R-S, and C-S structures, we find that the R-S structure, with a smaller number of half-bowl spheres, has superior energy absorption abilities and impact resistance. These findings support the designing and manufacturing of mining support equipment.
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(This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/processes/sections/Energy_Systems">Energy Systems</a>)<br>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1546341"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1546341"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1546341" data-cycle-prev="#prev1546341" data-cycle-progressive="#images1546341" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546341-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g001-550.jpg?1734513519" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1546341" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g002-550.jpg?1734513521'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g003-550.jpg?1734513522'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g004-550.jpg?1734513524'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g005-550.jpg?1734513526'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g006-550.jpg?1734513527'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g007-550.jpg?1734513529'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g008-550.jpg?1734513530'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g009-550.jpg?1734513531'><p>Figure 9</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1546341-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g010-550.jpg?1734513532'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546341-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g001-550.jpg?1734513519" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1546341-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02895/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02895-g001-550.jpg?1734513519" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Overhead hydraulic support in the form of a roadway.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2895'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Installation of a half-bowl ball shock-absorbing rubber sandwich and its overall structure.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2895'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Three forms of half-bowl ball rubber sandwich. (<b>a</b>) Arrayed structure. (A-S), (<b>b</b>) ring structure (R-S), and (<b>c</b>) conventional structure (C-S).</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Simulation model of the energy-absorbing device of the half-bowl ball.</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Experimental test bench and its schematic diagram.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Dynamic response cloud of the A-S cushioning and energy-absorbing structure at different impact velocities: (<b>a1</b>–<b>a3</b>) 20 m/s, (<b>b1</b>–<b>b3</b>) 35 m/s, (<b>c1</b>–<b>c3</b>) 50 m/s and (<b>d1</b>–<b>d3</b>) 64 m/s.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Dynamic response cloud of the R-S cushioning and energy-absorbing structure at different impact velocities: (<b>a1</b>–<b>a3</b>) 20 m/s, (<b>b1</b>–<b>b3</b>) 35 m/s, (<b>c1</b>–<b>c3</b>) 50 m/s and (<b>d1</b>–<b>d3</b>) 64 m/s.</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Dynamic response cloud of the C-S cushioning and energy-absorbing structure at impact velocities of 64 m/s.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Support reactions in A-S and R-S structures for different impact velocities: (<b>a1</b>–<b>a4</b>) is the support reaction force of A-S structure at impact velocities of 20 m/s, 35 m/s, 50 m/s and 64 m/s, (<b>b1</b>–<b>b4</b>) is the support reaction force of R-S structure at impact velocities of 20 m/s, 35 m/s, 50 m/s and 64 m/s.</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison of the simulation and experimental data of R-S structure at an impact velocity of 64 m/s.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2894/pdf?version=1734499063" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation of the Effect of Casing-to-Wellbore Clearance on Equivalent Circulating Density During Casing Running" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2894">Investigation of the Effect of Casing-to-Wellbore Clearance on Equivalent Circulating Density During Casing Running</a>
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by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chen Hao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yucong Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuqiang Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lubin Zhuo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weifeng Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ping Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ming Ren</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2894; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122894 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2024
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As drilling depth increases, the demand for a multi-layer wellbore structure grows. However, with the upper wellbore diameter fixed, reducing the casing-to-wellbore clearance becomes necessary to increase the number of casing strings. This poses a significant challenge to maintaining adequate casing-to-wellbore clearance. However,
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As drilling depth increases, the demand for a multi-layer wellbore structure grows. However, with the upper wellbore diameter fixed, reducing the casing-to-wellbore clearance becomes necessary to increase the number of casing strings. This poses a significant challenge to maintaining adequate casing-to-wellbore clearance. However, in actual drilling operations, the casing-to-wellbore clearance cannot be continuously reduced. Equivalent circulating density (ECD) during running casing becomes a critical factor to consider. When the casing-to-wellbore clearance is too small, excessive surge pressures can occur, increasing the risk of lost circulation. In this study, a surge pressure calculation model was developed for the casing running process to analyze the variation in ECD under 10,000 m well conditions in China. Focusing on key formations with narrow density windows, the effects of different casing-to-wellbore clearances on ECD were evaluated. The analysis determined that under the constraints of fracture pressure, the minimum allowable casing-to-wellbore clearance for this casing string is 27 mm. Subsequently, using response surface methodology, a fitting formula was derived to describe the relationship between the selected variables—drilling fluid density, casing running speed, and casing-to-wellbore clearance—and the ECD during casing operations. This provides a theoretical basis for the optimal matching of casing-to-wellbore clearance.
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(This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/processes/sections/Energy_Systems">Energy Systems</a>)<br>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1546194-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02894/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02894-g003-550.jpg?1734499231'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1546194-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02894/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02894-g004-550.jpg?1734499232'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1546194-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02894/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02894-g005-550.jpg?1734499233'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1546194-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02894/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02894-g006-550.jpg?1734499235'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546194-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02894/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02894-g001-550.jpg?1734499230" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1546194-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02894/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02894-g001-550.jpg?1734499230" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Wellbore hydraulic model.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Method of typical line.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>The connection of pipes in series.</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>ECD profile during casing running under different casing-to-wellbore clearance.</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Studentized residual values of casing ECD.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Response surface plots of each interaction on ECD. (<b>a</b>) response surface plot of the interaction between drilling fluid density and casing running speed; (<b>b</b>) response surface plot of the interaction between drilling fluid density and casing-to-wellbore clearance; (<b>c</b>) response surface plot of the interaction between casing running speed and casing-to-wellbore clearance.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2893/pdf?version=1734497871" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Optimization Operation Strategy for Comprehensive Energy System Considering Multi-Mode Hydrogen Transportation" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2893">Optimization Operation Strategy for Comprehensive Energy System Considering Multi-Mode Hydrogen Transportation</a>
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by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qingming Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhengkun Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingyan Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dan Zheng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongbo Zou</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2893; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122893 (registering DOI) - 18 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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The transformation from a fossil fuel economy to a low-carbon economy has reshaped the way energy is transmitted. As most renewable energy is obtained in the form of electricity, using green electricity to produce hydrogen is considered a promising energy carrier. However, most
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The transformation from a fossil fuel economy to a low-carbon economy has reshaped the way energy is transmitted. As most renewable energy is obtained in the form of electricity, using green electricity to produce hydrogen is considered a promising energy carrier. However, most studies have not considered the transportation mode of hydrogen. In order to encourage the utilization of renewable energy and hydrogen, this paper proposes a comprehensive energy system optimization operation strategy considering multi-mode hydrogen transport. Firstly, to address the shortcomings in the optimization operation of existing systems regarding hydrogen transport, modeling is conducted for multi-mode hydrogen transportation through hydrogen tube trailers and pipelines. This model reflects the impact of multi-mode hydrogen delivery channels on hydrogen utilization, which helps promote the consumption of new energy in electrolysis cells to meet application demands. Based on this, the constraints of electrolyzers, combined heat and power units, hydrogen fuel cells, and energy storage systems in integrated energy systems (IESs) are further considered. With the objective of minimizing the daily operational cost of the comprehensive energy system, an optimization model for the operation considering multi-mode hydrogen transport is constructed. Lastly, based on simulation examples, the impact of multi-mode hydrogen transportation on the operational cost of the system is analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the proposed optimization strategy can reduce the operational cost of the comprehensive energy system. Hydrogen tube trailers and pipelines will have a significant impact on operational costs. Properly allocating the quantity of hydrogen tube trailers and pipelines is beneficial for reducing the operational costs of the system. Reasonable arrangement of hydrogen transportation channels is conducive to further promoting the green and economic operation of the system.
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(This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/E7VJ98I6QG">Advances in Power Science and Technology, 2nd Edition</a>)<br>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1546190-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02893/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02893-g003-550.jpg?1734498037'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1546190-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02893/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02893-g004-550.jpg?1734498039'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1546190-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02893/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02893-g001-550.jpg?1734498033" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1546190-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02893/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02893-g001-550.jpg?1734498033" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>System structure diagram of integrated energy system considering multi-mode transportation of hydrogen.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison of hydrogen production power for various schemes.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison of hydrogen transmission under various cases.</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison of system operation costs under various hydrogen energy pathways.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2892/pdf?version=1734447090" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Automated Dual-Side Leather Defect Detection and Classification Using YOLOv11: A Case Study in the Finished Leather Industry" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2892">Automated Dual-Side Leather Defect Detection and Classification Using YOLOv11: A Case Study in the Finished Leather Industry</a>
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<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikola Banduka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katarina Tomić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jovan Živadinović</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marko Mladineo</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2892; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122892">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122892</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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This study explores the optimization of leather defect detection through the advanced YOLOv11 model, addressing long-standing challenges in quality control within the leather industry. Traditional inspection methods, reliant on human accuracy ranging between 70% and 85%, have limited leather utilization rates and contributed
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This study explores the optimization of leather defect detection through the advanced YOLOv11 model, addressing long-standing challenges in quality control within the leather industry. Traditional inspection methods, reliant on human accuracy ranging between 70% and 85%, have limited leather utilization rates and contributed to substantial material waste. To overcome these limitations, we developed an automated solution leveraging controlled environmental conditions within a custom-designed light chamber. This research specifically targets common defects in leather, such as insect larvae damage and removal cuts, by analyzing both the grain and flesh sides of the material. The results reveal a notable improvement in detection accuracy on the flesh side, achieving 93.5% for grubs and 91.8% for suckout, compared to 85.8% and 87.1% on the grain side. Classification accuracy further demonstrates the advantage of dual-side analysis, with the flesh side reaching 98.2% for grubs and 97.6% for suckout, significantly outperforming the grain side. The dual-side methodology, combined with YOLOv11’s enhanced capabilities, enables the precise identification of subtle defects and offers a transformative approach to leather defect detection. By integrating cutting-edge AI models with standardized digitization environments, this research presents a scalable, highly efficient solution that reduces human error, optimizes leather utilization, and supports industrial sustainability.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1545963"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1545963"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1545963" data-cycle-prev="#prev1545963" data-cycle-progressive="#images1545963" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545963-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g001-550.jpg?1734447230" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1545963" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1545963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g002-550.jpg?1734447231'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g003-550.jpg?1734447234'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g004-550.jpg?1734447237'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g005-550.jpg?1734447238'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g006-550.jpg?1734447240'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545963-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g007-550.jpg?1734447242'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545963-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g001-550.jpg?1734447230" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545963-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02892/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02892-g001-550.jpg?1734447230" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Architectural overview of the YOLOv11 model (v11 innovations are marked with *).</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Digitization environment named Prototype P2-24.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Example of an enlarged annotated image of grain (<b>left</b>) and flesh (<b>right</b>) leather sides showing a defect named <span class="html-italic">grubs</span> (larval damage).</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Example of an enlarged annotated image of grain (<b>left</b>) and flesh (<b>right</b>) leather sides showing a defect named <span class="html-italic">suckout</span> (cut damage).</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Normalized confusion matrices for the grain (<b>left</b>) and flesh (<b>right</b>) side.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Bar chart of prediction confidences.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Workflow of prediction confidences.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2891/pdf?version=1734445613" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="An Interpretation Method of Gas–Water Two-Phase Production Profile in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Vertical Wells Based on Drift-Flux Model" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2891">An Interpretation Method of Gas–Water Two-Phase Production Profile in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Vertical Wells Based on Drift-Flux Model</a>
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by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haoxun Liang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haimin Guo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yongtuo Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ao Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dudu Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuqing Guo</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2891; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122891">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122891</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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With the increasing demand for oil and gas, the depth of some vertical gas wells can reach 6000 m. At this time, the downhole fluid is in a state of high temperature and pressure, and interpretation of the production logging output profile faces
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With the increasing demand for oil and gas, the depth of some vertical gas wells can reach 6000 m. At this time, the downhole fluid is in a state of high temperature and pressure, and interpretation of the production logging output profile faces the problem of inaccurate production calculations and difficulty judging the water-producing layer. The drift-flux model is usually used to calculate the gas–water two-phase flow. The drift-flux model is widely used to describe the two-phase flow in pipelines and wells because of its accuracy and simplicity. The constitutive correlations used in drift-flux models, which specify the relative motion between phases, have been extensively studied. However, most of the correlations are only extended by laboratory data of small pipe diameters at standard temperature and pressure and do not apply to high-temperature and high-pressure large-diameter gas wells. Therefore, we improved the distribution coefficient and drift velocity of drift-flux correlations in this study for high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells with large pipe diameters. Therefore, this study improved the distribution coefficient and drift velocity of the drift-flux correlations for high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells with large pipe diameters. In practical application, the coincidence rates of gas production and water production calculated by the new drift-flux model were 12.68% and 19.39%, respectively. For high-temperature and high-pressure deep wells, the measurement errors of production logging instruments are significant, and surface laboratory pipelines are challenging to configure and equip with actual high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Therefore, this study used the method of numerical simulation to study the flow characteristics of the two phases of high-temperature and high-pressure gas and water to provide a basis for identifying the water layer. Combined with the proposed drift-flux correlations and the new method of determining the water-producing layer, a new method of production profile interpretation of high-temperature and high-pressure gas wells is obtained.
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(This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/processes/sections/Energy_Systems">Energy Systems</a>)<br>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1545925"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1545925"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1545925" data-cycle-prev="#prev1545925" data-cycle-progressive="#images1545925" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545925-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g001-550.jpg?1734445748" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1545925" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g002-550.jpg?1734445749'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g003-550.jpg?1734445750'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g004-550.jpg?1734445751'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g005-550.jpg?1734445752'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g006-550.jpg?1734445753'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g007-550.jpg?1734445755'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g008-550.jpg?1734445757'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g009-550.jpg?1734445759'><p>Figure 9</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g010-550.jpg?1734445761'><p>Figure 10</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g011-550.jpg?1734445763'><p>Figure 11</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g012-550.jpg?1734445764'><p>Figure 12</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g014-550.jpg?1734445768'><p>Figure 14</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1545925-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g015-550.jpg?1734445770'><p>Figure 15</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545925-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g001-550.jpg?1734445748" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545925-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02891/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02891-g001-550.jpg?1734445748" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Relationship between critical Kutateladze number and dimensionless pipe diameter (Shi [<a href="#B9-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">9</a>]).</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Variation in distribution coefficient against actual gas holdup.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Variation in distribution coefficient against mixture Renolds number (Liu et al. [<a href="#B20-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">20</a>]).</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>The distribution coefficient of different models with variation in gas holdup in 125 mm diameter wellbore [<a href="#B12-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">12</a>,<a href="#B17-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B19-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">19</a>,<a href="#B20-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Variation in drift velocity with gas holdup under the condition of 250 kg/m<sup>3</sup> natural gas density and 1100 kg/m<sup>3</sup> water density in 125 mm pipe diameter [<a href="#B9-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">9</a>,<a href="#B11-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">11</a>,<a href="#B17-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">17</a>,<a href="#B20-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Models of different wellbore diameters. (<b>a</b>) Diameter 125 mm, length 2000 mm; (<b>b</b>) diameter 165 mm, length 2000 mm.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Volume fraction cloud map of gas–water two-phase flow at different formation water apparent velocities in 125 mm wellbore.</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Volume fraction cloud map of gas–water two-phase flow at different formation water apparent velocities in 165 mm wellbore.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Cloud of mixture velocity at different apparent velocities of formation water in 125 mm wellbore.</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>Cloud of mixture velocity at different apparent velocities of formation water in 165 mm wellbore.</p>
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<strong>Figure 11</strong><br/>
<p>Variation in axial apparent velocity under different formation water apparent velocities in 125 mm wellbore.</p>
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<strong>Figure 12</strong><br/>
<p>Variation in axial apparent velocity under different formation water apparent velocities in 165 mm wellbore.</p>
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<strong>Figure 13</strong><br/>
<p>Relationship between predicted and actual gas holdup. (<b>a</b>) Proposed corrleration; (<b>b</b>) Hibiki and Ishii [<a href="#B11-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">11</a>]; (<b>c</b>) Choi et al. [<a href="#B19-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">19</a>]; (<b>d</b>) Liu et al. [<a href="#B20-processes-12-02891" class="html-bibr">20</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 14</strong><br/>
<p>Histogram of error distribution; (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics>
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<strong>Figure 15</strong><br/>
<p>A-1 well production profile logging diagram.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2890/pdf?version=1734445106" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Comprehensive Analysis of Feasibility by Ascending Mining in Coal Mine" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2890">Comprehensive Analysis of Feasibility by Ascending Mining in Coal Mine</a>
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<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yunpeng Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenhua Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Helong Gu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yixin Xu</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2890; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122890">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122890</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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In order to study the feasibility of upward mining in a certain coal mine, the mechanical parameters of the coal rock mass were obtained based on on-site investigation and rock mechanics experiments. A numerical model that conforms to the on-site mining layout was
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In order to study the feasibility of upward mining in a certain coal mine, the mechanical parameters of the coal rock mass were obtained based on on-site investigation and rock mechanics experiments. A numerical model that conforms to the on-site mining layout was established using numerical simulation methods. The stress, displacement, and plastic zone distribution characteristics of the upper coal rock mass at different positions along the X, Y and Z directions after the initial mining of layered coal were analyzed. The critical thickness for tensile failure of the roof during upward mining was calculated using the thick plate theory. A ground penetrating radar was used on site to conduct three-dimensional detection of the fragmentation characteristics of the overlying roof rock. The results show that after the mining of 5# coal, the stress of the overlying roof surrounding rock in the goaf exhibits a dynamic change process of rising peak falling. As the vertical height from the working face increases, the stress in the center of the goaf and around the working face gradually decreases; the displacement distribution extends outwards from the center of the working face, forming a sinking basin with an upward opening in the direction of inclination and direction of the working face. The maximum displacement value is at the bottom of the basin; there is a tensile stress zone above the working face, and the plastic zone has the largest range at the center of the working face direction and inclination. The plastic zone has not evolved to coal 4# and coal 3#; the maximum critical thickness for tensile failure of the roof is 55.4 m, which is much smaller than the actual thickness of 99.82 m on site, and upward mining can be adopted.
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(This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/G09CLY8PTX">Green Mining, 2nd Volume</a>)<br>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g003a-550.jpg?1734445192'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g003b-550.jpg?1734445193'><p>Figure 3 Cont.</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g005-550.jpg?1734445200'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g006-550.jpg?1734445204'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g008-550.jpg?1734445212'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g009-550.jpg?1734445213'><p>Figure 9</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g010a-550.jpg?1734445215'><p>Figure 10</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g010b-550.jpg?1734445216'><p>Figure 10 Cont.</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g011a-550.jpg?1734445217'><p>Figure 11</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g011b-550.jpg?1734445219'><p>Figure 11 Cont.</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g012-550.jpg?1734445220'><p>Figure 12</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1545912-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g013-550.jpg?1734445222'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545912-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g001-550.jpg?1734445187" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545912-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g001-550.jpg?1734445187" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Location of coal seam and surrounding rock geological map.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Construction of the numerical calculation model. (<b>a</b>) Three-dimensional numerical calculation model; (<b>b</b>) mining layout framework diagram.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Vertical stress distribution characteristics at different positions in the Z direction from the bottom plate of coal mining model 5#. (<b>a</b>) Vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Z = 27–29 m); (<b>b</b>) vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Z = 61–64 m); (<b>c</b>) vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Z = 105–110 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/>
<p>Vertical stress distribution characteristics at different positions in the Z direction from the bottom plate of coal mining model 5#. (<b>a</b>) Vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Z = 27–29 m); (<b>b</b>) vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Z = 61–64 m); (<b>c</b>) vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Z = 105–110 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Characteristics of vertical stress distribution at different positions in the Y direction from the bottom plate of coal mining model 5#. (<b>a</b>) Vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Y = 40–44 m); (<b>b</b>) vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Y = 86–90 m); (<b>c</b>) vertical stress distribution characteristics at (Y = 105–109 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Characteristics of vertical stress distribution at different positions in the X direction from the bottom plate of coal mining model 5#. (<b>a</b>) Vertical stress distribution characteristics at (X = 40–44 m); (<b>b</b>) vertical stress distribution characteristics at (X = 86–90 m); (<b>c</b>) vertical stress distribution characteristics at (X = 105–109 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Displacement distribution characteristics at different positions in the Z direction from the bottom plate of the model after coal mining 5#. (<b>a</b>) Displacement distribution characteristics at (Z = 27–29 m); (<b>b</b>) displacement distribution characteristics at (Z = 61–64 m); (<b>c</b>) displacement distribution characteristics at (Z = 105–110 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Displacement distribution characteristics at different positions in the Y direction from the bottom plate of the model after coal mining 5#. (<b>a</b>) Displacement distribution characteristics at (Y = 40–44 m); (<b>b</b>) displacement distribution characteristics at (Y = 86–90 m); (<b>c</b>) displacement distribution characteristics at (Y = 105–110 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Displacement distribution characteristics at different positions in the X direction from the bottom plate of the model after coal mining 5#. (<b>a</b>) Displacement distribution characteristics at (X = 40–44 m); (<b>b</b>) displacement distribution characteristics at (X = 86–90 m); (<b>c</b>) displacement distribution characteristics at (X = 105–109 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Distribution characteristics of plastic zone from the bottom plate of the model after coal mining (Z = 27–29 m, 61–64 m, 105–110 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>Distribution characteristics of plastic zones at different positions in the Y direction from the bottom plate of the model after coal mining 5#. (<b>a</b>) Distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (Y = 40–44 m); (<b>b</b>) distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (Y = 86–90 m); (<b>c</b>) distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (Y = 105–110 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 10 Cont.</strong><br/>
<p>Distribution characteristics of plastic zones at different positions in the Y direction from the bottom plate of the model after coal mining 5#. (<b>a</b>) Distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (Y = 40–44 m); (<b>b</b>) distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (Y = 86–90 m); (<b>c</b>) distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (Y = 105–110 m).</p>
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<strong>Figure 11</strong><br/>
<p>Distribution characteristics of plastic zones at different positions in the X direction from the bottom plate of the model after coal mining 5#. (<b>a</b>) Distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (X = 40–44 m); (<b>b</b>) distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (X = 86–90 m); (<b>c</b>) distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (X = 105–110 m).</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2890'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 11 Cont.</strong><br/>
<p>Distribution characteristics of plastic zones at different positions in the X direction from the bottom plate of the model after coal mining 5#. (<b>a</b>) Distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (X = 40–44 m); (<b>b</b>) distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (X = 86–90 m); (<b>c</b>) distribution characteristics of plastic zone at (X = 105–110 m).</p>
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"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02890/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02890-g012-550.jpg?1734445220" title="
<strong>Figure 12</strong><br/>
<p>Mechanical model of hard composite thick roof. (<b>a</b>) Schematic diagram of force on hard composite thick roof; (<b>b</b>) four-sided simply supported thick plate.</p>
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<strong>Figure 13</strong><br/>
<p>Geological radar field measurement. (<b>a</b>) Geological radar detection plan; (<b>b</b>) geological radar detection results.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2889/pdf?version=1734513065" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Numerical Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Convection in an Inclined Cavity with Three Fins and a Ternary Composition of Nanoparticles" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2889">Numerical Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Convection in an Inclined Cavity with Three Fins and a Ternary Composition of Nanoparticles</a>
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<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huda Alfannakh</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2889; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122889">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122889</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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The natural convection heat transfer of a trihybrid nanofluid comprising Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, MoS<sub>2</sub>, and CuO nanoparticles dispersed in water (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + MoS<sub>2</sub> + CuO/H<sub>2</sub>O) has been investigated within a cavity exposed to
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The natural convection heat transfer of a trihybrid nanofluid comprising Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, MoS<sub>2</sub>, and CuO nanoparticles dispersed in water (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + MoS<sub>2</sub> + CuO/H<sub>2</sub>O) has been investigated within a cavity exposed to a uniform magnetic field. Three cold fins were strategically positioned on the top, right, and left walls of the enclosure. The study employs numerical simulations conducted using a custom-developed FORTRAN code. The computational approach integrates the finite volume method and full multigrid acceleration to solve the coupled governing equations for continuity, momentum, energy, and entropy generation, along with the associated boundary conditions. Prior to obtaining the results, a meticulous parameterization process was undertaken to accurately capture the fluid dynamics and thermal behavior characteristic of this geometric configuration. The findings underscored the key parameters’ significant impact on the flow structure and thermal performance. The results revealed that natural convection is more dominant at high Rayleigh and low Hartmann numbers, leading to higher Nusselt numbers and stronger dependence on the tilt angle α. Moreover, the optimal heat transfer conditions were obtained for the following parameters: Ha = 25, α = 45°, ϕ = 6%, and Ra = 10<sup>6</sup> with a rate of 4.985. This study offers valuable insights into achieving a balance between these competing factors by determining the optimal conditions for maximizing heat transfer while minimizing entropy generation. The findings contribute to enhancing the design of thermal systems that utilize magnetic nanofluids for efficient heat dissipation, making the research particularly relevant to advanced cooling technologies and compact thermal management solutions.
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1545921"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1545921"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1545921" data-cycle-prev="#prev1545921" data-cycle-progressive="#images1545921" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545921-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g001-550.jpg?1734513140" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1545921" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g002-550.jpg?1734513140'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g003-550.jpg?1734513144'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g004-550.jpg?1734513147'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g005-550.jpg?1734513151'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g006-550.jpg?1734513153'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g007-550.jpg?1734513155'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g008-550.jpg?1734513156'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g009a-550.jpg?1734513157'><p>Figure 9</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g009b-550.jpg?1734513157'><p>Figure 9 Cont.</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g010-550.jpg?1734513159'><p>Figure 10</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1545921-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g011-550.jpg?1734513160'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545921-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g001-550.jpg?1734513140" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545921-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02889/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02889-g001-550.jpg?1734513140" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Physical domain of the considered problem and boundary conditions.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Computational grid of the considered physical domain.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Streamline contours (<b>top row</b>), isotherm patterns (<b>middle row</b>), and total entropy generation contours (<b>bottom row</b>) with varying Ha at Ra = 10<sup>6</sup>, ϕ = 0.06, and α = 45°.</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Streamline contours (<b>top row</b>), isotherm patterns (<b>middle row</b>), and total entropy generation contours (<b>bottom row</b>) with varying Ra at Ha = 50, ϕ = 0.06, and α = 45°.</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Streamline contours (<b>top row</b>), isotherm patterns (<b>middle row</b>), and total entropy generation contours (<b>bottom row</b>) with varying α at Ha = 50, ϕ = 0.06, and Ra = 10<sup>6</sup>.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Temperature profile along the vertical centerline of the cavity at X = 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 for Ha = 50, ϕ = 0.06, and α = 45°.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Velocity (v) profile along the horizontal centerline of the cavity at Y = 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 for Ha = 50, φ = 0.06, and α = 45°.</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Local Nusselt number variation along the horizontal cold wall at ϕ = 0.06 for various Ha: Top row (<b>a</b>) Ha = 50, middle row, (<b>b</b>) Ha = 100, and bottom row, (<b>c</b>) Ha = 150 with varying α and Ra.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Local Nusselt number variations along the horizontal cold wall at Ha = 50 for various volume fractions (ϕ = 0.03 (<b>a</b>), ϕ = 0.06 (<b>b</b>), ϕ = 0.09 (<b>c</b>) and ϕ = 0,12 (<b>d</b>)) with varying α and Ra.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9 Cont.</strong><br/>
<p>Local Nusselt number variations along the horizontal cold wall at Ha = 50 for various volume fractions (ϕ = 0.03 (<b>a</b>), ϕ = 0.06 (<b>b</b>), ϕ = 0.09 (<b>c</b>) and ϕ = 0,12 (<b>d</b>)) with varying α and Ra.</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>Average Nusselt number versus the inclination angle for different nanoparticle volume fractions, different Hartmann numbers, and Rayleigh numbers.</p>
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<strong>Figure 11</strong><br/>
<p>Histograms of average Nusselt numbers (<b>top</b>), total entropy generation (<b>middle</b>), and ecological coefficient of performance (<b>bottom</b>) at Ra = 10<sup>6</sup> and ϕ = 6%.</p>
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2888">Hybrid Process Flow Diagram for Separation of Fusel Oil into Valuable Components</a>
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<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexey Missyurin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Diana-Luciana Cursaru</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mihaela Neagu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marilena Nicolae</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2888; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122888">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122888</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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Ethanol production by fermentation results in obtaining, in addition to the main product, ethyl alcohol, by-products and secondary products, which include carbon dioxide, fusel oil, and ester–aldehyde cut. Fusel oil, despite its low yield and the large volume of ethanol production, accumulates at
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Ethanol production by fermentation results in obtaining, in addition to the main product, ethyl alcohol, by-products and secondary products, which include carbon dioxide, fusel oil, and ester–aldehyde cut. Fusel oil, despite its low yield and the large volume of ethanol production, accumulates at distilleries, which ultimately raises the question of its disposal or the rational use of this by-product. Fusel oil, being a complex mixture, can serve as a source of technical alcohols used in various sectors of the economy, including the food industry, pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis, perfume, and cosmetics industries, as well as the production of paints and varnishes. However, the complexity of using fusel oil lies in its difficult separation. The reason for this is the presence of water, which forms low-boiling azeotropes with aliphatic alcohols. Our study aimed to develop a process flow diagram (PFD) that allows individual components from fusel oil to be obtained without extraneous separating agents (not inherent in fusel oil). This condition is necessary to obtain products labeled as natural for further use in the food, perfume, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The distinctive feature of this work is that the target product is not only isoamyl alcohol but also all other alcohols present in the composition of fusel oil. To achieve this goal and create a mathematical model, the Aspen Plus V14 application, the Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) thermodynamic model, and the Vap-Liq/Liq-Liq phase equilibrium were used. Fusel oil separation was modeled using a continuous separation PFD to obtain ethanol, water, isoamyl alcohol, and raw propanol and butanol cuts. The Sorel and Barbet distillation technique was used to isolate ethanol. The isolation of isopropanol and 1-propanol, as well as isobutanol and 1-butanol, was modeled using the batch distillation method. The isolation of fusel oil components was based on their thermodynamic properties and the selection of appropriate techniques for their separation, such as extraction, distillation, pressure swing distillation, and decantation. The simulation of fusel oil separation PFD showed the possibility of obtaining the components of a complex mixture without separating agents, as discussed earlier. Ethanol corresponds to the quality of rectified ethyl alcohol, and 1-butanol and isoamyl alcohols to anhydrous alcohols, whereas isopropanol (which contains an admixture of ethanol), 1-propanol, and isobutanol are obtained as aqueous solutions of different concentrations of alcohols. However, due to a distillation boundary in the raw propanol and butanol cuts, these mixtures cannot be separated completely, which leads to the production of intermediate fractions. To eliminate intermediate fractions and obtain anhydrous isopropanol, 1-propanol, and isobutanol in the future, it is necessary to solve the dehydration problem of either fusel oil or the propanol–butanol mixture.
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545577-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02888/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02888-g003-550.jpg?1734428977'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545577-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02888/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02888-g001-550.jpg?1734428972" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545577-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02888/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02888-g001-550.jpg?1734428972" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Experimental fusel oil distillation curve according to ASTM D 86 [<a href="#B29-processes-12-02888" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Fusel oil separation—proposed PFD.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Distillation synthesis ternary map (mass-based). (<b>a</b>) Raw propanol cut; (<b>b</b>) raw butanol cut.</p>
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2887">Peak Spectral Homogeneity in LC/DAD: Exploring Alternatives in Peak Purity Evaluations</a>
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by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dana-Maria Preda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mircea-Alexandru Comănescu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Victor Voicu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nelu Grinberg</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrei-Valentin Medvedovici</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2887; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122887">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122887</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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Spectral peak purity evaluations are often used to control inadequate selectivity issues appearing in liquid chromatography separations coupled with UV-Vis photodiode detection, despite known limitations related to (a) the lack of characteristic absorption bands in UV-Vis for target analytes and overlapping related impurities;
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Spectral peak purity evaluations are often used to control inadequate selectivity issues appearing in liquid chromatography separations coupled with UV-Vis photodiode detection, despite known limitations related to (a) the lack of characteristic absorption bands in UV-Vis for target analytes and overlapping related impurities; (b) increased similarity between the spectral characteristics of co-eluting compounds; (c) large concentration differences between overlapping compounds; (d) perfect co-elution cases. We propose an alternative protocol to evaluate differences between spectra collected over a peak’s elution interval. After normalizing the acquired spectra, linear regression was applied between each pair of spectra, resulting in slope, intercepts, and correlation coefficient sets, from each comparison. The means and standard deviations of each variable are thus computed. An ellipsoid in the 3D Cartesian space illustrates these computations, having the mean coordinates as center and 2 × standard deviations of the variables as the axes. The volume of the ellipsoid should be related to the similarity between the compared spectra; a smaller volume indicates a higher spectral similarity. This approach was evaluated with respect to the (a) concentration of the analytes; (b) spectral acquisition parameters (spectral resolution, spectral frequency acquisition); (c) spectral similarity between overlapping peaks; (d) perfect co-elution situation; (e) influence of spectral processing (derivation, wavelength rationing), using test solutions of carbamazepine (a,b), acetyl cysteine and enalapril maleate (c), or nitrazepam and diazepam (d,e).
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(This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/processes/sections/separation_processes">Separation Processes</a>)<br>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1545535"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1545535"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1545535" data-cycle-prev="#prev1545535" data-cycle-progressive="#images1545535" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545535-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g001-550.jpg?1734428281" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1545535" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1545535-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g002-550.jpg?1734428282'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545535-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g003-550.jpg?1734428284'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545535-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g004-550.jpg?1734428286'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545535-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g005-550.jpg?1734428288'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545535-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g006-550.jpg?1734428290'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545535-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g007-550.jpg?1734428291'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545535-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g001-550.jpg?1734428281" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545535-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g001-550.jpg?1734428281" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Data-processing algorithm for peak homogeneity evaluation via PEV.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2887'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g002-550.jpg?1734428282" title="
<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Variation in the match factor and PEV with respect to the analyte absolute amounts.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2887'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g003-550.jpg?1734428284" title="
<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Influence of the spectral resolution on PEV from 9 spectra compared over the peak elution interval. Absolute analyte amount where PEV is at the 5.0 threshold is around 0.75 µg.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2887'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g004-550.jpg?1734428286" title="
<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Influence of the number of compared spectra on the calculated PEV values (2 nm spectral acquisition resolution). The range of absolute analyte amount where PEV is at the 5.0 threshold is still around previously determined values.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2887'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g005-550.jpg?1734428288" title="
<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Variation in PEV (<b>A</b>) and match factor (<b>B</b>) values with respect to the loaded amount, when simulating perfect co-elution through injection of the sample into an SS tube. Single analyte injections (nitrazepam—blue line; diazepam—red line) are overlaid to 1:1 mixture injections (orange line).</p>
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"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g006-550.jpg?1734428290" title="
<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Overlaid variation in PEV and match factors computed for the 1st derivative of the UV-VIS spectra, on loading different amounts of the 1:1 mixture of nitrazepam and diazepam in the SS tubing.</p>
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"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02887/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02887-g007-550.jpg?1734428291" title="
<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Overlaid variations of the PEV (red) and match factors (blue) computed for 9 UV-VIS spectra (4 nm resolution) collected over the peak elution, when loading different amounts of the 1:1 acetyl cysteine and enalapril mixture.</p>
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20 pages, 8161 KiB
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2886/pdf?version=1734423153" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Research on Support Technology for Unstable Roof Roadway Under Abandoned Roadways in Ultra-Thick Coal Seam" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2886">Research on Support Technology for Unstable Roof Roadway Under Abandoned Roadways in Ultra-Thick Coal Seam</a>
<div class="authors">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xianyang Yu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Siyuan Lv</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yafei Luo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pengchao Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hao Fu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yicai Zhou</strong></span> </div>
<div class="color-grey-dark">
<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2886; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122886">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122886</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
</a>
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Due to the impact of disordered mining activities in previous years, numerous abandoned roadways exist in the second mining district of the 13# coal seam in Chejiazhuang Coal Mine. The stability of the new roadway roof was analyzed under various distributions of abandoned
<a href="#" data-counterslink="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2886/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a>
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Due to the impact of disordered mining activities in previous years, numerous abandoned roadways exist in the second mining district of the 13# coal seam in Chejiazhuang Coal Mine. The stability of the new roadway roof was analyzed under various distributions of abandoned roadways above. It was determined that the ultimate stable thickness of the coal layer between the new and abandoned roadways is 4.0 m. When the thickness between the two is less than 4.0 m, the roof becomes unstable after excavation, posing a risk of collapse. Advanced grouting reinforcement is required to enhance roof stability before installing U-shaped steel arches. Mechanical experiments were conducted on the polymer grouting consolidation of fractured coal, showing a significant increase in residual strength compared to intact coal. Furthermore, the uniaxial compressive strength of the polymer grouting consolidation partially recovered. On average, the consolidation coefficient and recovery coefficient were 5.28 and 85.51%, respectively. Grouting increased the ductility of the fractured surrounding rock, enhancing its resistance to deformation and plasticity. A polymer grouting consolidation technology for supporting fractured surrounding rock under the unstable roof of abandoned roadways is proposed, along with the design of corresponding support schemes and parameters. Monitoring the results of mine pressure indicated that the surrounding rock remained stable after roadway excavation, validating the effectiveness of the support schemes and parameters.
<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2886">Full article</a>
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<div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;">
(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
/journal/processes/special_issues/97S25A639J
">Exploration, Exploitation and Utilization of Coal and Gas Resources, 2nd Edition</a>)<br>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g003-550.jpg?1734423261'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g004-550.jpg?1734423261'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g005-550.jpg?1734423262'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g006-550.jpg?1734423263'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g007-550.jpg?1734423264'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g008-550.jpg?1734423265'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g009-550.jpg?1734423266'><p>Figure 9</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g010-550.jpg?1734423267'><p>Figure 10</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g011-550.jpg?1734423268'><p>Figure 11</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g012-550.jpg?1734423269'><p>Figure 12</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g013-550.jpg?1734423270'><p>Figure 13</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g014-550.jpg?1734423271'><p>Figure 14</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g015-550.jpg?1734423273'><p>Figure 15</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g016-550.jpg?1734423273'><p>Figure 16</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g018-550.jpg?1734423275'><p>Figure 18</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g019-550.jpg?1734423276'><p>Figure 19</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g020-550.jpg?1734423277'><p>Figure 20</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1545383-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g022-550.jpg?1734423281'><p>Figure 22</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545383-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g001-550.jpg?1734423257" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545383-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02886/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02886-g001-550.jpg?1734423257" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>The engineering site in the Shanxi Provence of China.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2886'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Roadway in Chejiazhuang Coal Mine with unstable roof.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2886'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Stratigraphic column of 13# coal seam in Chejiazhuang Coal Mine.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2886'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Mechanical model of roof rock beam of new roadway under abandoned roadway.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2886'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Relationship between roof thickness and tensile stress in the midpoint of the lower layer of the rock beam.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2886'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>The cohesion of coal and fractured coal grouting consolidation.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Calibrating the strain softening model for coal and fractured coal grouting consolidation (the test process of the mechanical parameters of coal and fractured coal grouting consolidation is introduced in <a href="#sec4-processes-12-02886" class="html-sec">Section 4</a>).</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Numerical simulation model and meshing.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Plastic zone and fractured zone around abandoned roadway.</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>Plastic zone and fracture zone of surrounding rock with roof thickness of 3.0 m.</p>
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<strong>Figure 11</strong><br/>
<p>Plastic zone and fractured zone of surrounding rock with roof thickness of 3.5 m.</p>
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<strong>Figure 12</strong><br/>
<p>Plastic zone and fractured zone of surrounding rock with roof thickness of 4.0 m.</p>
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<strong>Figure 13</strong><br/>
<p>Plastic zone and fractured zone of surrounding rock with roof thickness of 4.5 m.</p>
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<strong>Figure 14</strong><br/>
<p>Fracture coal grouting test’s flow chat.</p>
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<strong>Figure 15</strong><br/>
<p>Grouting consolidation test equipment.</p>
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<strong>Figure 16</strong><br/>
<p>Fractured coal grouting consolidation. (<b>a</b>) Fractured coal grouting consolidation; (<b>b</b>) fractured grouting consolidation.</p>
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<strong>Figure 17</strong><br/>
<p>Interact coal and fractured coal grouting consolidation strength curve.</p>
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<strong>Figure 18</strong><br/>
<p>Development of plastic zone and fractured zone in surrounding rock with polymer grouting (unstable roof).</p>
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<strong>Figure 19</strong><br/>
<p>Support parameters for the roadway with an unstable roof under abandoned roadways (dimensions in the figure are given in millimeters (mm)). (<b>a</b>) A longitudinal section of the roadway (<b>b</b>) A cross-section of the roadway.</p>
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<strong>Figure 20</strong><br/>
<p>Roadway’s surrounding rock displacement in monitoring site. (The red circle indicates the short anchor bolts installed in the surrounding rock. An L-shaped thick wire is welded to the nut of the bolt, which is used to observe the displacement of the surrounding rock in the roadway).</p>
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<strong>Figure 21</strong><br/>
<p>Monitoring results of surface displacement in new roadway.</p>
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<strong>Figure 22</strong><br/>
<p>The overall condition of the roadway after being supported.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2885/pdf?version=1734420430" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Process Control in Biodiesel Production" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2885">Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Process Control in Biodiesel Production</a>
<div class="authors">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongyan Shi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Le Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Duotao Pan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guogang Wang</strong></span> </div>
<div class="color-grey-dark">
<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2885; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122885">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122885</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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The control of complex industrial processes has been a forefront research topic. Biodiesel production, as a typical complex industrial reaction process, exhibits multivariable coupling, nonlinearity, and high latency, making it challenging for traditional control methods to achieve real-time control under varying operating conditions.
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The control of complex industrial processes has been a forefront research topic. Biodiesel production, as a typical complex industrial reaction process, exhibits multivariable coupling, nonlinearity, and high latency, making it challenging for traditional control methods to achieve real-time control under varying operating conditions. To address this issue, this paper proposes a control method based on the twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) algorithm, which dynamically adjusts process parameters to achieve the adaptive optimization control of complex processes. A simplified biodiesel production process model was established to simulate the actual production process. Subsequently, a controller based on the TD3 algorithm was designed and implemented for this model. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, comparative experiments were conducted with traditional controllers and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) controllers. The effects of different control strategies were analyzed through simulation experiments. The results demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves the objectives while exhibiting a lower overshoot and shorter settling time and fully validates the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in terms of both the dynamic and steady-state performance in the production process.
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(This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/processes/sections/process_control_monitoring">Process Control and Monitoring</a>)<br>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1545339"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1545339"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1545339" data-cycle-prev="#prev1545339" data-cycle-progressive="#images1545339" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545339-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g001-550.jpg?1734420507" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1545339" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1545339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g002-550.jpg?1734420507'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g003-550.jpg?1734420509'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g004-550.jpg?1734420510'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g005-550.jpg?1734420512'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g006-550.jpg?1734420514'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g007-550.jpg?1734420515'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545339-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g008-550.jpg?1734420517'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545339-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g001-550.jpg?1734420507" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545339-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02885/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02885-g001-550.jpg?1734420507" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Schematic diagram of the biodiesel production process.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>The process of the interaction between the agent and the environment.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Production operation optimization framework based on TD3.</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>DDPG and TD3 training episode reward curve.</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Closed loop profiles of the controlled variables.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Closed loop profiles of the manipulated variables.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Noise input in the simulation experiment.</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Closed loop profiles of the controlled variables.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2884/pdf?version=1734413498" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Research on Composite 3D Well Pattern for Blocky Heavy Oil in Offshore Areas: Transition from Huff-and-Puff to Displacement-Drainage" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2884">Research on Composite 3D Well Pattern for Blocky Heavy Oil in Offshore Areas: Transition from Huff-and-Puff to Displacement-Drainage</a>
<div class="authors">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhigang Geng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gongchang Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenqian Zheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chunxiao Du</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Taotao Ge</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cong Tian</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dawei Wang</strong></span> </div>
<div class="color-grey-dark">
<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2884; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122884">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122884</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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In view of the deep burial depth, high formation pressure, and presence of top and bottom water in offshore extra-heavy-oil reservoirs, this paper conducts a study on the production performance and flow field variation law of steam huff-and-puff to steam flooding conversion in
<a href="#" data-counterslink="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2884/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a>
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In view of the deep burial depth, high formation pressure, and presence of top and bottom water in offshore extra-heavy-oil reservoirs, this paper conducts a study on the production performance and flow field variation law of steam huff-and-puff to steam flooding conversion in thick heavy-oil reservoirs based on physical simulation, and analyzes the development effect of the conversion from steam huff-and-puff to steam flooding. On this basis, by comprehensively considering the advantages of gravity-assisted steam flooding and a three-dimensional HHSD well pattern obtained from physical simulation experiments, this paper proposes a well pattern development mode of steam huff-and-puff to composite displacement and drainage, and analyzes the development effect of this well pattern mode using the reservoir numerical simulation method. The research results show that, compared with the planar well pattern of steam huff-and-puff to steam flooding conversion, the adoption of the three-dimensional well pattern can significantly improve the degree of reservoir production and the expansion dynamics of the steam chamber, and mitigate adverse effects such as the increase in water cut caused by top and bottom water on thermal recovery. The composite development of steam huff-and-puff to composite displacement and drainage can be divided into three stages: thermal communication, gravity drainage-assisted steam flooding, and thermal breakthrough erosion and oil washing. The steam chamber presents a development mode of “single-point development–rapid longitudinal expansion–rapid transverse expansion upon reaching the top–polymerization into a sheet”, and simultaneously possesses the oil displacement mechanisms of both steam displacement and gravity drainage. The proposed composite mode of steam huff-and-puff to composite displacement and drainage has guided the implementation of adjustment wells in the Bohai L Oilfield, and the recovery factor has been increased by about 20% compared with the steam huff-and-puff development of the basic well pattern. This study has reference and guiding significance for the efficient thermal recovery development of this oilfield.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
/journal/processes/special_issues/H2NDGI10PW
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g005-550.jpg?1734413567'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g006-550.jpg?1734413569'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g007-550.jpg?1734413570'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g008-550.jpg?1734413573'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g010-550.jpg?1734413576'><p>Figure 10</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g011-550.jpg?1734413577'><p>Figure 11</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g012-550.jpg?1734413578'><p>Figure 12</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g013-550.jpg?1734413580'><p>Figure 13</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g014-550.jpg?1734413582'><p>Figure 14</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g015-550.jpg?1734413583'><p>Figure 15</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g016-550.jpg?1734413584'><p>Figure 16</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g017-550.jpg?1734413585'><p>Figure 17</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g018-550.jpg?1734413587'><p>Figure 18</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g019-550.jpg?1734413588'><p>Figure 19</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g020-550.jpg?1734413589'><p>Figure 20</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g021-550.jpg?1734413591'><p>Figure 21</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g022-550.jpg?1734413591'><p>Figure 22</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1545273-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g023-550.jpg?1734413594'><p>Figure 23</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545273-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g001-550.jpg?1734413563" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545273-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02884/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02884-g001-550.jpg?1734413563" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Cross-sectional diagram of Bohai L oilfield.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus and process.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Schematic diagram of well locations in the physical simulation experiment of steam huff-and-puff converted to flooding (side view).</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Characteristics of steam chamber development during the process of conversion from steam huff-and-puff to steam flooding.</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Curves of recovery factor and water cut.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Well layout diagram of the actual model.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Schematic diagram of well layout (side view).</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Distribution maps of temperature field and residual oil in different layers under gravity-assisted steam flooding.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Variation in the expansion speed of the heating chamber at the field scale.</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>The curves of the recovery factor and water cut for gravity-assisted steam flooding and HHSD.</p>
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<strong>Figure 11</strong><br/>
<p>Design of the combined displacement of drainage and flooding three-dimensional well pattern for the target block.</p>
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<strong>Figure 12</strong><br/>
<p>Numerical simulation model diagram of the target block.</p>
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<strong>Figure 13</strong><br/>
<p>Production characteristics in different stages of the conversion from steam huff-and-puff to composite displacement and drainage and the corresponding characteristics of the steam chambers.</p>
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<strong>Figure 14</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison diagram of the recovery factors and steam chambers in the process of conversion from steam huff-and-puff to composite displacement and drainage for different well patterns.</p>
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<strong>Figure 15</strong><br/>
<p>Comparison field diagram of the sweep of the heating chambers for different well patterns.</p>
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<strong>Figure 16</strong><br/>
<p>Development effects of the three-dimensional well pattern at different planar well spacings.</p>
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<strong>Figure 17</strong><br/>
<p>Development effects of the three-dimensional well pattern at different vertical well spacings.</p>
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<strong>Figure 18</strong><br/>
<p>Development effects of the three-dimensional well pattern at different distances from the bottom water of the reservoir.</p>
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<strong>Figure 19</strong><br/>
<p>Development effects of the three-dimensional well pattern at different steam injection rates.</p>
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<strong>Figure 20</strong><br/>
<p>Development effects of the three-dimensional well pattern at different steam qualities.</p>
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<strong>Figure 21</strong><br/>
<p>Development effects of the three-dimensional well pattern at different production–injection ratios.</p>
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<strong>Figure 22</strong><br/>
<p>Schematic diagram of the well locations of adjustment wells in the three-dimensional well pattern of Bohai L oilfield.</p>
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<strong>Figure 23</strong><br/>
<p>Production curves of adjustment wells in the three-dimensional well pattern of Bohai L oilfield.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2883/pdf?version=1734401472" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Reactivation of Abandoned Oilfields for Cleaner Energy Generation: Three-Dimensional Modelling of Reservoir Heterogeneity and Geometry" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2883">Reactivation of Abandoned Oilfields for Cleaner Energy Generation: Three-Dimensional Modelling of Reservoir Heterogeneity and Geometry</a>
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by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Benjamin Michael Storey</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Richard H. Worden</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David D. McNamara</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John Wheeler</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julian Parker</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andre Kristen</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2883; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122883">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122883</a> - 17 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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With the changing picture of global energy supplies and the shift toward the energy transition, it has never been more important to look for alternative sources of energy. Globally there are tens of thousands of abandoned oil fields with considerable reserves left behind.
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With the changing picture of global energy supplies and the shift toward the energy transition, it has never been more important to look for alternative sources of energy. Globally there are tens of thousands of abandoned oil fields with considerable reserves left behind. These have the potential to be reactivated to become an energy supply that is cleaner than conventional oil and gas. This can be achieved by the use of in situ combustion and the subsequent exploitation of the inherent increase in temperature and pressure to produce geothermal energy, allied to sequestration of the mixture of produced fluids. In situ combustion (ISC) has conventionally been used as an enhanced oil recovery technique, with a high failure rate that has been recently attributed to poor reservoir selection and project design. We suggest that the failure of many earlier ISC projects is due to insufficient appreciation of how the subsurface geology affects the process. With the use of computer numerical modelling, we aim to ascertain how the geometry and heterogeneity of the reservoir control the success of the process. Here we employ simple three-dimensional sector models to assess a variety of different petrophysical heterogeneities, within a set of different reservoir geometries, on the temperature, velocity, propagation stability and enthalpy rate. These models illustrate that the biggest impact on success of the ISC process for geothermal energy generation, as a function of temperature and enthalpy, is the location of the wells relative to the heterogeneities and the scale of heterogeneities. Metre-scale heterogeneities do not have a significant effect on this. Instead, the biggest contributor to the propagation stability and direction of the fire front is the presence of a large-scale (10 s to 100 s of metres) heterogeneities, such as channels, or the geometry of a tilted fault block; both have a strong control over the direction of the propagation, and therefore are important factors with regards to well placement.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g003-550.jpg?1734401553'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g005-550.jpg?1734401556'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g006-550.jpg?1734401558'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g007-550.jpg?1734401560'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g008-550.jpg?1734401563'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g010-550.jpg?1734401566'><p>Figure 10</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g011-550.jpg?1734401568'><p>Figure 11</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g012-550.jpg?1734401571'><p>Figure 12</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g013-550.jpg?1734401572'><p>Figure 13</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g014-550.jpg?1734401574'><p>Figure 14</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g015-550.jpg?1734401576'><p>Figure 15</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g017-550.jpg?1734401580'><p>Figure 17</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1545240-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g020-550.jpg?1734401585'><p>Figure 20</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545240-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g001-550.jpg?1734401550" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545240-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02883/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02883-g001-550.jpg?1734401550" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Relative permeability curves used in all simulations: (<b>a</b>) oil–water relative permeability and (<b>b</b>) liquid–gas relative permeability curves with temperature dependence included [<a href="#B62-processes-12-02883" class="html-bibr">62</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Viscosity vs. temperature graphs to illustrate how the initial oil viscosity decreases with increasing temperature [<a href="#B64-processes-12-02883" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B65-processes-12-02883" class="html-bibr">65</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Diagrams of each of the different geometries that is used for the model, with injection and production wells marked and depth scale. (<b>a</b>) Base–case cube model without any tectonic structure, (<b>b</b>) periclinal fold with four-way dip closure, (<b>c</b>) tilted fault block dipping at 45°.</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Porosity distribution of the three heterogeneous sub-models (note that the homogeneous model is not represented here). (<b>a</b>) Gaussian distribution of porosity with a mean porosity of 20% and standard deviation of 4; (<b>b</b>) facies-controlled heterogeneity of a single channel of defined orientation that, in this case, is not intersected by the injector or producer wells; (<b>c</b>) layered model with alternating 5% and 20 percent layers. All models’ permeabilities are derived from the Kozeny–Carman relationship (Equation (1)), each sub model is used with each geo-model.</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Oil saturation distribution plots with the fire front marked, for each of the different type A models, no heterogeneity. (<b>a</b>) Model 1-A, homogeneous cube geometry, revealing the development of a wedge-shaped fire front moving more at the top than the base of the structure. (<b>b</b>) Model 2-A, homogeneous periclinal fold, illustrating the development of a wedge-shaped fire front with the majority of the oil bank to the top of the reservoir. (<b>c</b>) Model 3-A, homogenous tilted fault block, revealing a strong preference for the migration of oil up-dip and to the left of the reservoir.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Graphs of average properties by layer for each homogenous model. (<b>a</b>) Average temperature of six hottest points. (<b>b</b>) Average velocity of the six hottest points. (<b>c</b>) Average propagation angle with respect to the production and injection wells for the six hottest points.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Oil saturation distribution plots with the fire front marked on for each of the different type B models, with heterogeneous distribution of petrophysical properties. (<b>a</b>) Model 1-B, randomly distributed heterogeneity cube geometry, revealing a distorted fire front moving predominantly to the left of the grid and beginning to split (<b>b</b>) Model 2-B, randomly distributed heterogeneity periclinal fold, revealing a distorted shape to the fire front but moving towards the apex of the structure. (<b>c</b>) Model 3-B, randomly distributed heterogeneity tilted fault block, showing that the fire front preferentially migrates up-dip as well as the formation of a small movement towards the production well.</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Graphs of average properties by layer for each randomly distributed heterogeneity model. (<b>a</b>) Average temperature of six hottest points. (<b>b</b>) Average velocity of the six hottest points. (<b>c</b>) Average propagation angle with respect to the production and injection wells for the six hottest points.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Oil saturation distribution plots with the fire front marked on for each of the different type C models, facies-controlled (channel) petrophysical heterogeneity. (<b>a</b>) Model 1-C, facies-controlled heterogeneity cube geometry, revealing minor movement of oil to the right-hand side of the upper layers of the reservoir. (<b>b</b>) Model 2-C, facies-controlled periclinal fold, revealing a small displacement of oil around the injection well within the upper layers of the reservoir. (<b>c</b>) Model 3-C, facies-controlled tilted fault block, revealing extinction of the fire front before it could develop and no movement of oil.</p>
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<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>Graphs of average properties by layer for each facies-controlled heterogeneity model. (<b>a</b>) Average temperature of six hottest points. (<b>b</b>) Average velocity of the six hottest points. (<b>c</b>) Average propagation angle with respect to the production and injection wells for the six hottest points.</p>
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<strong>Figure 11</strong><br/>
<p>Oil saturation distribution plots with the fire front marked on for each of the different type D models, with layered stratigraphic petrophysical heterogeneity. (<b>a</b>) Model 1-D, layered cube geometry, revealing the preferential movement of oil within the higher porosity and permeability layers. (<b>b</b>) Model 2-D, layered periclinal fold, showing the preferential movement of oil within the high-porosity and permeability layers and slight distortions of the fire front within the top layer. (<b>c</b>) Model 3-D, layered tilted fault block, illustrating the preferential movement of oil within the high-porosity and permeability layers and the preferential movement of the fire front up-dip.</p>
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<strong>Figure 12</strong><br/>
<p>Graphs of average properties by layer for each layered model. (<b>a</b>) Average temperature of the six hottest points. (<b>b</b>) Average velocity of the six hottest points. (<b>c</b>) Average propagation angle with respect to the production and injection wells for the six hottest points.</p>
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<strong>Figure 13</strong><br/>
<p>Graph to illustrate the cumulative enthalpy of each model when run for a duration of 5 years, not including models 2-A, 3-A, or 3-B, as these models did not run to completion. Given the selected orientation of the channel relative to the injector and producer wells, the facies-controlled heterogeneity models do not develop a significant fire front and do not generate any significant enthalpy after 5 years. The other models generate enthalpy after 5 years, with the cube models generating earlier than others.</p>
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<strong>Figure 14</strong><br/>
<p>Graph of the temperature difference compared to the base–case cube model to determine the different effects on the peak average temperature when changing the geometry of the reservoir for each heterogeneity. (<b>a</b>) Homogeneous reservoir. (<b>b</b>) Randomly distributed heterogeneity. (<b>c</b>) Facies-controlled (channel) heterogeneity. (<b>d</b>) Layered reservoir.</p>
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<strong>Figure 15</strong><br/>
<p>Graph of the velocity difference compared to the base–case cube model to ascertain the different effects on the velocity when changing the geometry of the reservoir for each heterogeneity. (<b>a</b>) Homogeneous reservoir. (<b>b</b>) Randomly distributed heterogeneity. (<b>c</b>) Facies-controlled (channel) heterogeneity. (<b>d</b>) Layered reservoir.</p>
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<strong>Figure 16</strong><br/>
<p>Graph of the propagation angle difference compared to the base–case cube model to ascertain the different effects on the propagation angle when changing the geometry of the reservoir for each heterogeneity. (<b>a</b>) Homogeneous reservoir. (<b>b</b>) Randomly distributed heterogeneity. (<b>c</b>) Facies-controlled (channel) heterogeneity. (<b>d</b>) Layered reservoir.</p>
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<strong>Figure 17</strong><br/>
<p>Graphs of the temperature difference compared to the base–case homogeneous model to illustrate the different effects of the changing petrophysical heterogeneity for each reservoir geometry. (<b>a</b>) Cube model. (<b>b</b>) Periclinal fold model. (<b>c</b>) Tilted fault block model.</p>
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<strong>Figure 18</strong><br/>
<p>Graphs of the velocity difference compared to the base–case homogeneous model to illustrate the different effects of the changing petrophysical heterogeneity for each reservoir geometry. (<b>a</b>) Cube model. (<b>b</b>) Periclinal fold model. (<b>c</b>) Tilted fault block model.</p>
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<strong>Figure 19</strong><br/>
<p>Graphs of the propagation angle difference compared to the base–case homogeneous model to illustrate the different effects of the changing petrophysical heterogeneity for each reservoir geometry. (<b>a</b>) Cube model. (<b>b</b>) Periclinal fold model. (<b>c</b>) Tilted fault block model.</p>
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<strong>Figure 20</strong><br/>
<p>Box and whisker pots of the difference between the cube and the other geometries, and between the homogeneous reservoir with the heterogeneous reservoirs, showing the interquartile ranges, median average and outliers. (<b>a</b>) Overall effects of temperature. (<b>b</b>) Overall effects on velocity. (<b>c</b>) Overall effects on propagation angle.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2882/pdf?version=1734427517" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Development of Functional Bread: Exploring the Nutritional, Bioactive and Microbial Potential of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Pulp Powder" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2882">Development of Functional Bread: Exploring the Nutritional, Bioactive and Microbial Potential of Carob (<i>Ceratonia siliqua</i> L.) Pulp Powder</a>
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<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jana Zahorec</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dragana Šoronja-Simović</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jovana Petrović</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zita Šereš</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Branimir Pavlić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Danica Božović</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lidija Perović</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikola Martić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandra Bulut</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sunčica Kocić-Tanackov</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2882; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122882">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122882</a> - 16 Dec 2024
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For the development of a high-quality functional bread, it is of crucial importance to find a compromise between improving the functional value of the product and impairing its quality. Therefore, the primary aim of this work was to define the effects of carob
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For the development of a high-quality functional bread, it is of crucial importance to find a compromise between improving the functional value of the product and impairing its quality. Therefore, the primary aim of this work was to define the effects of carob pulp powder (CP; 10–20% on flour basis) on the rheological behavior of dough and quality parameters of bread. The introduction of CP caused a major increase in dough resistance to extension while significantly decreasing dough extensibility, resulting in a lower volume with a denser crumb structure of the obtained bread samples. The negative effects of the CP on the dough and bread characteristics were partially compensated by the addition of dry sourdough (DS) as an improver at the level of 5–10% (flour basis). It was determined that by combining 15% CP and 10% DS, bread of very good sensory quality can be produced. The content of total dietary fiber (6.48 g), Mn (0.76 mg) and Cu (0.21 mg) per 100 g of the mentioned bread was sufficient for the nutritional claims “high in fiber”, “high in manganese” and “source of copper”. The obtained bread had a content of total phenols 10 times higher than the control and 5.5, 12 and 26 times higher antioxidant activity determined by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS tests, respectively. Moreover, microbiological tests confirmed the durability of the bread with 15% CP and 10% DS of up to seven days. Therefore, carob pulp powder can be successfully applied in the production of bread whose characteristics are adapted to modern trends in nutrition.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
/journal/processes/special_issues/XO3G85DX60
">Design of Food Processing and Technologies: Studies on Physical Properties, Thermodynamics, Rheology and Emulsification</a>)<br>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1545218"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1545218"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1545218" data-cycle-prev="#prev1545218" data-cycle-progressive="#images1545218" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545218-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g001-550.jpg?1734427643" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1545218" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1545218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g002-550.jpg?1734427644'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g003-550.jpg?1734427646'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g004-550.jpg?1734427647'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g005-550.jpg?1734427648'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g006-550.jpg?1734427652'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g007-550.jpg?1734427654'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545218-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g008-550.jpg?1734427655'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545218-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g001-550.jpg?1734427643" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545218-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g001-550.jpg?1734427643" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Carob pulp powder (<b>a</b>) untreated and (<b>b</b>) pre-hydrated.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2882'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Influence of carob pulp powder (CP) and dry sourdough (DS) addition on (<b>a</b>) resistance and (<b>b</b>) extensibility.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2882'>Full article</a></strong>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Dough sample with 15% carob pulp powder for extensographic testing after 45 min rest period: (<b>a</b>) with 0% of dry sourdough; (<b>b</b>) with 10% of dry sourdough.</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Influence of carob pulp powder (CP) and dry sourdough (DS) on energy and the ratio of resistance to extensibility (R/E ratio).</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2882'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02882/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02882-g005-550.jpg?1734427648" title="
<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Specific volume of bread as a function of the addition of carob pulp powder (CP) and dry sourdough (DS); results in bars marked with different lowercase letters are significantly different (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>External appearance and crumb structure of bread samples with carob pulp powder (CP) and dry sourdough (DS).</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Dependence of radial growth of <span class="html-italic">Aspergillus flavus</span> on bread composition.</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Dependence of radial growth of <span class="html-italic">Penicillium aurantiogriseum</span> on bread composition.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2881/pdf?version=1734428529" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Study on the Seepage Model of Three-Dimensional Vertical Well Based on the Boundary Element Method" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2881">Study on the Seepage Model of Three-Dimensional Vertical Well Based on the Boundary Element Method</a>
<div class="authors">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jialin Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zongxiao Ren</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinwei Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinliang Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhaoyang Fan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hui Zhao</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2881; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122881">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122881</a> - 16 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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As one of the main numerical methods, the boundary element method boasts the advantages of fast computation speed and high accuracy. Based on the considerations of the influence of pressure drop, perforation height, skin coefficient, reservoir coefficient, and reservoir radius on the seepage
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As one of the main numerical methods, the boundary element method boasts the advantages of fast computation speed and high accuracy. Based on the considerations of the influence of pressure drop, perforation height, skin coefficient, reservoir coefficient, and reservoir radius on the seepage law, a novel three-dimensional seepage model for vertical wells was established using the Laplace transform method and Stehfest numerical inversion method. The model was utilized to examine the velocity of pressure propagation and drop amplitude, revealing that the near-well area experienced faster propagation and drop than the far-well area. During dimensional analysis, it was observed that neglecting the effects of formation pressure change could lead to a substantial increase in the dimensional error of bottom hole pressure, with a maximum error of 9.45% recorded in this study. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted on perforation length, wellbore reservoir coefficient, skin coefficient, and reservoir radius to further elucidate the seepage law of vertical wells. This study provides theoretical guidance for oil and gas production. The original contribution of this research lies in the incorporation of formation pressure changes into the three-dimensional seepage model of vertical wells for the first time, which significantly enhances the model’s accuracy and practicality.
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(This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/processes/sections/Energy_Systems">Energy Systems</a>)<br>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1545210"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1545210"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1545210" data-cycle-prev="#prev1545210" data-cycle-progressive="#images1545210" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545210-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02881/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02881-g001-550.jpg?1734428733" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1545210" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1545210-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02881/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02881-g002-550.jpg?1734428735'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545210-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02881/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02881-g003-550.jpg?1734428737'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545210-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02881/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02881-g005-550.jpg?1734428742'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545210-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02881/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02881-g006-550.jpg?1734428744'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545210-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02881/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02881-g007-550.jpg?1734428746'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545210-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02881/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02881-g001-550.jpg?1734428733" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545210-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02881/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02881-g001-550.jpg?1734428733" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Model comparison results.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Bottom hole Pressure Comparison.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Pressure drop variation by reservoir position.</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Analysis of perforation high sensitivity.</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Sensitivity analysis of skin coefficient.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Sensitivity analysis of wellbore storage coefficient.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>Sensitivity analysis of reservoir radius.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2880/pdf?version=1734419637" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Synthesis, Rheology, Morphology, and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable PVA-Based Composite Films: A Review on Recent Progress" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2880">Synthesis, Rheology, Morphology, and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable PVA-Based Composite Films: A Review on Recent Progress</a>
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by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohammad Mizanur Rahman Khan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Md. Mahamudul Hasan Rumon</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mobinul Islam</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2880; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122880">https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122880</a> - 16 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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Biodegradable polymers play an important role in environmental concerns compared to non-biodegradable polymers. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a biodegradable polymer with film-forming properties with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and are considered for numerous practical applications in the industry, like food packaging, pharmaceuticals, and
<a href="#" data-counterslink="https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/12/12/2880/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a>
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Biodegradable polymers play an important role in environmental concerns compared to non-biodegradable polymers. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a biodegradable polymer with film-forming properties with antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and are considered for numerous practical applications in the industry, like food packaging, pharmaceuticals, and so on. The synthesis of PVA with promising properties like rheology, morphology, and mechanical performance is significant from the application point of view in industrial sectors. It is vital to realize the drawbacks and promising prospects associated with PVA rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties and how to address the problems concerning these properties. The present review describes the contemporary advancement of numerous synthesis approaches of PVA-based composite films and their rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties. This comprehensive review offers a comprehensive discussion of various strategies to enhance the rheology, morphology, and mechanical properties of composite films. It emphasizes modifications using environmentally friendly materials such as nanoparticles, metal oxides, polymers, and others. Additionally, existing challenges and the potential for forthcoming advancements in the properties of such composite films are discussed. The correlation between the PVA-based composite films and their promising properties like rheology, morphology, and mechanical performance may provide a reference for new insights into their applications in industrial sectors.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href="
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">Advances in Rheology, Biodegradability and Mechanical Properties of Polymers</a>)<br>
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</a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1545153"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1545153"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1545153" data-cycle-prev="#prev1545153" data-cycle-progressive="#images1545153" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false" style="position: relative;"><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-sentinel" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545153-popup" style="position: static; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: hidden;"><span class="helper" style="visibility: hidden;"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g001-550.jpg?1734419708" alt="" style="border: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><p style="visibility: hidden;">Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1545153" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1545153-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g002-550.jpg?1734419710'><p>Figure 2</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545153-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g003-550.jpg?1734419714'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545153-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g004-550.jpg?1734419721'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545153-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g005-550.jpg?1734419726'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545153-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g006-550.jpg?1734419727'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545153-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g007-550.jpg?1734419728'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545153-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g008-550.jpg?1734419732'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1545153-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g009-550.jpg?1734419733'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545153-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g001-550.jpg?1734419708" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545153-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02880/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02880-g001-550.jpg?1734419708" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Synthesis of PVA-based composite materials [<a href="#B32-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>Formation of PVA-based bio nanocomposite films with numerous biopolymers, organic and inorganic functional materials, and their mixed conditions [<a href="#B1-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) TEM micrographs of PVA/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composites synthesized at various compositions of CNF (vol%) [<a href="#B55-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>FESEM micrographs of tensile fractured surface of PVA and PVA/CNF composites (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>). The PVA/CNF composites were synthesized at various compositions of CNF (vol%) [<a href="#B55-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">55</a>].</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>SEM micrographs (cross-section) of PBC reinforced with Se-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> particles and hydroxyapitate (HA), with distinct particulars (different PVA samples with and without HA): (<b>a</b>) PVA 10%; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) PVA HA; (<b>d</b>) PVA 400; (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) PVA 400HA; (<b>g</b>) PVA 600; (<b>h</b>,<b>i</b>) PVA 600HA; (<b>j</b>) PVA 800; (<b>k</b>,<b>l</b>) PVA 800HA [<a href="#B58-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">58</a>]. Copyright, 2020, MDPI.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Graphs depicting the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of pristine PVA hydrogels compared to PVA/GG hydrogels with varying concentrations of GG. The figure is adapted from ref. [<a href="#B91-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">91</a>]. Copyright 2022, MDPI.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>DMTA shows the G′ as a function of temperature for (<b>a</b>) pure PVA, (<b>b</b>) 0.5% GO, (<b>c</b>) 1% GO, and (<b>d</b>) 1.5% GO-reinforced PVA nanocomposite films. The figure is adapted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B97-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">97</a>]. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd.</p>
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<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>Mechanical behavior of the PVA/EMImAc/H<sub>2</sub>O Hydrogel at Subzero Temperatures. (<b>A</b>) Demonstration of twisting and knotting of the PVA/EMImAc/H<sub>2</sub>O hydrogel at 25 °C and −50 °C. (<b>B</b>) Visual form of PVA/H<sub>2</sub>O hydrogel at 25 °C and −20 °C. (<b>C</b>) Compression and retrieval behavior of PVA/EMImAc/H<sub>2</sub>O hydrogel at −50 °C. (<b>D</b>) Stress–strain curves representing the PVA/EMImAc/H<sub>2</sub>O hydrogel at various temperatures. (<b>E</b>) Cyclic compressive loading–unloading curves of PVA/EMImAc/H<sub>2</sub>O hydrogel at −50 °C. The figure is adapted with permission from the ref. [<a href="#B137-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">137</a>], Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society.</p>
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<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>(<b>a</b>) Representative stress–strain curves for PVA/HA–Fe<sup>3+</sup> hydrogels synthesized with varying HA concentrations. (<b>b</b>) Stress and strain of hydrogels as a function of HA content. (<b>c</b>) Toughness and (<b>d</b>) elastic modulus of PVA/HA–Fe<sup>3+</sup> hydrogels fabricated with different HA concentrations. The figure is adapted with permission from the ref. [<a href="#B146-processes-12-02880" class="html-bibr">146</a>]. Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society.</p>
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<a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2879/pdf?version=1734451228" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Kinetics and Reusability of Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvents in Continuous Extraction Processes in a Pilot Setting" data-journal="processes">
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<a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2879">Kinetics and Reusability of Hydrophobic Eutectic Solvents in Continuous Extraction Processes in a Pilot Setting</a>
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by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arina V. Kozhevnikova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dmitriy V. Lobovich</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikita A. Milevskii</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Igor S. Fedulov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yulia A. Zakhodyaeva</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrey A. Voshkin</strong></span> </div>
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<em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2879; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122879 (registering DOI) - 16 Dec 2024
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<strong>Abstract </strong>
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Hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HES) show significant promise as extractants for metal ions. At their current stage of development, however, they have many disadvantages, such as high costs, limited data on reusability and, often, lower extraction efficiency when compared with traditional extraction systems. This
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Hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HES) show significant promise as extractants for metal ions. At their current stage of development, however, they have many disadvantages, such as high costs, limited data on reusability and, often, lower extraction efficiency when compared with traditional extraction systems. This study investigates the physico-chemical properties of five HES formulations based on 1-octanol in combination with camphor, 2′-hydroxypropiophenone, menthol, 1-octanoic acid, and thymol. The 1-octanol/camphor HES exhibited substantially higher extraction efficiency for Fe(III) ions than a solution of 1-octanol in toluene at the same concentration. Furthermore, it showed stability when used in a mixer-settler type extractor. The 1-octanol/camphor HES achieved a rapid extraction and re-extraction rate, with phase contact time reduced to just 2 min, without loss of extraction efficiency. Using the supported liquid membrane method, the proposed Oct/Cam HES enabled a threefold concentration of iron ions in the raffinate phase under continuous operation, confirming its potential for reusability.
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(This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/processes/sections/chemical_systems">Chemical Processes and Systems</a>)<br>
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--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g003-550.jpg?1734451348'><p>Figure 3</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g004-550.jpg?1734451349'><p>Figure 4</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g005-550.jpg?1734451350'><p>Figure 5</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g006-550.jpg?1734451351'><p>Figure 6</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g007-550.jpg?1734451354'><p>Figure 7</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g008-550.jpg?1734451355'><p>Figure 8</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g009-550.jpg?1734451357'><p>Figure 9</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g010-550.jpg?1734451358'><p>Figure 10</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g011-550.jpg?1734451360'><p>Figure 11</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g012-550.jpg?1734451362'><p>Figure 12</p></div>
--- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1545144-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g013-550.jpg?1734451362'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script><div class="openpopupgallery cycle-slide cycle-slide-active" data-imgindex="0" data-target="article-1545144-popup" style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 99; opacity: 1; display: block; visibility: visible;"><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g001-550.jpg?1734451347" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1545144-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g001-550.jpg?1734451347" title="
<strong>Figure 1</strong><br/>
<p>Density (<b>a</b>) and dynamic viscosity (<b>b</b>) of HES based on 1-octanol, depending on temperature.</p>
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<strong>Figure 2</strong><br/>
<p>The extraction efficiency of Fe(III) ions was evaluated as a function of phase contact time in a solution containing 0.01 mol/L Fe(III), 2 mol/L HCl, and 2 mol/L CaCl<sub>2</sub>; V<sub>aq</sub>/V<sub>HES</sub> = 1/1, T = 25 °C.</p>
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<strong>Figure 3</strong><br/>
<p>Dependence of the degree of extraction of Fe(III) ions from 0.01 mol/L Fe(III), 2 mol/L HCl solution on the initial concentration of CaCl<sub>2</sub> in the aqueous phase; V<sub>aq</sub>/V<sub>HES</sub> = 1/1, T = 25 °C, phase contact time = 5 min.</p>
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<strong>Figure 4</strong><br/>
<p>Dependence of the degree of extraction of Fe(III) ions from 0.01 mol/L Fe(III), 2 mol/L HCl solution on the ratio of aqueous and organic phases; T = 25 °C, phase contact time = 5 min.</p>
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<strong>Figure 5</strong><br/>
<p>Dependence of the degree of stripping of Fe(III) ions from the phase of HES (obtained by extraction of Fe(III) from solution 0.01 mol/L Fe(III), 2 mol/L HCl, and 2 mol/L CaCl<sub>2</sub>) by distilled water on the time of phase contact: V<sub>HES</sub>/V<sub>water</sub> = 1/1, T = 25 °C.</p>
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<strong>Figure 6</strong><br/>
<p>Dependence of the degree of extraction of Fe(III) ions from 0.01 mol/L Fe(III), 2 mol/L HCl solution, <span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>aq</sub>/<span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>HES</sub> = 1/1, T = 25 °C, phase contact time = 5 min, depending on the extraction/stripping cycle.</p>
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<strong>Figure 7</strong><br/>
<p>IR spectra before (1) and after (2) extraction/re-extraction cycles. HES: (<b>a</b>) Oct/Cam, (<b>b</b>) Oct/Hpph, (<b>c</b>) Oct/Men, (<b>d</b>) Oct/OctA, (<b>e</b>) Oct/Thy.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2879'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g008-550.jpg?1734451355" title="
<strong>Figure 8</strong><br/>
<p>The dependence of the degree of HCl extraction on its initial concentration using HES Oct/Cam. V<sub>aq</sub>/V<sub>HES</sub> = 1/1, T = 25 °C, phase contact time = 60 min.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2879'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g009-550.jpg?1734451357" title="
<strong>Figure 9</strong><br/>
<p>Dependence of the degree of Fe(III) extraction from 0.01 mol/L Fe(III), 2 mol/L HCl, and 0.75 mol/L CaCl<sub>2</sub> solution, T = 25 °C, stripping by distilled water, on the operating time of the installation, with equal volume flow rates of phases—250 mL/h when using the HES Oct/Cam in the supported liquid membrane method.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2879'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g010-550.jpg?1734451358" title="
<strong>Figure 10</strong><br/>
<p>The dependence of the degree of extraction of Fe(III) (blue dots) and the degree of stripping (green dots) on the total volume flow per extraction cell when using HES Oct/Cam.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2879'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g011-550.jpg?1734451360" title="
<strong>Figure 11</strong><br/>
<p>The concentration of Fe(III) in the raffinate (<b>a</b>) and re-extraction (<b>b</b>) phases depends on the <span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>1</sub>/<span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>2</sub> ratio at W/<span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>1</sub> = 2 when using HES Oct/Cam in the supported liquid membrane method.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2879'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g012-550.jpg?1734451362" title="
<strong>Figure 12</strong><br/>
<p>The scheme of a lab prototype, which works using the supported liquid membrane method. MS—mixer-settler extractor, P—peristatic pump.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2879'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02879/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02879-g013-550.jpg?1734451362" title="
<strong>Figure 13</strong><br/>
<p>Scheme of supported liquid membrane extraction: 1—extraction block, 2—stripping block, <span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>1</sub>—feed solution (0.01 mol/L FeCl<sub>3</sub> in 2 mol/L HCl) flow rate, <span class="html-italic">V</span><sub>2</sub>—stripping solution (distilled water) flow rate, W—HES flow rate.</p>
<strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9717/12/12/2879'>Full article</a></strong>
"></a></div> </div>
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et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2723; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122723">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12122723</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">2 December 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2723" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02723/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02723-g001-550.jpg?1733125352" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221533885%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EReview%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2707%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3EReview%20of%20the%20Chinese%20Aluminum%20Industry%26rsquo%3Bs%20Low-Carbon%20Development%20Driven%20by%20Carbon%20Tariffs%3A%20Challenges%20and%20Strategic%20Responses%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DTianshu%2520Hou%26orcid%3D%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Tianshu%20Hou%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2812%29%2C%202707%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12122707%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12122707%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E30%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2707%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02707/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02707-g001-550.jpg%3F1732959725%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1533885"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Review</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2707"><span itemprop="name">Review of the Chinese Aluminum Industry’s Low-Carbon Development Driven by Carbon Tariffs: Challenges and Strategic Responses</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=Tianshu%20Hou&orcid=">
Tianshu Hou </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2707; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122707">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12122707</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">30 November 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2707" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02707/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02707-g001-550.jpg?1732959725" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221520061%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EReview%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2532%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3EMulti-Criteria%20Decision%20Making%20in%20Chemical%20and%20Process%20Engineering%3A%20Methods%2C%20Progress%2C%20and%20Potential%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DZhiyuan%2520Wang%26orcid%3D%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Zhiyuan%20Wang%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2811%29%2C%202532%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12112532%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12112532%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E13%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2532%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02532/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02532-g001-550.jpg%3F1731499262%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1520061"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Review</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/11/2532"><span itemprop="name">Multi-Criteria Decision Making in Chemical and Process Engineering: Methods, Progress, and Potential</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=Zhiyuan%20Wang&orcid=">
Zhiyuan Wang </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 2532; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112532">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12112532</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">13 November 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/11/2532" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02532/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02532-g001-550.jpg?1731499262" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221521032%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EReview%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2545%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3ERecovery%20of%20Lesser-Known%20Strategic%20Metals%3A%20The%20Gallium%20and%20Germanium%20Cases%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DJose%2520Ignacio%2520Robla%26orcid%3D0000-0002-5009-8507%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Jose%20Ignacio%20Robla%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2811%29%2C%202545%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12112545%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12112545%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E14%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1521032"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Review</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/11/2545"><span itemprop="name">Recovery of Lesser-Known Strategic Metals: The Gallium and Germanium Cases</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=Jose%20Ignacio%20Robla&orcid=0000-0002-5009-8507">
Jose Ignacio Robla </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 2545; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112545">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12112545</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">14 November 2024</span>
</div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221514491%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EReview%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2444%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3EExploring%20the%20Extraction%20and%20Application%20of%20Anthocyanins%20in%20Food%20Systems%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DConfidence%2520Tsholofelo%2520Nthimole%26orcid%3D%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Confidence%20Tsholofelo%20Nthimole%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2811%29%2C%202444%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12112444%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12112444%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E5%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2444%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02444/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02444-g001-550.jpg%3F1730812871%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1514491"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Review</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/11/2444"><span itemprop="name">Exploring the Extraction and Application of Anthocyanins in Food Systems</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=Confidence%20Tsholofelo%20Nthimole&orcid=">
Confidence Tsholofelo Nthimole </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 2444; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112444">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12112444</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">5 November 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/11/2444" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02444/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02444-g001-550.jpg?1730812871" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221537657%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EArticle%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2773%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3EThe%20Palaeocene%20Lista%20Shale%3A%20A%20Planned%20Carbon%20Capture%20and%20Storage%20Top%20Seal%20for%20the%20East%20Mey%20CO%3Csub%3E2%3C/sub%3E%20Storage%20Site%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DNourah%2520AlNajdi%26orcid%3D0000-0003-0676-9761%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Nourah%20AlNajdi%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2812%29%2C%202773%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12122773%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12122773%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E5%20December%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2773%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02773/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02773-g001-550.jpg%3F1733411472%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1537657"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Article</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2773"><span itemprop="name">The Palaeocene Lista Shale: A Planned Carbon Capture and Storage Top Seal for the East Mey CO<sub>2</sub> Storage Site</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=Nourah%20AlNajdi&orcid=0000-0003-0676-9761">
Nourah AlNajdi </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2773; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122773">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12122773</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">5 December 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2773" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02773/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02773-g001-550.jpg?1733411472" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221529393%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EArticle%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2663%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3ECarbon-Free%20H%3Csub%3E2%3C/sub%3E%20Production%20from%20Ammonia%20Decomposition%20over%203D-Printed%20Ni-Alloy%20Structures%20Activated%20with%20a%20Ru/Al%3Csub%3E2%3C/sub%3EO%3Csub%3E3%3C/sub%3E%20Catalyst%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DCristina%2520Italiano%26orcid%3D%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Cristina%20Italiano%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2812%29%2C%202663%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12122663%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12122663%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E26%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2663%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02663/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02663-g001-550.jpg%3F1733198596%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1529393"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Article</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2663"><span itemprop="name">Carbon-Free H<sub>2</sub> Production from Ammonia Decomposition over 3D-Printed Ni-Alloy Structures Activated with a Ru/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Catalyst</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=Cristina%20Italiano&orcid=">
Cristina Italiano </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2663; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122663">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12122663</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">26 November 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2663" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02663/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02663-g001-550.jpg?1733198596" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221512995%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EArticle%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2423%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3EDynamic%20Integrated%20Scheduling%20of%20Production%20Equipment%20and%20Automated%20Guided%20Vehicles%20in%20a%20Flexible%20Job%20Shop%20Based%20on%20Deep%20Reinforcement%20Learning%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DJingrui%2520Wang%26orcid%3D%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Jingrui%20Wang%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2811%29%2C%202423%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12112423%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12112423%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E2%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2423%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02423/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02423-g001-550.jpg%3F1730550492%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1512995"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Article</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/11/2423"><span itemprop="name">Dynamic Integrated Scheduling of Production Equipment and Automated Guided Vehicles in a Flexible Job Shop Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=Jingrui%20Wang&orcid=">
Jingrui Wang </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 2423; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112423">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12112423</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">2 November 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/11/2423" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02423/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02423-g001-550.jpg?1730550492" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221535644%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EReview%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2746%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3EPhotocatalytic%20Composites%20Based%20on%20Biochar%20for%20Antibiotic%20and%20Dye%20Removal%20in%20Water%20Treatment%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22inlineblock%20%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EAmra%20Bratov%u010Di%u0107%3C/strong%3E%20and%20%3C/span%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22inlineblock%20%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EVesna%20Toma%u0161i%u0107%3C/strong%3E%3C/span%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2812%29%2C%202746%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12122746%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12122746%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E3%20December%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2746%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02746/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02746-g001-550.jpg%3F1733220086%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1535644"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Review</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2746"><span itemprop="name">Photocatalytic Composites Based on Biochar for Antibiotic and Dye Removal in Water Treatment</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amra Bratovčić</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vesna Tomašić</strong></span></div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2746; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122746">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12122746</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">3 December 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2746" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02746/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02746-g001-550.jpg?1733220086" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221533018%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EArticle%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2697%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3ECircularity%20and%20Digitalisation%20in%20German%20Textile%20Manufacturing%3A%20Towards%20a%20Blueprint%20for%20Strategy%20Development%20and%20Implementation%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22inlineblock%20%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ETina%20Wiegand%3C/strong%3E%20and%20%3C/span%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22inlineblock%20%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EMartin%20Wynn%3C/strong%3E%3C/span%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2812%29%2C%202697%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12122697%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12122697%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E29%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2697%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02697/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02697-g001-550.jpg%3F1733108414%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1533018"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Article</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2697"><span itemprop="name">Circularity and Digitalisation in German Textile Manufacturing: Towards a Blueprint for Strategy Development and Implementation</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tina Wiegand</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martin Wynn</strong></span></div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2697; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122697">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12122697</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">29 November 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2697" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02697/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02697-g001-550.jpg?1733108414" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221528230%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EArticle%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2648%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3EOptimized%20Fault%20Classification%20in%20Electric%20Vehicle%20Drive%20Motors%20Using%20Advanced%20Machine%20Learning%20and%20Data%20Transformation%20Techniques%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DS.%2520Thirunavukkarasu%26orcid%3D%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20S.%20Thirunavukkarasu%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2812%29%2C%202648%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12122648%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12122648%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E24%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/12/2648%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02648/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02648-g001-550.jpg%3F1732442921%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1528230"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Article</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/12/2648"><span itemprop="name">Optimized Fault Classification in Electric Vehicle Drive Motors Using Advanced Machine Learning and Data Transformation Techniques</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=S.%20Thirunavukkarasu&orcid=">
S. Thirunavukkarasu </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(12), 2648; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122648">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12122648</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">24 November 2024</span>
</div></div><div><div class="absgraph" style="overflow: auto;"><a href="/2227-9717/12/12/2648" style="outline: 0;"><div class="abstractGraphicContainer"><img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02648/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02648-g001-550.jpg?1732442921" alt="" style="border: 0;"></div></a></div></div></div></div><div data-content-raw="%20%20%20%20%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22generic-item%20article-item%20most-accessed%20%22%3E%3Cdiv%20itemscope%20itemtype%3D%22http%3A//schema.org/ScholarlyArticle%22%20class%3D%22item%22%3E%3Cinput%20type%3D%22hidden%22%20class%3D%22unique-dynamic-item%22%20value%3D%221513873%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22highly-accessed-text%22%3EReview%3C/div%3E%3Ca%20class%3D%22title-link%22%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2434%22%3E%3Cspan%20itemprop%3D%22name%22%3EHydrogen%20in%20Burners%3A%20Economic%20and%20Environmental%20Implications%3C/span%3E%3C/a%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22authors%20text-information%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20by%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Ca%20itemprop%3D%22author%22%20href%3D%22/search%3Fauthors%3DMatheus%2520Henrique%2520Castanha%2520Cavalcanti%26orcid%3D0000-0002-3549-2370%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Matheus%20Henrique%20Castanha%20Cavalcanti%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/a%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20et%20al.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%20doi%22%3E%3Cspan%20class%3D%22color-grey-dark%22%3E%3Cem%3EProcesses%3C/em%3E%20%3Cb%3E2024%3C/b%3E%2C%20%3Cem%3E12%3C/em%3E%2811%29%2C%202434%3B%20%3Ca%20href%3D%22https%3A//doi.org/10.3390/pr12112434%22%3Ehttps%3A//doi.org/%3Cwbr%3E10.3390/%3Cwbr%3Epr12112434%3C/a%3E%3C/span%3E%3Cbr/%3EPublished%3A%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cspan%20class%3D%22text-information%22%20itemprop%3D%22datePublished%22%3E4%20November%202024%3C/span%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3Cdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22absgraph%22%20style%3D%22overflow%3A%20auto%3B%22%3E%3Ca%20href%3D%22/2227-9717/12/11/2434%22%20style%3D%22outline%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22abstractGraphicContainer%22%3E%3Cimg%20src%3D%22https%3A//pub.mdpi-res.com/processes/processes-12-02434/article_deploy/html/images/processes-12-02434-g001-550.jpg%3F1730793867%22%20alt%3D%22%22%20style%3D%22border%3A%200%3B%22%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/a%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E%3C/div%3E" class="expanding-div expanded" style="">
<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1513873"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Review</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/11/2434"><span itemprop="name">Hydrogen in Burners: Economic and Environmental Implications</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
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et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 2434; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112434">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12112434</a></span><br>Published:</span>
<span class="text-information" itemprop="datePublished">4 November 2024</span>
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<div class="generic-item article-item most-accessed "><div itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle" class="item"><input type="hidden" class="unique-dynamic-item" value="1516726"><div class="highly-accessed-text">Review</div><a class="title-link" href="/2227-9717/12/11/2480"><span itemprop="name">Particle Size as an Indicator of Wheat Flour Quality: A Review</span></a><div class="authors text-information">
by
<a itemprop="author" href="/search?authors=Dariusz%20Dziki&orcid=0000-0003-4879-4404">
Dariusz Dziki </a>
et al. </div><div> <span class="text-information doi"><span class="color-grey-dark"><em>Processes</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 2480; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12112480">https://doi.org/<wbr>10.3390/<wbr>pr12112480</a></span><br>Published:</span>
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<option value="beverages">Beverages</option>
<option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option>
<option value="biochem">BioChem</option>
<option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option>
<option value="biologics">Biologics</option>
<option value="biology">Biology</option>
<option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option>
<option value="biomass">Biomass</option>
<option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option>
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<option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option>
<option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option>
<option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option>
<option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option>
<option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option>
<option value="biotech">BioTech</option>
<option value="birds">Birds</option>
<option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option>
<option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option>
<option value="buildings">Buildings</option>
<option value="businesses">Businesses</option>
<option value="carbon">C</option>
<option value="cancers">Cancers</option>
<option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option>
<option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option>
<option value="cells">Cells</option>
<option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option>
<option value="challenges">Challenges</option>
<option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option>
<option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option>
<option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option>
<option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option>
<option value="children">Children</option>
<option value="chips">Chips</option>
<option value="civileng">CivilEng</option>
<option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option>
<option value="climate">Climate</option>
<option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option>
<option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option>
<option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option>
<option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option>
<option value="coasts">Coasts</option>
<option value="coatings">Coatings</option>
<option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option>
<option value="colorants">Colorants</option>
<option value="commodities">Commodities</option>
<option value="complications">Complications</option>
<option value="compounds">Compounds</option>
<option value="computation">Computation</option>
<option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option>
<option value="computers">Computers</option>
<option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option>
<option value="conservation">Conservation</option>
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<option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option>
<option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option>
<option value="covid">COVID</option>
<option value="crops">Crops</option>
<option value="cryo">Cryo</option>
<option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option>
<option value="crystals">Crystals</option>
<option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option>
<option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option>
<option value="dairy">Dairy</option>
<option value="data">Data</option>
<option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option>
<option value="dermato">Dermato</option>
<option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option>
<option value="designs">Designs</option>
<option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option>
<option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option>
<option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option>
<option value="digital">Digital</option>
<option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option>
<option value="diseases">Diseases</option>
<option value="diversity">Diversity</option>
<option value="dna">DNA</option>
<option value="drones">Drones</option>
<option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option>
<option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option>
<option value="earth">Earth</option>
<option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option>
<option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option>
<option value="economies">Economies</option>
<option value="education">Education Sciences</option>
<option value="electricity">Electricity</option>
<option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option>
<option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option>
<option value="electronics">Electronics</option>
<option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option>
<option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option>
<option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option>
<option value="energies">Energies</option>
<option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option>
<option value="eng">Eng</option>
<option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option>
<option value="entropy">Entropy</option>
<option value="eesp">Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings</option>
<option value="environments">Environments</option>
<option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option>
<option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option>
<option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option>
<option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option>
<option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option>
<option value="fibers">Fibers</option>
<option value="fintech">FinTech</option>
<option value="fire">Fire</option>
<option value="fishes">Fishes</option>
<option value="fluids">Fluids</option>
<option value="foods">Foods</option>
<option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option>
<option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option>
<option value="forests">Forests</option>
<option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option>
<option value="foundations">Foundations</option>
<option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option>
<option value="fuels">Fuels</option>
<option value="future">Future</option>
<option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option>
<option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option>
<option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option>
<option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option>
<option value="games">Games</option>
<option value="gases">Gases</option>
<option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option>
<option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option>
<option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option>
<option value="gels">Gels</option>
<option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option>
<option value="genes">Genes</option>
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<option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option>
<option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option>
<option value="geometry">Geometry</option>
<option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option>
<option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option>
<option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option>
<option value="glacies">Glacies</option>
<option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option>
<option value="grasses">Grasses</option>
<option value="hardware">Hardware</option>
<option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option>
<option value="hearts">Hearts</option>
<option value="hemato">Hemato</option>
<option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option>
<option value="heritage">Heritage</option>
<option value="histories">Histories</option>
<option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option>
<option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option>
<option value="humanities">Humanities</option>
<option value="humans">Humans</option>
<option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option>
<option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option>
<option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option>
<option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option>
<option value="immuno">Immuno</option>
<option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option>
<option value="informatics">Informatics</option>
<option value="information">Information</option>
<option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option>
<option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option>
<option value="insects">Insects</option>
<option value="instruments">Instruments</option>
<option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option>
<option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option>
<option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option>
<option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option>
<option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option>
<option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option>
<option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option>
<option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option>
<option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option>
<option value="ime">International Medical Education</option>
<option value="inventions">Inventions</option>
<option value="IoT">IoT</option>
<option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option>
<option value="J">J</option>
<option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option>
<option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option>
<option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option>
<option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option>
<option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option>
<option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option>
<option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option>
<option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option>
<option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option>
<option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option>
<option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option>
<option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option>
<option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option>
<option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option>
<option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option>
<option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option>
<option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option>
<option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option>
<option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option>
<option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option>
<option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option>
<option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option>
<option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option>
<option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option>
<option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option>
<option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option>
<option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option>
<option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option>
<option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option>
<option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option>
<option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option>
<option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option>
<option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option>
<option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option>
<option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option>
<option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option>
<option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option>
<option value="labmed">LabMed</option>
<option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option>
<option value="land">Land</option>
<option value="languages">Languages</option>
<option value="laws">Laws</option>
<option value="life">Life</option>
<option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option>
<option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option>
<option value="liquids">Liquids</option>
<option value="literature">Literature</option>
<option value="livers">Livers</option>
<option value="logics">Logics</option>
<option value="logistics">Logistics</option>
<option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option>
<option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option>
<option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option>
<option value="machines">Machines</option>
<option value="macromol">Macromol</option>
<option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option>
<option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option>
<option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option>
<option value="materials">Materials</option>
<option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option>
<option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option>
<option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option>
<option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option>
<option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option>
<option value="medicina">Medicina</option>
<option value="medicines">Medicines</option>
<option value="membranes">Membranes</option>
<option value="merits">Merits</option>
<option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option>
<option value="metals">Metals</option>
<option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option>
<option value="methane">Methane</option>
<option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option>
<option value="metrics">Metrics</option>
<option value="metrology">Metrology</option>
<option value="micro">Micro</option>
<option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option>
<option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option>
<option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option>
<option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option>
<option value="minerals">Minerals</option>
<option value="mining">Mining</option>
<option value="modelling">Modelling</option>
<option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option>
<option value="molbank">Molbank</option>
<option value="molecules">Molecules</option>
<option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option>
<option value="muscles">Muscles</option>
<option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option>
<option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option>
<option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option>
<option value="ndt">NDT</option>
<option value="network">Network</option>
<option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option>
<option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option>
<option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option>
<option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option>
<option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option>
<option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option>
<option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option>
<option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option>
<option value="obesities">Obesities</option>
<option value="oceans">Oceans</option>
<option value="onco">Onco</option>
<option value="optics">Optics</option>
<option value="oral">Oral</option>
<option value="organics">Organics</option>
<option value="organoids">Organoids</option>
<option value="osteology">Osteology</option>
<option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option>
<option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option>
<option value="particles">Particles</option>
<option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option>
<option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option>
<option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option>
<option value="pets">Pets</option>
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<option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option>
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<option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option>
<option value="photochem">Photochem</option>
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<option value="phycology">Phycology</option>
<option value="physchem">Physchem</option>
<option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option>
<option value="physics">Physics</option>
<option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option>
<option value="plants">Plants</option>
<option value="plasma">Plasma</option>
<option value="platforms">Platforms</option>
<option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option>
<option value="polymers">Polymers</option>
<option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option>
<option value="populations">Populations</option>
<option value="poultry">Poultry</option>
<option value="powders">Powders</option>
<option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option>
<option value="processes">Processes</option>
<option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option>
<option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option>
<option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option>
<option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option>
<option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option>
<option value="publications">Publications</option>
<option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option>
<option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option>
<option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option>
<option value="radiation">Radiation</option>
<option value="reactions">Reactions</option>
<option value="realestate">Real Estate</option>
<option value="receptors">Receptors</option>
<option value="recycling">Recycling</option>
<option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option>
<option value="religions">Religions</option>
<option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option>
<option value="reports">Reports</option>
<option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option>
<option value="resources">Resources</option>
<option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option>
<option value="risks">Risks</option>
<option value="robotics">Robotics</option>
<option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option>
<option value="safety">Safety</option>
<option value="sci">Sci</option>
<option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option>
<option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option>
<option value="seeds">Seeds</option>
<option value="sensors">Sensors</option>
<option value="separations">Separations</option>
<option value="sexes">Sexes</option>
<option value="signals">Signals</option>
<option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option>
<option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option>
<option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option>
<option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option>
<option value="societies">Societies</option>
<option value="software">Software</option>
<option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option>
<option value="solar">Solar</option>
<option value="solids">Solids</option>
<option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option>
<option value="sports">Sports</option>
<option value="standards">Standards</option>
<option value="stats">Stats</option>
<option value="stresses">Stresses</option>
<option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option>
<option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option>
<option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option>
<option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option>
<option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option>
<option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option>
<option value="synbio">SynBio</option>
<option value="systems">Systems</option>
<option value="targets">Targets</option>
<option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option>
<option value="technologies">Technologies</option>
<option value="telecom">Telecom</option>
<option value="textiles">Textiles</option>
<option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option>
<option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option>
<option value="thermo">Thermo</option>
<option value="timespace">Time and Space</option>
<option value="tomography">Tomography</option>
<option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option>
<option value="toxics">Toxics</option>
<option value="toxins">Toxins</option>
<option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option>
<option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option>
<option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option>
<option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option>
<option value="universe">Universe</option>
<option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option>
<option value="uro">Uro</option>
<option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option>
<option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option>
<option value="venereology">Venereology</option>
<option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option>
<option value="vibration">Vibration</option>
<option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option>
<option value="viruses">Viruses</option>
<option value="vision">Vision</option>
<option value="waste">Waste</option>
<option value="water">Water</option>
<option value="wild">Wild</option>
<option value="wind">Wind</option>
<option value="women">Women</option>
<option value="world">World</option>
<option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option>
<option value="youth">Youth</option>
<option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option>
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id="ms-opt-151">Fermentation</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-152" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="fibers" title="Fibers" id="ms-opt-152">Fibers</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-153" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="fintech" title="FinTech" id="ms-opt-153">FinTech</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-154" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="fire" title="Fire" id="ms-opt-154">Fire</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-155" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="fishes" title="Fishes" id="ms-opt-155">Fishes</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-156" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="fluids" title="Fluids" id="ms-opt-156">Fluids</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-157" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="foods" title="Foods" id="ms-opt-157">Foods</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-158" 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id="ms-opt-169">Galaxies</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-170" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="games" title="Games" id="ms-opt-170">Games</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-171" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gases" title="Gases" id="ms-opt-171">Gases</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-172" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gastroent" title="Gastroenterology Insights" id="ms-opt-172">Gastroenterology Insights</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-173" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gastrointestdisord" title="Gastrointestinal Disorders" id="ms-opt-173">Gastrointestinal Disorders</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-174" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gastronomy" title="Gastronomy" id="ms-opt-174">Gastronomy</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-175" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" 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id="ms-opt-181">Geometry</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-182" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="geosciences" title="Geosciences" id="ms-opt-182">Geosciences</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-183" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="geotechnics" title="Geotechnics" id="ms-opt-183">Geotechnics</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-184" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="geriatrics" title="Geriatrics" id="ms-opt-184">Geriatrics</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-185" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="glacies" title="Glacies" id="ms-opt-185">Glacies</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-186" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="gucdd" title="Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease" id="ms-opt-186">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-187" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="grasses" title="Grasses" id="ms-opt-187">Grasses</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-188" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hardware" title="Hardware" id="ms-opt-188">Hardware</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-189" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="healthcare" title="Healthcare" id="ms-opt-189">Healthcare</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-190" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hearts" title="Hearts" id="ms-opt-190">Hearts</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-191" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hemato" title="Hemato" id="ms-opt-191">Hemato</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-192" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hematolrep" title="Hematology Reports" id="ms-opt-192">Hematology Reports</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-193" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="heritage" title="Heritage" id="ms-opt-193">Heritage</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-194" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="histories" title="Histories" id="ms-opt-194">Histories</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-195" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="horticulturae" title="Horticulturae" id="ms-opt-195">Horticulturae</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-196" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hospitals" title="Hospitals" id="ms-opt-196">Hospitals</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-197" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="humanities" title="Humanities" id="ms-opt-197">Humanities</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-198" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="humans" title="Humans" id="ms-opt-198">Humans</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-199" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology" 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style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jpbi" title="Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry" id="ms-opt-249">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-250" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jor" title="Journal of Respiration" id="ms-opt-250">Journal of Respiration</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-251" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jrfm" title="Journal of Risk and Financial Management" id="ms-opt-251">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-252" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="jsan" title="Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks" id="ms-opt-252">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-253" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="joma" title="Journal of the Oman Medical Association" id="ms-opt-253">Journal of the Oman 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value="journalmedia" title="Journalism and Media" id="ms-opt-258">Journalism and Media</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-259" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="kidneydial" title="Kidney and Dialysis" id="ms-opt-259">Kidney and Dialysis</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-260" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="kinasesphosphatases" title="Kinases and Phosphatases" id="ms-opt-260">Kinases and Phosphatases</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-261" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="knowledge" title="Knowledge" id="ms-opt-261">Knowledge</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-262" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="labmed" title="LabMed" id="ms-opt-262">LabMed</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-263" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="laboratories" title="Laboratories" id="ms-opt-263">Laboratories</label></li><li class=""><label 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value="lymphatics" title="Lymphatics" id="ms-opt-276">Lymphatics</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-277" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="make" title="Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction" id="ms-opt-277">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-278" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="machines" title="Machines" id="ms-opt-278">Machines</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-279" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="macromol" title="Macromol" id="ms-opt-279">Macromol</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-280" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="magnetism" title="Magnetism" id="ms-opt-280">Magnetism</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-281" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry" id="ms-opt-281">Magnetochemistry</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-282" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="marinedrugs" title="Marine Drugs" id="ms-opt-282">Marine Drugs</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-283" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="materials" title="Materials" id="ms-opt-283">Materials</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-284" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="materproc" title="Materials Proceedings" id="ms-opt-284">Materials Proceedings</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-285" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="mca" title="Mathematical and Computational Applications" id="ms-opt-285">Mathematical and Computational Applications</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-286" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="mathematics" title="Mathematics" id="ms-opt-286">Mathematics</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-287" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="medsci" title="Medical Sciences" 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value="safety" title="Safety" id="ms-opt-388">Safety</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-389" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sci" title="Sci" id="ms-opt-389">Sci</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-390" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="scipharm" title="Scientia Pharmaceutica" id="ms-opt-390">Scientia Pharmaceutica</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-391" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sclerosis" title="Sclerosis" id="ms-opt-391">Sclerosis</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-392" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="seeds" title="Seeds" id="ms-opt-392">Seeds</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-393" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sensors" title="Sensors" id="ms-opt-393">Sensors</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-394" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="separations" title="Separations" 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id="ms-opt-406">Spectroscopy Journal</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-407" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sports" title="Sports" id="ms-opt-407">Sports</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-408" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="standards" title="Standards" id="ms-opt-408">Standards</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-409" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="stats" title="Stats" id="ms-opt-409">Stats</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-410" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="stresses" title="Stresses" id="ms-opt-410">Stresses</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-411" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="surfaces" title="Surfaces" id="ms-opt-411">Surfaces</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-412" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="surgeries" title="Surgeries" id="ms-opt-412">Surgeries</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-413" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="std" title="Surgical Techniques Development" id="ms-opt-413">Surgical Techniques Development</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-414" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="sustainability" title="Sustainability" id="ms-opt-414">Sustainability</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-415" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="suschem" title="Sustainable Chemistry" id="ms-opt-415">Sustainable Chemistry</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-416" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="symmetry" title="Symmetry" id="ms-opt-416">Symmetry</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-417" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="synbio" title="SynBio" id="ms-opt-417">SynBio</label></li><li class=""><label for="ms-opt-418" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="systems" title="Systems" 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