https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau

スキャンID：: f86f6abc-d64a-45ae-8507-540f5cc86063終了
送信済みURL：: https://virus.ca/リダイレクト済み
レポート終了日：: 2024年11月2日 18:10:24
リンク · 787件検出

ページから特定された発信リンク
リンク	テキスト
https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva	Donate
https://pm.gc.ca	Government website
https://www.liberal.ca/rt-hon-justin-trudeau/	Party website
https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2565464845	"Trudeau delivers the eulogy at his father Pierre Trudeau's funeral".
https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/2000-justin-trudeau-delivers-eulogy-for-his-father-pierre	Archive (12:02 mins)
https://www.worldcat.org/title/893647393	Common Ground
https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893647393	893647393
https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries	"Indemnities, Salaries and Allowances"
https://web.archive.org/web/20180712224652/https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries	Archived
http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/03/06/page/4/article/trudeaus-bride-takes-all-by-surprise	"Trudeau's Bride Takes All by Surprise"
JavaScript変数 · 35件検出

ページのウィンドウオブジェクトにロードされたグローバルのJavaScript変数は関数以外の場所で宣言された変数で、現在のスコープ内であればコードのどこからでもアクセス可能です
名前	規模
onbeforetoggle	object
documentPictureInPicture	object
onscrollend	object
RLCONF	object
RLSTATE	object
RLPAGEMODULES	object
RLQ	object
mfTempOpenSection	function
isCompatible	function
mediaWiki	object
コンソールログメッセージ · 7件検出

Webコンソールにログ記録されたメッセージ
規模	分類	ログ
warning	other	URL https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva テキスト This page is using the deprecated ResourceLoader module "mediawiki.Uri". [1.43] Please use browser native URL.
log	other	URL https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.centralNotice.choiceData%2Cdisplay%2CgeoIP%2CimpressionDiet%2CkvStore%2ClegacySupport%2CstartUp%7Cext.centralauth.centralautologin%7Cext.checkUser.clientHints%7Cext.cite.ux-enhancements%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages%7Cext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns%7Cext.echo.centralauth%7Cext.eventLogging%2CnavigationTiming%2Cpopups%2CwikimediaEvents%7Cext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession%7Cext.phonos.init%7Cext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap%7Cext.scribunto.logs%7Cext.tmh.OgvJsSupport%2Cplayer%7Cext.urlShortener.toolbar%7Cjquery%2Coojs%2Csite%7Cjquery.client%7Cmediawiki.String%2CTitle%2CUri%2Capi%2Cbase%2Ccldr%2Ccookie%2Cexperiments%2CjqueryMsg%2Clanguage%2Crouter%2Cstorage%2Ctemplate%2Cuser%2Cutil%2CvisibleTimeout%7Cmediawiki.libs.pluralruleparser%7Cmediawiki.page.media%2Cready%7Cmediawiki.page.watch.ajax%7Cmediawiki.template.mustache%7Cmobile.codex.styles%7Cmobile.init%2Cstartup%7Cmobile.pagelist.styles%7Cmobile.pagesummary.styles%7Cmw.externalguidance.init%7Cskins.minerva.messageBox.styles%7Cskins.minerva.scripts%7Cwikibase.sidebar.tracking&skin=minerva&version=1xxcf テキスト Hello friend! 🍦 Wikipedia is powered by MediaWiki. MediaWiki is open source software and we're always keen to hear from fellow developers about what you love (😍) or what we could be doing better (😱). 💪 Or work for us @ https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/jobs/
warning	other	URL https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.centralNotice.choiceData%2Cdisplay%2CgeoIP%2CimpressionDiet%2CkvStore%2ClegacySupport%2CstartUp%7Cext.centralauth.centralautologin%7Cext.checkUser.clientHints%7Cext.cite.ux-enhancements%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages%7Cext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns%7Cext.echo.centralauth%7Cext.eventLogging%2CnavigationTiming%2Cpopups%2CwikimediaEvents%7Cext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession%7Cext.phonos.init%7Cext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap%7Cext.scribunto.logs%7Cext.tmh.OgvJsSupport%2Cplayer%7Cext.urlShortener.toolbar%7Cjquery%2Coojs%2Csite%7Cjquery.client%7Cmediawiki.String%2CTitle%2CUri%2Capi%2Cbase%2Ccldr%2Ccookie%2Cexperiments%2CjqueryMsg%2Clanguage%2Crouter%2Cstorage%2Ctemplate%2Cuser%2Cutil%2CvisibleTimeout%7Cmediawiki.libs.pluralruleparser%7Cmediawiki.page.media%2Cready%7Cmediawiki.page.watch.ajax%7Cmediawiki.template.mustache%7Cmobile.codex.styles%7Cmobile.init%2Cstartup%7Cmobile.pagelist.styles%7Cmobile.pagesummary.styles%7Cmw.externalguidance.init%7Cskins.minerva.messageBox.styles%7Cskins.minerva.scripts%7Cwikibase.sidebar.tracking&skin=minerva&version=1xxcf テキスト Use of "insertBanner" is deprecated. Use mw.centralNotice method instead
warning	other	URL https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.centralNotice.choiceData%2Cdisplay%2CgeoIP%2CimpressionDiet%2CkvStore%2ClegacySupport%2CstartUp%7Cext.centralauth.centralautologin%7Cext.checkUser.clientHints%7Cext.cite.ux-enhancements%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages%7Cext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns%7Cext.echo.centralauth%7Cext.eventLogging%2CnavigationTiming%2Cpopups%2CwikimediaEvents%7Cext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession%7Cext.phonos.init%7Cext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap%7Cext.scribunto.logs%7Cext.tmh.OgvJsSupport%2Cplayer%7Cext.urlShortener.toolbar%7Cjquery%2Coojs%2Csite%7Cjquery.client%7Cmediawiki.String%2CTitle%2CUri%2Capi%2Cbase%2Ccldr%2Ccookie%2Cexperiments%2CjqueryMsg%2Clanguage%2Crouter%2Cstorage%2Ctemplate%2Cuser%2Cutil%2CvisibleTimeout%7Cmediawiki.libs.pluralruleparser%7Cmediawiki.page.media%2Cready%7Cmediawiki.page.watch.ajax%7Cmediawiki.template.mustache%7Cmobile.codex.styles%7Cmobile.init%2Cstartup%7Cmobile.pagelist.styles%7Cmobile.pagesummary.styles%7Cmw.externalguidance.init%7Cskins.minerva.messageBox.styles%7Cskins.minerva.scripts%7Cwikibase.sidebar.tracking&skin=minerva&version=1xxcf テキスト Use of "hideBanner" is deprecated. Use mw.centralNotice method instead
warning	other	URL https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.centralNotice.choiceData%2Cdisplay%2CgeoIP%2CimpressionDiet%2CkvStore%2ClegacySupport%2CstartUp%7Cext.centralauth.centralautologin%7Cext.checkUser.clientHints%7Cext.cite.ux-enhancements%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages%7Cext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns%7Cext.echo.centralauth%7Cext.eventLogging%2CnavigationTiming%2Cpopups%2CwikimediaEvents%7Cext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession%7Cext.phonos.init%7Cext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap%7Cext.scribunto.logs%7Cext.tmh.OgvJsSupport%2Cplayer%7Cext.urlShortener.toolbar%7Cjquery%2Coojs%2Csite%7Cjquery.client%7Cmediawiki.String%2CTitle%2CUri%2Capi%2Cbase%2Ccldr%2Ccookie%2Cexperiments%2CjqueryMsg%2Clanguage%2Crouter%2Cstorage%2Ctemplate%2Cuser%2Cutil%2CvisibleTimeout%7Cmediawiki.libs.pluralruleparser%7Cmediawiki.page.media%2Cready%7Cmediawiki.page.watch.ajax%7Cmediawiki.template.mustache%7Cmobile.codex.styles%7Cmobile.init%2Cstartup%7Cmobile.pagelist.styles%7Cmobile.pagesummary.styles%7Cmw.externalguidance.init%7Cskins.minerva.messageBox.styles%7Cskins.minerva.scripts%7Cwikibase.sidebar.tracking&skin=minerva&version=1xxcf テキスト Use of "cancelBanner" is deprecated. Use mw.centralNotice.failCampaign() instead
warning	other	URL https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.centralNotice.choiceData%2Cdisplay%2CgeoIP%2CimpressionDiet%2CkvStore%2ClegacySupport%2CstartUp%7Cext.centralauth.centralautologin%7Cext.checkUser.clientHints%7Cext.cite.ux-enhancements%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages%7Cext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns%7Cext.echo.centralauth%7Cext.eventLogging%2CnavigationTiming%2Cpopups%2CwikimediaEvents%7Cext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession%7Cext.phonos.init%7Cext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap%7Cext.scribunto.logs%7Cext.tmh.OgvJsSupport%2Cplayer%7Cext.urlShortener.toolbar%7Cjquery%2Coojs%2Csite%7Cjquery.client%7Cmediawiki.String%2CTitle%2CUri%2Capi%2Cbase%2Ccldr%2Ccookie%2Cexperiments%2CjqueryMsg%2Clanguage%2Crouter%2Cstorage%2Ctemplate%2Cuser%2Cutil%2CvisibleTimeout%7Cmediawiki.libs.pluralruleparser%7Cmediawiki.page.media%2Cready%7Cmediawiki.page.watch.ajax%7Cmediawiki.template.mustache%7Cmobile.codex.styles%7Cmobile.init%2Cstartup%7Cmobile.pagelist.styles%7Cmobile.pagesummary.styles%7Cmw.externalguidance.init%7Cskins.minerva.messageBox.styles%7Cskins.minerva.scripts%7Cwikibase.sidebar.tracking&skin=minerva&version=1xxcf テキスト Use of "isBannerCanceled" is deprecated. Use mw.centralNotice.isCampaignFailed() instead
warning	other	URL https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.centralNotice.choiceData%2Cdisplay%2CgeoIP%2CimpressionDiet%2CkvStore%2ClegacySupport%2CstartUp%7Cext.centralauth.centralautologin%7Cext.checkUser.clientHints%7Cext.cite.ux-enhancements%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init%7Cext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages%7Cext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns%7Cext.echo.centralauth%7Cext.eventLogging%2CnavigationTiming%2Cpopups%2CwikimediaEvents%7Cext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession%7Cext.phonos.init%7Cext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap%7Cext.scribunto.logs%7Cext.tmh.OgvJsSupport%2Cplayer%7Cext.urlShortener.toolbar%7Cjquery%2Coojs%2Csite%7Cjquery.client%7Cmediawiki.String%2CTitle%2CUri%2Capi%2Cbase%2Ccldr%2Ccookie%2Cexperiments%2CjqueryMsg%2Clanguage%2Crouter%2Cstorage%2Ctemplate%2Cuser%2Cutil%2CvisibleTimeout%7Cmediawiki.libs.pluralruleparser%7Cmediawiki.page.media%2Cready%7Cmediawiki.page.watch.ajax%7Cmediawiki.template.mustache%7Cmobile.codex.styles%7Cmobile.init%2Cstartup%7Cmobile.pagelist.styles%7Cmobile.pagesummary.styles%7Cmw.externalguidance.init%7Cskins.minerva.messageBox.styles%7Cskins.minerva.scripts%7Cwikibase.sidebar.tracking&skin=minerva&version=1xxcf テキスト Use of "toggleNotice" is deprecated. Use mw.centralNotice method instead
HTML

未加工のHTMLページ本文
<!DOCTYPE html><html class="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Justin Trudeau - Wikipedia</title>
<script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"123dfe84-7f69-434b-a140-ce39b4a183a0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Justin_Trudeau","wgTitle":"Justin Trudeau","wgCurRevisionId":1254282678,"wgRevisionId":1254282678,"wgArticleId":451733,
"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Justin_Trudeau","wgRelevantArticleId":451733,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,
"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":
"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{
"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag"
,"autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{
"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":
"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":
"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":
"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":
"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym"
:"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":
"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom"
,"gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur"
,"uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3099714","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["architecture","bitness","brands","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},
"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.base.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons.wikimedia":"ready","skins.minerva.mainMenu.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.mainMenu.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP",
"ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script>
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});
}];});});</script>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.base.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons.wikimedia%7Cskins.minerva.mainMenu.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=minerva">
<script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=minerva"></script>
<style>
.cite-accessibility-label{ top:-99999px;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); position:absolute !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;height:1px !important;width:1px !important; overflow:hidden}:target .mw-cite-targeted-backlink{font-weight:bold}.mw-cite-up-arrow-backlink{display:none}:target .mw-cite-up-arrow-backlink{display:inline}:target .mw-cite-up-arrow{display:none}
.ext-urlshortener-result-dialog{font-size:0.90909em}.ext-urlshortener-result-dialog a{word-wrap:break-word}
.cdx-icon{color:var(--color-base,#202122);display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;vertical-align:text-bottom}.cdx-icon svg{fill:currentcolor;width:100%;height:100%}.cdx-icon--x-small{min-width:12px;min-height:12px;width:.75rem;height:.75rem}.cdx-icon--small{min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem}.cdx-icon--medium{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem}.cdx-icon--flipped svg{transform:scaleX(-1)}.cdx-button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:4px;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:32px;max-width:28rem;margin:0;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-radius:2px;padding-right:11px;padding-left:11px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:700;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-transform:none;transition-property:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;transition-duration:.1s}.cdx-button--size-large{min-height:44px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}.cdx-button--icon-only{min-width:32px;padding-right:5px;padding-left:5px}.cdx-button--icon-only.cdx-button--size-large{min-width:44px;padding-right:11px;padding-left:11px}.cdx-button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.cdx-button .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button .cdx-icon{vertical-align:middle}.cdx-button .cdx-icon{color:inherit}.cdx-button--fake-button,.cdx-button--fake-button:hover,.cdx-button--fake-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.cdx-button:enabled,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border-color:var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}.cdx-button:enabled:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base--hover,#404244);cursor:pointer}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-base--hover,#404244)}}.cdx-button:enabled:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418)}}.cdx-button:enabled:focus,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:focus{outline:1px solid transparent}.cdx-button:enabled:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#f1f4fd);color:var(--color-progressive--active,#233566);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--active,#233566)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive{color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);color:var(--color-destructive--active,#9f3526);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive,#36c);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active,#233566);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c),inset 0 0 0 2px var(--box-shadow-color-inverted,#fff)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive,#d73333);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--active,#9f3526);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c),inset 0 0 0 2px var(--box-shadow-color-inverted,#fff)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-button-quiet--hover,rgba(0,24,73,.027))}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-button-quiet--active,rgba(0,24,73,.082));color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#f1f4fd);color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active,#233566);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive{color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--active,#9f3526);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:disabled,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled{background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:var(--color-inverted,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:disabled .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent);color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d)}}.cdx-message{background-color:var(--background-color-notice-subtle,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-notice,#202122);display:flex;align-items:flex-start;position:relative;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,#54595d);padding:16px}@media screen and (min-width:640px){.cdx-message{padding-right:24px;padding-left:24px}}.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:max(1.25rem,20px)}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon{-webkit-mask-size:max(1.25rem,20px);mask-size:max(1.25rem,20px);-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center}}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z"/></svg>');filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .cdx-message .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-message .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-message .cdx-message__icon{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon{-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z"/></svg>');background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon:lang(ar){background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7"/></svg>');filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .cdx-message .cdx-message__icon:lang(ar),.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-message .cdx-message__icon:lang(ar),.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-message .cdx-message__icon:lang(ar){filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon:lang(ar){-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7"/></svg>');background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}.cdx-message--warning{background-color:var(--background-color-warning-subtle,#fdf2d5);border-color:var(--border-color-warning,#987027)}.cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:max(1.25rem,20px)}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon{-webkit-mask-size:max(1.25rem,20px);mask-size:max(1.25rem,20px);-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center}}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M11.53 2.3A1.85 1.85 0 0010 1.21 1.85 1.85 0 008.48 2.3L.36 16.36C-.48 17.81.21 19 1.88 19h16.24c1.67 0 2.36-1.19 1.52-2.64zM11 16H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V6h2z"/></svg>');filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon{-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M11.53 2.3A1.85 1.85 0 0010 1.21 1.85 1.85 0 008.48 2.3L.36 16.36C-.48 17.81.21 19 1.88 19h16.24c1.67 0 2.36-1.19 1.52-2.64zM11 16H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V6h2z"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M11.53 2.3A1.85 1.85 0 0010 1.21 1.85 1.85 0 008.48 2.3L.36 16.36C-.48 17.81.21 19 1.88 19h16.24c1.67 0 2.36-1.19 1.52-2.64zM11 16H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V6h2z"/></svg>');background-color:var(--color-warning,#eeb533)}}.cdx-message--warning .cdx-message__icon--vue{color:var(--color-warning,#eeb533)}.cdx-message--error{background-color:var(--background-color-error-subtle,#ffe9e5);border-color:var(--border-color-error,#9f3526)}.cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:max(1.25rem,20px)}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon{-webkit-mask-size:max(1.25rem,20px);mask-size:max(1.25rem,20px);-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center}}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M13.728 1H6.272L1 6.272v7.456L6.272 19h7.456L19 13.728V6.272zM11 15H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V5h2z"/></svg>');filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon{-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M13.728 1H6.272L1 6.272v7.456L6.272 19h7.456L19 13.728V6.272zM11 15H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V5h2z"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M13.728 1H6.272L1 6.272v7.456L6.272 19h7.456L19 13.728V6.272zM11 15H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V5h2z"/></svg>');background-color:var(--color-error,#d73333)}}.cdx-message--error .cdx-message__icon--vue{color:var(--color-error,#d73333)}.cdx-message--success{background-color:var(--background-color-success-subtle,#dff2eb);border-color:var(--border-color-success,#196551)}.cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:max(1.25rem,20px)}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon{-webkit-mask-size:max(1.25rem,20px);mask-size:max(1.25rem,20px);-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center}}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M10 20a10 10 0 010-20 10 10 0 110 20m-2-5 9-8.5L15.5 5 8 12 4.5 8.5 3 10z"/></svg>');filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon{-webkit-mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M10 20a10 10 0 010-20 10 10 0 110 20m-2-5 9-8.5L15.5 5 8 12 4.5 8.5 3 10z"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="%23000000"><path d="M10 20a10 10 0 010-20 10 10 0 110 20m-2-5 9-8.5L15.5 5 8 12 4.5 8.5 3 10z"/></svg>');background-color:var(--color-success,#177860)}}.cdx-message--success .cdx-message__icon--vue{color:var(--color-success,#177860)}.cdx-message--user-dismissable{padding-right:48px}@media screen and (min-width:640px){.cdx-message--user-dismissable{padding-right:56px}}.cdx-message--inline{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent);border:0;padding:0;font-weight:700}.cdx-message--inline.cdx-message--error{color:var(--color-error,#d73333)}.cdx-message--inline.cdx-message--success{color:var(--color-success,#177860)}.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon,.cdx-message .cdx-message__icon--vue{height:1.6em}.cdx-message__content{word-wrap:break-word;-webkit-hyphens:auto;-ms-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto;align-self:center;flex-grow:1;width:0;margin-left:8px}.cdx-message__content,.cdx-message__content>*{line-height:1.6}.cdx-message__content>*:first-child{margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.cdx-message__content>*:last-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.cdx-message__dismiss-button.cdx-button{position:absolute;top:12px;right:16px;padding:5px;line-height:0}@media screen and (min-width:640px){.cdx-message__dismiss-button.cdx-button{right:8px}}.cdx-message+.cdx-message{margin-top:8px}.cdx-message-enter-active,.cdx-message-leave-active-system{transition-property:opacity;transition-duration:.25s;transition-timing-function:ease}.cdx-message-leave-active-user{transition-property:opacity;transition-duration:.25s;transition-timing-function:ease-out}.cdx-message-enter-from,.cdx-message-leave-to{opacity:0}
.mw-mf-page-list,.topic-title-list,.site-link-list{overflow:hidden}.mw-mf-page-list li,.topic-title-list li,.site-link-list li{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#dadde3);padding-top:0.8em;padding-bottom:0.8em;margin:-1px 0 0;line-height:19px;display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-mf-page-list li a:not(.cdx-button),.topic-title-list li a:not(.cdx-button),.site-link-list li a:not(.cdx-button),.mw-mf-page-list li .title,.topic-title-list li .title,.site-link-list li .title{flex-grow:1;display:block;text-decoration:none;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-mf-page-list.thumbs li,.topic-title-list.thumbs li,.site-link-list.thumbs li,.mw-mf-page-list.side-list li,.topic-title-list.side-list li,.site-link-list.side-list li{padding-left:85px}.mw-mf-page-list .info,.topic-title-list .info,.site-link-list .info{font-size:0.7em;text-transform:uppercase}.mw-mf-page-list .info,.topic-title-list .info,.site-link-list .info,.mw-mf-page-list .component,.topic-title-list .component,.site-link-list .component{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);line-height:1.2}.mw-mf-page-list .title h3,.topic-title-list .title h3,.site-link-list .title h3,.mw-mf-page-list .title .mw-mf-user,.topic-title-list .title .mw-mf-user,.site-link-list .title .mw-mf-user,.mw-mf-page-list .title .component,.topic-title-list .title .component,.site-link-list .title .component,.mw-mf-page-list .title .info,.topic-title-list .title .info,.site-link-list .title .info{margin:0.5em 0}.mw-mf-page-list.thumbs .title,.topic-title-list.thumbs .title,.site-link-list.thumbs .title{padding-right:24px}.mw-mf-page-list.thumbs .list-thumb,.topic-title-list.thumbs .list-thumb,.site-link-list.thumbs .list-thumb{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.mw-mf-page-list .list-thumb,.topic-title-list .list-thumb,.site-link-list .list-thumb{position:absolute;width:70px;height:100%;top:0;left:0}.mw-mf-page-list p,.topic-title-list p,.site-link-list p{font-size:0.9em;line-height:normal}.mw-mf-page-list.side-list .list-thumb,.topic-title-list.side-list .list-thumb,.site-link-list.side-list .list-thumb{padding-top:0.8em;padding-bottom:0.8em;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-mf-page-list.side-list .list-thumb p,.topic-title-list.side-list .list-thumb p,.site-link-list.side-list .list-thumb p{line-height:1.2;margin:0.5em 0}.mw-mf-page-list.side-list .list-thumb .timestamp,.topic-title-list.side-list .list-thumb .timestamp,.site-link-list.side-list .list-thumb .timestamp{margin-bottom:0.65em}@media all and (min-width:640px){.page-summary-list,.topic-title-list,.site-link-list{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}}
.mf-icon-spinner{background-image:url(/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/resources/mobile.pagesummary.styles/ajax-loader.gif?b3af8)}.page-summary h2,.page-summary h3{font:inherit;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.page-summary h2 a,.page-summary h3 a{color:inherit}.page-summary h2 strong,.page-summary h3 strong{text-decoration:underline}.list-header{font-weight:bold;font-size:0.85em;padding-top:0.5em;padding-bottom:0.4em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.list-thumb{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center}.list-thumb.list-thumb-x{background-size:100% auto}.list-thumb.list-thumb-y{background-size:auto 100%}
.cdx-button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:4px;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:32px;max-width:28rem;margin:0;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-radius:2px;padding-right:11px;padding-left:11px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:700;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-transform:none;transition-property:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;transition-duration:.1s}.cdx-button--size-large{min-height:44px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}.cdx-button--icon-only{min-width:32px;padding-right:5px;padding-left:5px}.cdx-button--icon-only.cdx-button--size-large{min-width:44px;padding-right:11px;padding-left:11px}.cdx-button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.cdx-button .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button .cdx-icon{vertical-align:middle}.cdx-button .cdx-icon{color:inherit}.cdx-button--fake-button,.cdx-button--fake-button:hover,.cdx-button--fake-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.cdx-button:enabled,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border-color:var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}.cdx-button:enabled:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base--hover,#404244);cursor:pointer}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-base--hover,#404244)}}.cdx-button:enabled:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418)}}.cdx-button:enabled:focus,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:focus{outline:1px solid transparent}.cdx-button:enabled:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#f1f4fd);color:var(--color-progressive--active,#233566);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--active,#233566)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive{color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);color:var(--color-destructive--active,#9f3526);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive,#36c);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active,#233566);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c),inset 0 0 0 2px var(--box-shadow-color-inverted,#fff)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive,#d73333);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--active,#9f3526);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c),inset 0 0 0 2px var(--box-shadow-color-inverted,#fff)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-button-quiet--hover,rgba(0,24,73,.027))}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-button-quiet--active,rgba(0,24,73,.082));color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#f1f4fd);color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active,#233566);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive{color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--active,#9f3526);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:disabled,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled{background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:var(--color-inverted,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:disabled .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent);color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d)}}.cdx-icon{color:var(--color-base,#202122);display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;vertical-align:text-bottom}.cdx-icon svg{fill:currentcolor;width:100%;height:100%}.cdx-icon--x-small{min-width:12px;min-height:12px;width:.75rem;height:.75rem}.cdx-icon--small{min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem}.cdx-icon--medium{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem}.cdx-icon--flipped svg{transform:scaleX(-1)}.cdx-text-input{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-width:256px;border-radius:2px;overflow:hidden}.cdx-text-input .cdx-text-input__start-icon{position:absolute;top:50%;min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;transition-property:color;transition-duration:.1s;left:9px;transform:translateY(-50%)}.cdx-text-input__icon.cdx-text-input__end-icon{min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem}@supports not (((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none))){.cdx-text-input__icon.cdx-text-input__end-icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:max(1rem,16px)}}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-text-input__icon.cdx-text-input__end-icon{-webkit-mask-size:max(1rem,16px);mask-size:max(1rem,16px);-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center}}.cdx-text-input__clear-icon.cdx-icon,.cdx-text-input .cdx-text-input__end-icon{position:absolute;top:50%;min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem;transition-property:color;transition-duration:.1s;right:9px;transform:translateY(-50%)}.cdx-text-input__clear-icon.cdx-icon:hover{cursor:pointer}.cdx-text-input__end-icon.cdx-icon+.cdx-text-input__clear-icon.cdx-icon{right:calc(17px + 1rem)}.cdx-text-input__input{display:block;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:32px;width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-radius:0;padding:4px 8px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:1.375}.cdx-text-input__input:enabled{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border-color:var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-transparent,transparent);transition-property:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;transition-duration:.25s}.cdx-text-input__input:enabled~.cdx-text-input__icon-vue{color:var(--color-placeholder,#72777d)}.cdx-text-input__input:enabled~.cdx-text-input__icon{opacity:var(--opacity-icon-placeholder,.51)}.cdx-text-input__input:enabled:hover{border-color:var(--border-color-interactive,#72777d)}.cdx-text-input__input:enabled:focus~.cdx-text-input__icon-vue,.cdx-text-input__input:enabled.cdx-text-input__input--has-value~.cdx-text-input__icon-vue{color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.cdx-text-input__input:enabled:focus~.cdx-text-input__icon,.cdx-text-input__input:enabled.cdx-text-input__input--has-value~.cdx-text-input__icon{opacity:1}.cdx-text-input__input:enabled:focus{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c);outline:1px solid transparent}.cdx-text-input__input:enabled:read-only{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.cdx-text-input__input:disabled{background-color:var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d);-webkit-text-fill-color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d);border-color:var(--border-color-disabled,#c8ccd1)}.cdx-text-input__input:disabled~.cdx-text-input__icon-vue{color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d);pointer-events:none}.cdx-text-input__input:disabled~.cdx-text-input__icon{opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base--disabled,.51)}.cdx-text-input__input::placeholder{color:var(--color-placeholder,#72777d);opacity:1}.cdx-text-input__input::-ms-clear{display:none}.cdx-text-input__input[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:textfield}.cdx-text-input__input[type=search]::-webkit-search-decoration,.cdx-text-input__input[type=search]::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none}.cdx-text-input--has-start-icon .cdx-text-input__input{padding-left:calc(16px + 1.25rem)}.cdx-text-input--has-end-icon .cdx-text-input__input,.cdx-text-input--clearable .cdx-text-input__input{padding-right:calc(16px + 1rem)}.cdx-text-input--has-end-icon.cdx-text-input--clearable .cdx-text-input__input{padding-right:calc(24px + 2rem)}.cdx-text-input--status-error .cdx-text-input__input:enabled{border-color:var(--border-color-error,#9f3526)}.cdx-text-input--status-error .cdx-text-input__input:enabled:hover{border-color:var(--border-color-error--hover,#fc493b)}.cdx-text-input--status-error .cdx-text-input__input:enabled:focus{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}
.scribunto-limitreport-logs{margin:0;white-space:pre-wrap}
.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container{font-size:unset;font-weight:unset}.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages{width:100%;text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:0.875rem;font-weight:400;padding:16px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages:link,.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages:visited{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__text span{font-weight:700}.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon{ min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1rem,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M7 1 5.6 2.5 13 10l-7.4 7.5L7 19l9-9z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M7 1 5.6 2.5 13 10l-7.4 7.5L7 19l9-9z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M7 1 5.6 2.5 13 10l-7.4 7.5L7 19l9-9z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}.cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon[dir='rtl'],html[dir='rtl'] .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages-container .cx-entrypoint-missing-frequent-languages__icon:not([dir='ltr']){transform:scaleX(-1)}
@keyframes centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{0%{opacity:0;transform:translateY(-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.centralAuthPPersonalAnimation{animation-duration:1s;animation-fill-mode:both;animation-name:centralAuthPPersonalAnimation}
#mw-teleport-target{position:absolute;z-index:450}
@media print{#centralNotice{display:none}}.cn-closeButton{display:inline-block;background:url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUBAMAAAB/pwA+AAAAElBMVEUAAAAQEBDPz88AAABAQEDv7+9oe1vvAAAABnRSTlMA3rLe3rJS22KzAAAARElEQVQI12PAAUIUQCSTK5BwFgIxFU1AhKECUFAYKAAioXwwBeZChMGCEGGQIFQYJohgIhQgtCEMQ7ECYTHCOciOxA4AADgJTXIb9s8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=) no-repeat;width:20px;height:20px;text-indent:20px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}</style><style>
.cdx-button .mf-icon + span:not(:empty){margin-left:8px}.mf-button-flush-left.cdx-button{margin-left:-6px}.mf-button-flush-left.cdx-button--size-large{margin-left:-12px}.mf-button-flush-right.cdx-button{margin-right:-6px}.mf-button-flush-right.cdx-button--size-large{margin-right:-12px}.mf-button-block.cdx-button--fake-button{border-radius:0;width:100%;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;line-height:30px}.mf-button-block.cdx-button--fake-button span{display:block;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mf-icon-articlesSearch{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-articlesSearch{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-articlesSearch{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-articlesSearch{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M12.43 14.34A5 5 0 0110 15a5 5 0 113.95-2L17 16.09V3a2 2 0 00-2-2H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 001.45-.63z\"/><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"3\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-articlesSearch,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-articlesSearch,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-articlesSearch{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-articlesSearch{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M12.43 14.34A5 5 0 0110 15a5 5 0 113.95-2L17 16.09V3a2 2 0 00-2-2H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 001.45-.63z\"/><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"3\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M12.43 14.34A5 5 0 0110 15a5 5 0 113.95-2L17 16.09V3a2 2 0 00-2-2H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 001.45-.63z\"/><circle cx=\"10\" cy=\"10\" r=\"3\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}}.mf-icon-clear{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-clear{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-clear{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-clear{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0a10 10 0 1010 10A10 10 0 0010 0m5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-clear,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-clear,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-clear{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-clear{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0a10 10 0 1010 10A10 10 0 0010 0m5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0a10 10 0 1010 10A10 10 0 0010 0m5.66 14.24-1.41 1.41L10 11.41l-4.24 4.25-1.42-1.42L8.59 10 4.34 5.76l1.42-1.42L10 8.59l4.24-4.24 1.41 1.41L11.41 10z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}}.mf-icon-error{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-error{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-error{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-error{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M13.728 1H6.272L1 6.272v7.456L6.272 19h7.456L19 13.728V6.272zM11 15H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V5h2z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-error,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-error,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-error{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-error{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M13.728 1H6.272L1 6.272v7.456L6.272 19h7.456L19 13.728V6.272zM11 15H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V5h2z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M13.728 1H6.272L1 6.272v7.456L6.272 19h7.456L19 13.728V6.272zM11 15H9v-2h2zm0-4H9V5h2z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}}.mf-icon-reference{ min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-reference{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1rem,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-reference{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-reference{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-reference,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-reference,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-reference{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-reference{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}}.mf-icon-image{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-image{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-image{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-image{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h16a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm-.17 13 4.09-5.25 2.92 3.51L12.92 8l5.25 7z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-image,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-image,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-image{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-image{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h16a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm-.17 13 4.09-5.25 2.92 3.51L12.92 8l5.25 7z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M2 2a2 2 0 00-2 2v12a2 2 0 002 2h16a2 2 0 002-2V4a2 2 0 00-2-2zm-.17 13 4.09-5.25 2.92 3.51L12.92 8l5.25 7z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}} .panel > p{padding:1em}.panel input,.panel textarea{border-radius:0;padding:16px 1em}.mw-body > .content .panel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0);clear:both;margin-top:1em;text-align:center}.mf-spinner-icon-element{padding:12px}.mf-spinner-icon-element span + span{display:block;position:absolute !important; clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}.promised-view{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.mw-mf-anchor{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c);border-radius:2px;text-decoration:none}.mw-mf-anchor:visited{color:var(--color-visited,#6a60b0)}.mw-mf-anchor:visited:hover{color:var(--color-visited,#6a60b0)}.mw-mf-anchor:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);text-decoration:underline}.mw-mf-anchor:active{color:var(--color-progressive--active,#233566);text-decoration:underline}.mw-mf-anchor:focus-visible{outline:solid 2px var(--outline-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}@supports not selector(:focus-visible){.mw-mf-anchor:focus{outline:solid 2px var(--outline-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}}.mw-mf-anchor .cdx-icon:not(.cdx-thumbnail__placeholder__icon--vue):last-child{min-width:12px;min-height:12px;width:1rem;height:1rem;padding-left:4px;vertical-align:middle}.mw-mf-anchor-progressive{text-decoration:underline}.mw-mf-anchor-destructive{color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}.mw-mf-anchor-destructive:visited{color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#9f5555)}.mw-mf-anchor-destructive:visited:hover{color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#9f5555)}.mw-mf-anchor-destructive:hover{color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b);text-decoration:underline}.mw-mf-anchor-destructive:active{color:var(--color-destructive--active,#9f3526);text-decoration:underline}.mw-mf-anchor-destructive:focus{outline-color:var(--outline-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}.drawer{text-align:center;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:1em;max-width:500px;margin:0 auto}.drawer.text{font-size:0.9em;text-align:left;padding-top:0.5em}.drawer p{margin-top:0.5em}.drawer p,.drawer a:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:1em}.has-drawer--with-scroll-locked{overflow:hidden}.overlay-enabled .drawer{display:none !important}.drawer-container__mask{position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);transition:opacity 100ms ease-in-out;opacity:0;top:0}.drawer-container__mask--visible{opacity:0.2}.overlay.overlay-loading{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.5)}.overlay.overlay-loading .header{display:none}.overlay.overlay-loading .overlay-content{overflow:hidden} .overlay-enabled #mw-mf-page-center{overflow:hidden;display:block}.overlay-enabled .overlay,.overlay-enabled #mw-mf-page-center{height:100%}.hidden{display:none !important}.overlay{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);z-index:1;display:none}.overlay .cdx-button{border-radius:0}.overlay.visible{display:block}.overlay input,.overlay textarea{font-size:16px}.overlay .summary.oo-ui-textInputWidget{max-width:none}.overlay .summary.oo-ui-textInputWidget textarea{width:100%}.overlay .captcha-word{margin:0 0 0.7em;width:100%}.overlay .wikitext-editor{min-height:50%;line-height:1.5;border:0}.overlay .panel{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:12px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#dadde3)}.overlay-header .overlay-title{width:100%}.overlay-header .header-action a[disabled],.overlay-header .header-action button[disabled]{opacity:0.5}.overlay-header .header-action .oo-ui-widget{margin-right:1em}.overlay-header .submit{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive,#36c);color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}.overlay-header h2{display:table;width:100%;font-size:1em}.overlay-header h2 > *{width:1em;display:table-cell;padding-right:0.4em}.overlay-header h2 span{width:auto;max-width:1em}.overlay-header > ul li{display:block}.overlay-header-container,.overlay-footer-container{width:100%;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);z-index:2}.overlay-header-container.position-fixed,.overlay-footer-container.position-fixed{position:fixed;left:0;right:0}.overlay-header-container{top:0}.overlay-footer-container{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);bottom:0;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1)}.overlay-footer-container a{display:block;padding:1em 1em 1em 10px;line-height:1em;text-align:center}.overlay-bottom{border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);top:auto;bottom:0;height:auto !important;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.overlay-bottom .overlay-header-container{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa)}@media all and (min-width:640px){.overlay .panel{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:12px}}.client-js .collapsible-heading{cursor:pointer}.client-js .collapsible-heading-disabled{cursor:default}.client-js .collapsible-heading-disabled .indicator{opacity:0.5}.client-js .section-heading{display:flex;align-items:center}.client-js .section-heading .indicator{max-height:32px}@media print{.collapsible-heading .indicator{display:none}.client-js .collapsible-block{display:block;content-visibility:visible}}.language-overlay,.language-info-overlay{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)}.language-overlay .overlay-content,.language-info-overlay .overlay-content{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0);position:relative;min-height:100%}.drawer.references-drawer{background-color:#000;color:#c8ccd1;max-height:50%;overflow-y:auto;padding:10px 20px 20px 20px}.drawer.references-drawer a{color:#69f}.drawer.references-drawer a.new{color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}.drawer.references-drawer img{filter:invert(1)}.drawer.references-drawer .references-drawer__header{display:flex;align-items:center;padding-bottom:20px}.drawer.references-drawer .references-drawer__title{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);cursor:default;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-size:0.75em;text-transform:uppercase;margin-left:1em;flex-grow:1}.drawer.references-drawer .main-reference-content{display:inline;margin-left:0.2em;word-break:break-word}@media all and (min-width:640px){.drawer.references-drawer{max-height:400px}}.mf-icon-reference{ min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-reference{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1rem,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-reference{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-reference{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-reference,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-reference,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-reference{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-reference{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m15 10-2.78-2.78L9.44 10V1H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v14a2 2 0 002 2h10a2 2 0 002-2V3a2 2 0 00-2-2z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}}.mf-icon-close-small{ min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-close-small{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1rem,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-close-small{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-close-small{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-close-small,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-close-small,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-close-small{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-close-small{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>");background-color:#a2a9b1}}.search-results-view > div{height:100%}.search-results-view .search-content{display:flex;align-items:center}@media all and (max-width:calc(640px - 1px)){.search-results-view .search-content{padding-left:15px}}.language-overlay .search-box::before,.search-overlay .search-box::before{content:''; min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;position:absolute;left:6px;top:8px}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.language-overlay .search-box::before,.search-overlay .search-box::before{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.language-overlay .search-box::before,.search-overlay .search-box::before{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.language-overlay .search-box::before,.search-overlay .search-box::before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 111.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1010 0A5 5 0 003 8\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .language-overlay .search-box::before,.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .search-overlay .search-box::before,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .language-overlay .search-box::before,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .search-overlay .search-box::before,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .language-overlay .search-box::before,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .search-overlay .search-box::before{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.language-overlay .search-box::before,.search-overlay .search-box::before{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 111.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1010 0A5 5 0 003 8\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M12.2 13.6a7 7 0 111.4-1.4l5.4 5.4-1.4 1.4zM3 8a5 5 0 1010 0A5 5 0 003 8\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}}.language-overlay .search-box input,.search-overlay .search-box input{color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.overlay.search-overlay{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.overlay.search-overlay .spinner-container{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);bottom:0;display:none;left:0;opacity:0.7;right:0;z-index:2}.overlay.search-overlay .spinner-container .spinner{display:block;left:50%;margin-left:-1.75em;position:absolute;top:10%}.overlay.search-overlay .search-box{display:block}.overlay.search-overlay .results,.overlay.search-overlay .search-feedback{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff)}.overlay.search-overlay .overlay-header{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent)}.overlay.search-overlay .header-cancel{display:none}.overlay.search-overlay .header-action{width:auto}.overlay.search-overlay .overlay-title{position:relative;padding-left:15px}.overlay.search-overlay .header input{padding-right:3em}.overlay.search-overlay .header input::-ms-clear{display:none}.overlay.search-overlay .overlay-content{position:relative;height:100%;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.overlay.search-overlay .search-content{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle);border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);cursor:pointer}.overlay.search-overlay .search-content .caption{padding:1em 0;padding-left:12px}.overlay.search-overlay .results{box-shadow:0 3px 3px 0 rgba(117,117,117,0.3)}.overlay.search-overlay .results li:last-child{border-bottom:0}.overlay.search-overlay .results h2{font:inherit}.overlay.search-overlay li.page-summary{min-height:70px}.overlay.search-overlay li.page-summary h3{margin:0;font-weight:normal}.overlay.search-overlay li.page-summary h3 strong{text-decoration:none}.overlay.search-overlay li.page-summary .wikidata-description{font-size:13px;margin-top:9px}.overlay.search-overlay .search-feedback{box-shadow:0 3px 3px 0 rgba(117,117,117,0.3);border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);font-size:0.8em;padding:0.5em 1em}.overlay.search-overlay.no-results .search-feedback{border-top:0}.overlay.search-overlay.visible{animation:fadeIn 0.5s}.overlay.search-overlay.overlay-ios{animation:none}@keyframes fadeIn{from{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}@keyframes fadeOut{from{opacity:1}to{opacity:0}}.watch-this-article .mf-icon{transition:transform 0.5s}.watch-this-article.watched .mf-icon{transform:rotate(72deg)}.mf-icon-star-subtle{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-star-subtle{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-star-subtle{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-star-subtle{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M20 7h-7L10 .5 7 7H0l5.46 5.47-1.64 7 6.18-3.7 6.18 3.73-1.63-7zm-10 6.9-3.76 2.27 1-4.28L3.5 8.5h4.61L10 4.6l1.9 3.9h4.6l-3.73 3.4 1 4.28z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-star-subtle,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-star-subtle,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-star-subtle{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-star-subtle{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M20 7h-7L10 .5 7 7H0l5.46 5.47-1.64 7 6.18-3.7 6.18 3.73-1.63-7zm-10 6.9-3.76 2.27 1-4.28L3.5 8.5h4.61L10 4.6l1.9 3.9h4.6l-3.73 3.4 1 4.28z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M20 7h-7L10 .5 7 7H0l5.46 5.47-1.64 7 6.18-3.7 6.18 3.73-1.63-7zm-10 6.9-3.76 2.27 1-4.28L3.5 8.5h4.61L10 4.6l1.9 3.9h4.6l-3.73 3.4 1 4.28z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}}.mf-icon-unStar-progressive{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-unStar-progressive{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-unStar-progressive{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.mf-icon-unStar-progressive{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M20 7h-7L10 .5 7 7H0l5.46 5.47-1.64 7 6.18-3.7 6.18 3.73-1.63-7z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .mf-icon-unStar-progressive,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .mf-icon-unStar-progressive,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .mf-icon-unStar-progressive{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.mf-icon-unStar-progressive{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M20 7h-7L10 .5 7 7H0l5.46 5.47-1.64 7 6.18-3.7 6.18 3.73-1.63-7z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M20 7h-7L10 .5 7 7H0l5.46 5.47-1.64 7 6.18-3.7 6.18 3.73-1.63-7z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}}.overlay.media-viewer{background:#000;padding-top:0}.overlay.media-viewer .overlay-content{height:100%;width:100%;margin:0;max-width:none}.overlay.media-viewer .header-container{background:transparent;border-bottom:0}.overlay.media-viewer .main{height:100%;position:relative;width:100%}.overlay.media-viewer .cancel{position:absolute;right:0;top:10px;z-index:2}.amc-outreach-image{background-image:url(/w/extensions/MobileFrontend/resources/mobile.startup/amcOutreach/amc-outreach.svg?7f874);height:90px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:contain;margin-bottom:1em}.position-fixed{position:fixed !important}.touch-events :focus{outline:0}    .drawer{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);position:absolute}.mw-notification-area,.toast,.drawer{box-sizing:border-box;position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;max-height:50%;z-index:4}.mw-notification,.toast,.drawer{box-sizing:border-box;box-shadow:0 20px 48px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);word-wrap:break-word;display:none}.mw-notification.visible,.toast.visible,.drawer.visible,.mw-notification.mw-notification-visible,.toast.mw-notification-visible,.drawer.mw-notification-visible{display:block} .mw-notification,.toast{font-size:0.875rem;padding:0.9em 1em;background-color:#202122;color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);margin:0 10% 20px;width:80%;text-align:center;border-radius:2px}.mw-notification.mw-notification-type-error,.toast.mw-notification-type-error{background-size:24px;background-position:16px 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;padding-left:5%;width:75%;border:0}.mw-notification .oo-ui-iconElement-icon,.toast .oo-ui-iconElement-icon{display:block}.mw-notification a,.toast a{color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);text-decoration:underline}.mw-notification-area{z-index:4;position:fixed;bottom:0;width:100%}.mw-notification,.drawer{display:block;visibility:hidden; transform:translate(0,100px);bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:transform 250ms,opacity 250ms,visibility 250ms}.mw-notification.visible,.drawer.visible,.mw-notification.mw-notification-visible,.drawer.mw-notification-visible{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}.overlay button{background:none;border:0}.overlay textarea{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:10px 16px 10px 16px;resize:none}.overlay .license{font-size:0.875rem;color:#72777d;margin-top:0.5em;line-height:1.4}.overlay .license a{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c);border-radius:2px;text-decoration:none}.overlay .license a:visited{color:var(--color-visited,#6a60b0)}.overlay .license a:visited:hover{color:var(--color-visited,#6a60b0)}.overlay .license a:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);text-decoration:underline}.overlay .license a:active{color:var(--color-progressive--active,#233566);text-decoration:underline}.overlay .license a:focus-visible{outline:solid 2px var(--outline-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}@supports not selector(:focus-visible){.overlay .license a:focus{outline:solid 2px var(--outline-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}}.overlay .license a .cdx-icon:not(.cdx-thumbnail__placeholder__icon--vue):last-child{min-width:12px;min-height:12px;width:1rem;height:1rem;padding-left:4px;vertical-align:middle}.overlay-header-container{padding:0}.overlay-header{height:3em}.header-chrome .overlay-header{height:3.375em}.overlay-header .mw-ui-anchor{height:3em}.header-chrome .overlay-header .mw-ui-anchor{height:3.375em}.overlay-header .cdx-button{height:3em}.overlay-header .overlay-title{padding:0.15em 0}.overlay-header .overlay-title:last-child{padding-right:1em}.overlay-header-container + .overlay-content{padding-top:3em}.header-chrome.overlay-header-container + .overlay-content{padding-top:3.375em}@media all and (min-width:1120px){.overlay-header{max-width:calc(993.3px + (2 * 1em))}}.client-js .collapsible-heading,.client-js .collapsible-block{clear:left}.client-js .collapsible-heading{position:relative}.overlay.search-overlay .spinner-container{top:3.375em}.overlay.search-overlay .with-results,.overlay.search-overlay .without-results{margin:0}.overlay.search-overlay .clear{background:none;position:absolute;top:50%;right:0;transform:translateY(-50%)}.overlay.search-overlay .search-box{position:relative}@media all and (min-width:640px){.overlay.search-overlay .search-box,.overlay.search-overlay .search-content,.overlay.search-overlay .spinner-container,.overlay.search-overlay .results{width:23.4375em;margin-left:10.375em}.overlay.search-overlay .overlay-header-container,.overlay.search-overlay .overlay-content{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;box-sizing:border-box}.overlay.search-overlay .overlay-title{width:auto}.overlay.search-overlay .overlay-content{width:90%;max-width:none}.overlay.search-overlay .spinner-container{left:auto;right:auto}} @media all and (min-width:640px) and (max-width:1120px){.overlay-title{padding-left:0 !important}} @media screen and (min-width:720px){.overlay.search-overlay .search-box,.overlay.search-overlay .search-content,.overlay.search-overlay .spinner-container,.overlay.search-overlay .results{margin-left:12.125em}}@media screen and (min-width:1120px){.overlay.search-overlay .search-results-view{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:90%;max-width:993.3px}}@media screen and (min-width:1120px){.language-overlay .overlay-content{margin:0;min-width:100%}}
@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-up{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-in-down{0%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px)}100%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-down{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,20px)}}@keyframes mwe-popups-fade-out-up{0%{opacity:1;transform:translate(0,0)}100%{opacity:0;transform:translate(0,-20px)}}.mwe-popups-fade-in-up{animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-up 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-in-down{animation:mwe-popups-fade-in-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-down{animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-down 0.2s ease forwards}.mwe-popups-fade-out-up{animation:mwe-popups-fade-out-up 0.2s ease forwards}.popups-icon--settings{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--settings{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--settings{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--settings{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--settings,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--settings,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--settings{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--settings{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><g transform=\"translate(10 10)\"><path id=\"cdx-icon-settings-a\" d=\"M1.5-10h-3l-1 6.5h5m0 7h-5l1 6.5h3\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(45)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(90)\"/><use xlink:href=\"%23cdx-icon-settings-a\" transform=\"rotate(135)\"/></g><path d=\"M10 2.5a7.5 7.5 0 000 15 7.5 7.5 0 000-15v4a3.5 3.5 0 010 7 3.5 3.5 0 010-7\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}.popups-icon--infoFilled{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--infoFilled{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--infoFilled{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--infoFilled{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--infoFilled,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--infoFilled,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--infoFilled{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--infoFilled{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M10 0C4.477 0 0 4.477 0 10s4.477 10 10 10 10-4.477 10-10S15.523 0 10 0M9 5h2v2H9zm0 4h2v6H9z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar){background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar),.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar),.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar){filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--infoFilled:lang(ar){ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"M8 19a1 1 0 001 1h2a1 1 0 001-1v-1H8zm9-12a7 7 0 10-12 4.9S7 14 7 15v1a1 1 0 001 1h4a1 1 0 001-1v-1c0-1 2-3.1 2-3.1A7 7 0 0017 7\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}.popups-icon--close{ min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--close{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--close{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--close{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>");filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-icon,0));opacity:var(--opacity-icon-base,0.87)}.cdx-button:not(.cdx-button--weight-quiet):disabled .popups-icon--close,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .popups-icon--close,.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .popups-icon--close{filter:invert(var(--filter-invert-primary-button-icon,1))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--close{ -webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>"); mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"%23000000\"><path d=\"m4.34 2.93 12.73 12.73-1.41 1.41L2.93 4.35z\"/><path d=\"M17.07 4.34 4.34 17.07l-1.41-1.41L15.66 2.93z\"/></svg>");background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}.popups-icon--footer{background-image:url(/w/extensions/Popups/src/ui/icons/footer-ltr.svg?9d590)}.popups-icon--preview-generic{mask-image:url(/w/extensions/Popups/src/ui/icons/sad-face-ltr.svg?d9aab);background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}#mwe-popups-settings{z-index:1000;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);width:420px;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2);border-radius:2px;font-size:14px}#mwe-popups-settings header{box-sizing:border-box;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#c8ccd1);position:relative;display:table;width:100%;padding:5px 7px}#mwe-popups-settings header > div{display:table-cell;width:3.25rem;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer}#mwe-popups-settings header h1{margin-bottom:0.6em;padding-top:0.5em;border:0;width:100%;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form{display:block;width:350px;padding:32px 0 24px;margin:0 auto}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form p{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d);font-size:14px;margin:16px 0 0}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form p:first-child{margin-top:0}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form img{margin-right:60px}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label{font-size:13px;line-height:16px;width:300px;margin-left:10px;flex-direction:column}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label > span{color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418);font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;display:block;margin-bottom:5px}#mwe-popups-settings main#mwe-popups-settings-form form label::before{top:0.78125em !important}.mwe-popups-settings-help{font-size:13px;font-weight:800;margin:40px;position:relative}.mwe-popups-settings-help .popups-icon{background-size:contain;width:180px;max-width:none;height:140px;margin:0;padding:0}.mwe-popups-settings-help p{left:180px;bottom:20px;position:absolute}.mwe-popups{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);position:absolute;z-index:110;box-shadow:0 30px 90px -20px rgba(0,0,0,0.3),0 0 0 1px var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:0;display:none;font-size:14px;line-height:20px;min-width:300px;border-radius:2px; }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{color:var(--color-base,#202122);text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer{padding:0 16px 16px;margin:0;position:absolute;bottom:0;pointer-events:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container footer a{pointer-events:auto}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-settings-button{float:right;pointer-events:auto;min-width:32px !important; min-height:32px !important; }.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract{margin:16px;display:block;color:var(--color-base,#202122);text-decoration:none;position:relative;padding-bottom:4px}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract:hover{text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract::after{content:' ';position:absolute;bottom:0;width:25%;height:20px;background-color:transparent;pointer-events:none}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']::after{ right:0; background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']::after{ left:0; background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),#ffffff 50%)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract p{margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ul,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract ol,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract li,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dl,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dd,.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract dt{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-extract blockquote{margin:0;padding:0 20px}.mwe-popups svg{overflow:hidden}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{width:450px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{vertical-align:middle}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-extract{width:215px;height:176px;overflow:hidden;float:left}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall footer{left:0;right:203px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall{width:320px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:50px;max-height:136px;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:50px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall footer{left:0;right:0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.07000000000000001);top:-8px;left:10px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:11px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);top:-7px;left:7px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before{left:auto;right:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::after{left:auto;right:7px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);top:-9px;left:9px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);top:-8px;left:6px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer.flipped-x::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);top:-9px;left:293px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer.flipped-x::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:12px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);top:-8px;left:290px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-image-pointer > div > a > svg{margin-top:-8px;position:absolute;z-index:113;left:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:9px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);top:-9px;left:420px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.flipped-x.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-top:-8px;margin-bottom:-7px;position:absolute;z-index:113;right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);bottom:-9px;left:293px;z-index:111}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);bottom:-8px;left:290px;z-index:112}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall{min-height:242px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:9px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-bottom:0;border-top:9px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);bottom:-9px;left:420px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:12px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-bottom:0;border-top:12px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);bottom:-8px;left:417px}.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y.mwe-popups-is-tall > div > a > svg{margin:0;margin-bottom:-9px;position:absolute;z-index:113;right:0}.mwe-popups.flipped-y::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-bottom:0;border-top:8px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);bottom:-8px;left:10px}.mwe-popups.flipped-y::after{content:'';position:absolute;border:11px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-bottom:0;border-top:11px solid var(--background-color-base,#fff);bottom:-7px;left:7px}.mwe-popups-is-tall polyline{transform:translate(0,0)}.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x-y polyline{transform:translate(0,-8px)}.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x polyline{transform:translate(0,8px)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall polyline{transform:translate(-100%,0)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x-y polyline{transform:translate(-100%,-8px)}.rtl .mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x polyline{transform:translate(-100%,8px)}@supports (clip-path:polygon(1px 1px)){.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-thumbnail{display:block;object-fit:cover;outline:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mwe-popups.flipped-y .mwe-popups-container,.mwe-popups.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-container{--y1:100%;--y2:calc(100% - var(--pointer-height));--y3:calc(100% - var(--pointer-height) - var(--pseudo-radius));--y4:var(--pseudo-radius);--y5:0;margin-bottom:calc(var(--pointer-height) * -1);padding-bottom:var(--pointer-height)}.mwe-popups:not(.flipped-y):not(.flipped-x-y) .mwe-popups-container{margin-top:calc(var(--pointer-height) * -1);padding-top:var(--pointer-height)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-discreet{margin-top:calc(var(--pointer-height) * -1)}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-y .mwe-popups-discreet,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-discreet{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:calc(var(--pointer-height) * -1)}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-container{--x1:0;--x2:var(--pseudo-radius);--x3:calc(var(--pointer-offset) - (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x4:var(--pointer-offset);--x5:calc(var(--pointer-offset) + (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x6:calc(100% - var(--pseudo-radius));--x7:100%;--y1:0;--y2:var(--pointer-height);--y3:calc(var(--pointer-height) + var(--pseudo-radius));--y4:calc(100% - var(--pseudo-radius));--y5:100%;padding-top:0;display:flex;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);--pseudo-radius:2px;--pointer-height:8px;--pointer-width:16px;--pointer-offset:26px;clip-path:polygon(var(--x2) var(--y2),var(--x3) var(--y2),var(--x4) var(--y1),var(--x5) var(--y2),var(--x6) var(--y2),var(--x7) var(--y3),var(--x7) var(--y4),var(--x6) var(--y5),var(--x2) var(--y5),var(--x1) var(--y4),var(--x1) var(--y3))}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall{flex-direction:row}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-discreet{order:1}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-tall .mwe-popups-discreet .mwe-popups-thumbnail{width:203px;box-sizing:border-box;height:250px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-thumbnail{width:320px;height:192px}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-is-not-tall .mwe-popups-container{flex-direction:column}.mwe-popups::before{display:none}.mwe-popups::after{display:none}body.ltr .mwe-popups.flipped-x .mwe-popups-container,body.ltr .mwe-popups.flipped-x-y .mwe-popups-container,body.rtl .mwe-popups:not(.flipped-x):not(.flipped-x-y) .mwe-popups-container{--x3:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset) - (var(--pointer-width) / 2));--x4:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset));--x5:calc(100% - var(--pointer-offset) + (var(--pointer-width) / 2))}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.07000000000000001);top:-8px;left:10px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']::after{ background-image:linear-gradient(to right,transparent,var(--background-color-base,#fff) 50%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']::after{ background-image:linear-gradient(to left,transparent,var(--background-color-base,#fff) 50%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mwe-popups.mwe-popups-no-image-pointer::before{content:'';position:absolute;border:8px solid var(--border-color-transparent,transparent);border-top:0;border-bottom:8px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.07000000000000001);top:-8px;left:10px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mwe-popups-extract[dir='ltr']::after{ background-image:linear-gradient(to right,transparent,var(--background-color-base,#fff) 50%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mwe-popups-extract[dir='rtl']::after{ background-image:linear-gradient(to left,transparent,var(--background-color-base,#fff) 50%)}}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{display:block;margin-bottom:12px}.mwe-popups-type-generic.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title{font-weight:normal;margin:0}.mwe-popups .mwe-popups-title .popups-icon,.mwe-popups .mw-parser-output .popups-icon{margin:0 8px 0 0}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract{min-height:auto}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link{font-weight:bold;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none}.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-extract:hover + footer .mwe-popups-read-link,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-generic .mwe-popups-read-link:hover,.mwe-popups.mwe-popups-type-disambiguation .mwe-popups-read-link:hover{text-decoration:underline}.mwe-popups-overlay{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:999;position:fixed;height:100%;width:100%;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}#mwe-popups-svg{position:absolute;top:-1000px}.popups-icon{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));mask-size:calc(max(1.25rem,20px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}.popups-icon--size-small{min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem}@supports not ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.popups-icon--size-small{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:calc(max(1rem,16px))}}@supports (-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none){.popups-icon--size-small{ -webkit-mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));mask-size:calc(max(1rem,16px));-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;mask-position:center; }}.mwe-popups-overlay .cdx-button.cdx-button--icon-only span + span,.mwe-popups .cdx-button.cdx-button--icon-only span + span{display:block;position:absolute !important; clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}.cdx-button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:4px;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:32px;max-width:28rem;margin:0;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-radius:2px;padding-right:11px;padding-left:11px;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-weight:700;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-transform:none;transition-property:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;transition-duration:.1s}.cdx-button--size-large{min-height:44px;padding-right:15px;padding-left:15px}.cdx-button--icon-only{min-width:32px;padding-right:5px;padding-left:5px}.cdx-button--icon-only.cdx-button--size-large{min-width:44px;padding-right:11px;padding-left:11px}.cdx-button::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0}.cdx-button .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button .cdx-icon{vertical-align:middle}.cdx-button .cdx-icon{color:inherit}.cdx-button--fake-button,.cdx-button--fake-button:hover,.cdx-button--fake-button:focus{text-decoration:none}.cdx-button:enabled,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border-color:var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}.cdx-button:enabled:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base--hover,#404244);cursor:pointer}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-base--hover,#404244)}}.cdx-button:enabled:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418)}}.cdx-button:enabled:focus,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:focus{outline:1px solid transparent}.cdx-button:enabled:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#f1f4fd);color:var(--color-progressive--active,#233566);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--active,#233566)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive{color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);color:var(--color-destructive--active,#9f3526);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive,#36c);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active,#233566);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-progressive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c),inset 0 0 0 2px var(--box-shadow-color-inverted,#fff)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive,#d73333);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--active,#9f3526);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-primary.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c),inset 0 0 0 2px var(--box-shadow-color-inverted,#fff)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-button-quiet--hover,rgba(0,24,73,.027))}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-button-quiet--active,rgba(0,24,73,.082));color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418);border-color:var(--border-color-interactive,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-emphasized,#101418)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive{color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive,#36c)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#f1f4fd);color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active,#233566);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-progressive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive{color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive,#d73333)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:hover .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-destructive--hover,#fc493b)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active{background-color:var(--background-color-destructive--active,#9f3526);color:var(--color-inverted-fixed,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--active,#9f3526)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive.cdx-button--is-active .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active),.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--enabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet.cdx-button--action-destructive:focus:not(:active):not(.cdx-button--is-active){border-color:var(--border-color-destructive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-destructive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-button:disabled,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled{background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:var(--color-inverted,#fff);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:disabled .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff)}}.cdx-button:disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet{background-color:var(--background-color-transparent,transparent);color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d)}@supports ((-webkit-mask-image:none) or (mask-image:none)){.cdx-button:disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet .cdx-button__icon,.cdx-button.cdx-button--fake-button--disabled.cdx-button--weight-quiet .cdx-button__icon{background-color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d)}}.cdx-icon{color:var(--color-base,#202122);display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;vertical-align:text-bottom}.cdx-icon svg{fill:currentcolor;width:100%;height:100%}.cdx-icon--x-small{min-width:12px;min-height:12px;width:.75rem;height:.75rem}.cdx-icon--small{min-width:16px;min-height:16px;width:1rem;height:1rem}.cdx-icon--medium{min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem}.cdx-icon--flipped svg{transform:scaleX(-1)}.cdx-label{display:flex;flex-direction:column;line-height:1.375}.cdx-label__label__icon.cdx-icon{margin-right:4px}.cdx-label__label__text{font-weight:700}legend.cdx-label{padding:0}fieldset label.cdx-label__label .cdx-label__label__text{font-weight:400}.cdx-label:not(.cdx-label--disabled) .cdx-label__label__optional-flag,.cdx-label:not(.cdx-label--disabled) .cdx-label__description{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.cdx-label--disabled,.cdx-label--disabled .cdx-label__label__icon{color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d)}.cdx-label--visually-hidden{display:block;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);position:absolute!important;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;border:0;padding:0;overflow:hidden}.cdx-label:not(.cdx-label--visually-hidden){padding-bottom:8px}@media screen and (min-width:640px){.cdx-label:not(.cdx-label--visually-hidden){padding-bottom:4px}}.cdx-checkbox{position:relative;min-width:20px;min-height:20px}.cdx-checkbox__wrapper{display:flex}.cdx-checkbox:not(.cdx-checkbox--inline){display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:12px}.cdx-checkbox:not(.cdx-checkbox--inline):last-child{margin-bottom:0}.cdx-checkbox--inline{display:inline-flex;margin-right:16px;white-space:nowrap}.cdx-checkbox--inline:last-child{margin-right:0}.cdx-checkbox__label,.cdx-checkbox__label.cdx-label{display:inline-flex;position:relative;z-index:0;padding-left:calc(1.25rem + 8px);line-height:1.4285714}.cdx-checkbox__label.cdx-label{padding-bottom:0}.cdx-checkbox__label.cdx-label .cdx-label__label__text{font-weight:400}.cdx-checkbox--inline .cdx-checkbox__label{display:inline}.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-base-fixed,#fff);position:absolute;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;border-width:1px;border-style:solid;transition-property:background-color,color,border-color,box-shadow;transition-duration:.1s}.cdx-checkbox__input{opacity:0;position:absolute;left:0;z-index:1;min-width:20px;min-height:20px;width:1.25rem;height:1.25rem;margin:0;font-size:inherit;cursor:inherit}.cdx-checkbox:hover>.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled,.cdx-checkbox:hover>.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled~.cdx-label .cdx-label__label,.cdx-checkbox:hover>.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled~.cdx-checkbox__label:not(.cdx-label){cursor:pointer}.cdx-checkbox__custom-input:not(.cdx-checkbox__custom-input--inline){padding-top:6px;padding-left:calc(1.25rem + 8px)}.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-size:0 0;border-radius:2px}.cdx-checkbox__input:indeterminate+.cdx-checkbox__icon:before{content:" ";background-color:var(--background-color-base-fixed,#fff);position:absolute;top:calc(50% - .5px);right:3px;left:3px;height:2px}.cdx-checkbox__input:checked:not(:indeterminate)+.cdx-checkbox__icon:before{content:" ";background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="%23fff" d="M7 14.17L2.83 10l-1.41 1.41L7 17 19 5l-1.41-1.42z"/></svg>');background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1rem 1rem;position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled+.cdx-checkbox__icon{border-color:var(--border-color-interactive,#72777d)}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:hover+.cdx-checkbox__icon{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:active+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active,#233566);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:focus:not(:active)+.cdx-checkbox__icon{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c);outline:1px solid transparent}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-input-binary--checked,#36c);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive,#36c)}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked:hover+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate:hover+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#4b77d6)}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked:active+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate:active+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive--active,#233566);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--active,#233566)}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked:focus:not(:active):not(:hover)+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate:focus:not(:active):not(:hover)+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-input-binary--checked,#36c);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive,#36c)}.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked:focus:not(:active)+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate:focus:not(:active)+.cdx-checkbox__icon{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px var(--box-shadow-color-progressive--focus,#36c),inset 0 0 0 2px var(--box-shadow-color-inverted,#fff)}.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled+.cdx-checkbox__icon{border-color:var(--border-color-error,#9f3526)}.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:hover+.cdx-checkbox__icon{border-color:var(--border-color-error--hover,#fc493b)}.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:active+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-error--active,#9f3526);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:focus+.cdx-checkbox__icon{border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-error,#d73333);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked:hover+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate:hover+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-error--hover,#fc493b);border-color:var(--border-color-error--hover,#fc493b)}.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked:active+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate:active+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-error--active,#9f3526);border-color:var(--border-color-transparent,transparent)}.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:checked:focus:not(:active)+.cdx-checkbox__icon,.cdx-checkbox--status-error .cdx-checkbox__input:enabled:indeterminate:focus:not(:active)+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-error,#d73333);border-color:var(--border-color-progressive--focus,#36c)}.cdx-checkbox__input:disabled+.cdx-checkbox__icon{background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);border-color:var(--border-color-disabled,#c8ccd1)}.cdx-checkbox__input:disabled~.cdx-checkbox__label,.cdx-checkbox__input:disabled~.cdx-checkbox__label.cdx-label{color:var(--color-disabled,#72777d)}
.client-js{ }.client-js ol.mw-collapsible::before,.client-js ul.mw-collapsible::before,.client-js .mw-collapsible-toggle-li{ display:list-item;list-style:none;margin-bottom:0.1em}.client-js ol.mw-made-collapsible::before,.client-js ul.mw-made-collapsible::before{display:none}.client-js .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder:before,.client-js ol.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,.client-js ul.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,.client-js table.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) :first-child tr:first-child th:last-child:before,.client-js table.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) > caption:first-child:after,.client-js div.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before{content:'[hide]'}.client-js .mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible) .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder:before,.client-js td.mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,.client-js table.mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible) :first-child tr:first-child th:last-child:before,.client-js table.mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible) > caption:first-child:after,.client-js div.mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before{content:'[show]'}.client-js .mw-collapsible[id^='mw-customcollapsible'] th::before,.client-js .mw-collapsible[id^='mw-customcollapsible']::before{content:none !important}.client-js .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):has(.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder) th::before,.client-js .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):has(.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder)::before{content:none !important}.client-js table.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) > caption:first-child:after{float:none;display:block}.client-js .mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible) > p,.client-js .mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible) > table,.client-js .mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible) > thead + tbody,.client-js .mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible) tr:not(:first-child),.client-js .mw-collapsed:not(.mw-made-collapsible) .mw-collapsible-content{display:none} .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) th:before,.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,.mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-collapsible-toggle{float:right}  .mw-content-ltr .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) th:before,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) th:before,.mw-content-ltr .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,.mw-content-ltr .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-content-ltr .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr .mw-collapsible-toggle{float:right} .mw-content-rtl .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) th:before,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible) th:before,.mw-content-rtl .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl .mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,.mw-content-rtl .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-content-rtl .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl .mw-collapsible-toggle{float:left} li .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-content-ltr li .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-content-rtl li .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl li .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr li .mw-collapsible-toggle-placeholder,li .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr li .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl li .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-ltr .mw-content-rtl li .mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-content-rtl .mw-content-ltr li .mw-collapsible-toggle{float:none}ol.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before,ul.mw-collapsible:not(.mw-made-collapsible):before{float:none !important}</style><meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=minerva">
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.1">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin">
<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin">
<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard">
<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
<meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1601">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="800">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="1067">
<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg">
<meta property="og:image:width" content="640">
<meta property="og:image:height" content="854">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0">
<meta property="og:title" content="Justin Trudeau - Wikipedia">
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org">
<link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png">
<link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico">
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)">
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau">
<link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org">
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org">
</head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Justin_Trudeau rootpage-Justin_Trudeau stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport">
	<div id="mw-mf-page-center">
		<a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a>
		<header class="header-container header-chrome">
			<div class="minerva-header">
				<nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box">
					<input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button">
					<label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle">
    <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span>
<span></span>
</label>

					<div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box">
	<ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list">
			<li class="toggle-list-item ">
				<a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface">
					<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span>

					<span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span>
				</a>
			</li>
			<li class="toggle-list-item ">
				<a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface">
					<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span>

					<span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span>
				</a>
			</li>
			<li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly">
				<a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface">
					<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span>

					<span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span>
				</a>
			</li>
	</ul>
	<ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list">
			<li class="toggle-list-item ">
				<a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Justin+Trudeau" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface">
					<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span>

					<span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span>
				</a>
			</li>
	</ul>
	<ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list">
			<li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly">
				<a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&amp;returnto=Justin+Trudeau" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface">
					<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span>

					<span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span>
				</a>
			</li>
	</ul>
	<ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list">
			<li class="toggle-list-item ">
				<a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en&amp;utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface">
					<span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span>

					<span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span>
				</a>
			</li>
	</ul>
	<ul class="hlist">
			<li class="toggle-list-item ">
				<a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface">
					
					<span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span>
				</a>
			</li>
			<li class="toggle-list-item ">
				<a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface">
					
					<span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span>
				</a>
			</li>
	</ul>
</div>

					<label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label>
				</nav>
				<div class="branding-box">
					<a href="/wiki/Main_Page">
						<span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;">

</span>
						
					</a>
				</div>
					<form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form">
				<div class="search-box">
					<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">
					<input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" accesskey="f">
					<span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span>
</span>
				</div>
				<button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger">
	    <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span>
<span>Search</span>
	</button>
</form>
		<nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation">
					
				</nav>
			</div>
		</header>
		<main id="content" class="mw-body">
			<div class="banner-container">
			<div id="siteNotice"><div id="centralNotice"></div></div>
			</div>
			
			<div class="pre-content heading-holder">
				<div class="page-heading">
					<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Justin Trudeau</span></h1>
					<div class="tagline"></div>
				</div>
					<ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container">
							<li class="minerva__tab selected">
								<a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a>
							</li>
							<li class="minerva__tab ">
								<a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Justin_Trudeau" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a>
							</li>
					</ul>
				<nav class="page-actions-menu">
	<ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list">
		<li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item">
				<a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet   language-selector">
				    <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span>
<span>Language</span>
				</a>
		</li>
		<li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item">
				<a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Justin+Trudeau" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch">
				    <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span>
<span>Watch</span>
				</a>
		</li>
		<li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item">
				<a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Trudeau&amp;action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource">
				    <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--editLock"></span>
<span>View source</span>
				</a>
		</li>
	</ul>
</nav>
<!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) -->
				<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
			</div>
			<div id="bodyContent" class="content">
				<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0">
<p class="mw-empty-elt">


</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Justin Pierre James Trudeau</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician who has been serving as the 23rd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister of Canada</a> since 2015 and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> since 2013.
</p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Justin Trudeau</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">MP</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_(0m29s)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Trudeau in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br>November 4, 2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Canada">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a> (2019–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intergovernmental_Affairs_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br>November 4, 2015&nbsp;– July 18, 2018</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Lebel" title="Denis Lebel">Denis Lebel</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominic_LeBlanc" title="Dominic LeBlanc">Dominic LeBlanc</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada">Leader of the Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br>April 14, 2013</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Ralph Goodale</a> (2013–2015)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a> (interim)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br>for <a href="/wiki/Papineau_(electoral_district)" title="Papineau (electoral district)">Papineau</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><b><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Assumed office</b></span> <br>October 14, 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Barbot" title="Vivian Barbot">Vivian Barbot</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Justin Pierre James Trudeau</div><br><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1971-12-25</span>) </span>December 25, 1971<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;52)</span><br><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style>
<div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire_Trudeau" title="Sophie Grégoire Trudeau">Sophie Grégoire</a></div>
   <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>&nbsp;<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 28, 2005">2005</span>; <abbr title="separated">sep.</abbr>&nbsp;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="August 2, 2023">2023</span>)<wbr></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau" title="Margaret Trudeau">Margaret Sinclair</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trudeau_family" title="Trudeau family">Trudeau family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residences</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Cottage" title="Rideau Cottage">Rideau Cottage</a> (primary)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_Lake" title="Harrington Lake">Harrington Lake</a> (seasonal)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Education" title="Bachelor of Education">BEd</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique de Montréal">École Polytechnique de Montréal</a> (no degree)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>teacher</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space: nowrap">CA$</span>406,200 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-salary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_Justin_Trudeau.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Justin Trudeau's signature"><img alt="Vectorized signature of Justin Trudeau." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Signature_Justin_Trudeau.svg/128px-Signature_Justin_Trudeau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Signature_Justin_Trudeau.svg/192px-Signature_Justin_Trudeau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Signature_Justin_Trudeau.svg/256px-Signature_Justin_Trudeau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="105"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pm.gc.ca">Government website</a></span></li><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberal.ca/rt-hon-justin-trudeau/">Party website</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-flex">
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio">
<div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_voice.ogg" title="File:Justin Trudeau voice.ogg">Justin Trudeau's voice</a></div>
<div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player audio mw-file-element" style="width:215px;"><audio id="mwe_player_0_placeholder" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="88" data-mwtitle="Justin_Trudeau_voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" playsinline="" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1"></audio><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_voice.ogg" title="Play audio" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon notheme"></span></a><span class="mw-tmh-duration mw-tmh-label"><span class="sr-only">Duration: 1 minute and 28 seconds.</span><span aria-hidden="true">1:28</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="description">Trudeau celebrating Canada Day<br>Recorded July 1, 2018</div></div></div></div>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Trudeau was born in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and attended <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Jean-de-Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf">Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf</a>. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in 1994 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in literature, then in 1998 acquired a Bachelor of Education degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. After graduating, he taught at the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> level in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, before relocating back to Montreal in 2002 to further his studies. He was chair for the youth charity <a href="/wiki/Katimavik" title="Katimavik">Katimavik</a> and director of the not-for-profit <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Avalanche_Association" title="Canadian Avalanche Association">Canadian Avalanche Association</a>. In 2006, he was appointed as chair of the Liberal Party's Task Force on Youth Renewal. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 federal election</a>, he was elected to represent the riding of <a href="/wiki/Papineau_(electoral_district)" title="Papineau (electoral district)">Papineau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>. He was the Liberal Party's <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition critic</a> for youth and multiculturalism in 2009; the following year, he became critic for citizenship and immigration. In 2011, he was appointed as a critic for secondary education and sport. In 2013, Trudeau <a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">was elected</a> as leader of the Liberal Party, and led the party to a <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 federal election</a>. Trudeau was the second-youngest <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">prime minister in Canadian history</a> when he took office and the first to be the child of a previous holder of the post, as the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>. 
</p><p>Major government initiatives he undertook during his first term included establishing the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Child_Benefit" title="Canada Child Benefit">Canada Child Benefit</a>, legalizing <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">medical assistance in dying</a>, legalizing recreational marijuana through the <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">Cannabis Act</a></i>; attempting Senate appointment reform by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Advisory_Board_for_Senate_Appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments">Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments</a> and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_Gas_Pollution_Pricing_Act" title="Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act">federal carbon tax</a>. In foreign policy, Trudeau's government negotiated trade deals such as the <a href="/wiki/Canada-United_States-Mexico_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement">Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement</a> (CUSMA) and the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>, and signed the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> on climate change. He was sanctioned by Canada's <a href="/wiki/Ethics_Commissioner_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics Commissioner of Canada">ethics commissioner</a> for violating <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> rules regarding the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_affair" title="Aga Khan affair">Aga Khan affair</a>, and later again with the <a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin_affair" title="SNC-Lavalin affair">SNC-Lavalin affair</a>.
</p><p>Trudeau's Liberal Party was reduced to a <a href="/wiki/Minority_governments_in_Canada" title="Minority governments in Canada">minority government</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019 federal election</a>. His government responded to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, announced an <a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">"assault-style" weapons ban</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nova_Scotia_attacks" title="2020 Nova Scotia attacks">2020 Nova Scotia attacks</a>, and launched a national $10-a-day <a href="/wiki/Child_care_in_Canada" title="Child care in Canada">child care</a> program. He was investigated for a third time by the ethics commissioner for his part in the <a href="/wiki/WE_Charity_scandal" title="WE Charity scandal">WE Charity scandal</a>, but was cleared of wrongdoing. In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 federal election</a>, he led the Liberals to another minority government. In 2022, he invoked the <i><a href="/wiki/Emergencies_Act" title="Emergencies Act">Emergencies Act</a></i> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Convoy_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Convoy 2022">Freedom Convoy protests</a> and responded to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> by imposing sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and authorizing military aid to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. His party signed a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> agreement with the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP) in early 2022, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Dental_Care_Plan" title="Canadian Dental Care Plan">Canadian Dental Care Plan</a> for residents that meet a certain income threshold and a framework for national <a href="/wiki/Pharmacare" title="Pharmacare">pharmacare</a>; in late 2024, the NDP opted to terminate the agreement.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ancestry_and_birth"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry and birth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Childhood"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Childhood</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#University_and_early_career"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">University and early career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Advocacy"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Advocacy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Political_beginnings"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Political beginnings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Opposition,_2008%E2%80%932015"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Opposition, 2008–2015</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Leader of the Liberal Party</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Earlier_speculation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Earlier speculation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#2013_leadership_election"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">2013 leadership election</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#Leadership,_2013%E2%80%932015"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership, 2013–2015</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#2015_federal_election"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">2015 federal election</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Prime_Minister_of_Canada_(2015%E2%80%93present)"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Prime Minister of Canada (2015–present)</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Domestic_matters"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic matters</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#COVID-19_pandemic"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">COVID-19 pandemic</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Freedom_Convoy_and_Emergencies_Act_invocation"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Freedom Convoy and <i>Emergencies Act</i> invocation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Electoral_record_and_government_formation"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral record and government formation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#2019_federal_election"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">2019 federal election</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#2021_federal_election"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">2021 federal election</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Confidence_and_supply_agreement"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Confidence and supply agreement</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Ethics"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ethics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#SNC-Lavalin_affair"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">SNC-Lavalin affair</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#WE_Charity_investigation"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">WE Charity investigation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Policies"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Policies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Domestic_policy"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Domestic policy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Foreign_policy"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign policy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Family"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Honours"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Honours</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Electoral_record"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral record</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Published_works"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Published works</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_birth">Ancestry and birth</h3></div>
<p>On June 23, 1971, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)" title="Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)">Prime Minister's Office</a> (PMO) announced that Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Pierre Trudeau</a>'s wife of four months, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau" title="Margaret Trudeau">Margaret Trudeau</a> (née Sinclair),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was pregnant and due in December.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justin Trudeau was born on December 25, 1971, at 9:27&nbsp;pm <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Civic_Hospital" title="Ottawa Civic Hospital">Ottawa Civic Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the second child in Canadian history to be born to a prime minister in office; the first was <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>'s daughter Margaret Mary Theodora Macdonald (February 8, 1869&nbsp;– January 28, 1933). Trudeau's younger brothers <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Trudeau" title="Alexandre Trudeau">Alexandre</a> (Sacha) (born December 25, 1973) and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Trudeau" title="Michel Trudeau">Michel</a> (October 2, 1975&nbsp;– November 13, 1998) were the third and fourth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-English2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau is predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Canadian">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfathers were businessman <a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile_Trudeau" title="Charles-Émile Trudeau">Charles-Émile Trudeau</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Scottish-born <a href="/wiki/James_Sinclair_(politician)" title="James Sinclair (politician)">James Sinclair</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-surprised_wedding_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surprised_wedding-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Fisheries_and_Oceans_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada)">minister of fisheries</a> in the cabinet of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau's maternal great-grandfather Thomas Bernard was born in <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-mother_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mother-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Penticton" title="Penticton">Penticton, British Columbia</a>, in 1906 at age 15 with his family.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the Bernard family, kinsmen of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Bandon" title="Earl of Bandon">Earls of Bandon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau is the fifth great-grandson of Major-General <a href="/wiki/William_Farquhar" title="William Farquhar">William Farquhar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a leader in the <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">founding of modern Singapore</a>; Trudeau also has remote <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">ethnic Malaccan</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancestry.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Sinclair,_Pat_Nixon,_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="1488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau" title="Margaret Trudeau">Margaret Trudeau</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> holding Justin at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a> in Ottawa in 1972.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Trudeau was <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Infant baptism">baptized</a> with his father's niece Anne Rouleau-Danis as godmother and his mother's brother-in-law Thomas Walker as godfather,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Cathedral_Basilica_(Ottawa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica (Ottawa)">Ottawa's Notre Dame Basilica</a> on the afternoon of January 16, 1972, which marked his first public appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and given the names "Justin Pierre James".<sup id="cite_ref-Grafstein_2019_p._1-PT102_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grafstein_2019_p._1-PT102-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 14, 1972, Trudeau's father and mother hosted a gala at the <a href="/wiki/National_Arts_Centre" title="National Arts Centre">National Arts Centre</a>, at which visiting U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> said, "I'd like to toast the future prime minister of Canada, to Justin Pierre Trudeau" to which Pierre Trudeau responded that should his son ever assume the role, he hoped he would have "the grace and skill of the president".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier that day, first lady <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> had visited him in his nursery and gifted him a <a href="/wiki/Stuffed_toy" title="Stuffed toy">stuffed toy</a> <a href="/wiki/Snoopy" title="Snoopy">Snoopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div>
<p>Trudeau's parents announced their separation in 1977, when he was five years old; his father was given primary custody.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were repeated rumours of a reconciliation for many years afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However his mother eventually filed for a <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault divorce</a> which the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ontario" title="Supreme Court of Ontario">Supreme Court of Ontario</a> granted in 1984;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his father had announced his intention to retire as prime minister a month earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-WoodgerBurg2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoodgerBurg2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually his parents came to an amicable joint-custody arrangement and learned to get along quite well. Interviewed in October 1979, his <a href="/wiki/Nanny" title="Nanny">nanny</a> Dianne Lavergne was quoted, "Justin is a mommy's boy, so it's not easy, but children's hurts mend very quickly. And they're lucky kids, anyway."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of his mother and father's marriage, Trudeau said in 2009, "They loved each other incredibly, passionately, completely. But there was 30 years between them, and my mom never was an equal partner in what encompassed my father's life, his duty, his country."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau has three half-siblings, Kyle and Alicia, from his mother's remarriage to Fried Kemper,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sarah, from his father's relationship with <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Coyne" title="Deborah Coyne">Deborah Coyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau lived at <a href="/wiki/24_Sussex_Drive" title="24 Sussex Drive">24 Sussex Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, the official residence of Canada's prime minister, from his birth until his father's government was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/1979_Canadian_federal_election" title="1979 Canadian federal election">1979 federal election</a>. The Trudeaus were expected to move into <a href="/wiki/Stornoway_(residence)" title="Stornoway (residence)">Stornoway</a>, the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Official Opposition</a>, but because of flooding in the basement, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Joe Clark</a> offered them <a href="/wiki/Harrington_Lake" title="Harrington Lake">Harrington Lake</a>, the prime minister's official country retreat in <a href="/wiki/Gatineau_Park" title="Gatineau Park">Gatineau Park</a>, with the expectation they would move into Stornoway at the start of July.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the repairs were not complete, so Pierre Trudeau took a prolonged vacation with his sons to the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> summer home of his friend, Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Don_Johnston" title="Don Johnston">Don Johnston</a>, and later sent his sons to stay with their maternal grandparents in <a href="/wiki/North_Vancouver_(district_municipality)" title="North Vancouver (district municipality)">North Vancouver</a> for the rest of the summer while he slept at his friend's Ottawa apartment. Trudeau and his brothers returned to Ottawa for the start of the school year but lived only on the top floor of Stornoway while repairs continued on the bottom floor.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother purchased and moved into a new home nearby at 95 Victoria Street in Ottawa's <a href="/wiki/New_Edinburgh" title="New Edinburgh">New Edinburgh</a> neighbourhood in September 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierre Trudeau and his sons returned to the prime minister's official residence after <a href="/wiki/1980_Canadian_federal_election" title="1980 Canadian federal election">the February 1980 election</a> that returned him to the Prime Minister's Office.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg/220px-Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="495"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg/220px-Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg/330px-Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg/440px-Justint_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>10-year-old Justin touring the <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Lille" title="Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille">Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille</a> in France with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">his father</a> in 1982</figcaption></figure>
<p>His father had intended Trudeau to begin his formal education at a French-language lycée, but Trudeau's mother convinced his father of the importance of sending their sons to a public school.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Trudeau was enrolled in 1976 in the <a href="/wiki/French_immersion" title="French immersion">French immersion program</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rockcliffe_Park_Public_School" title="Rockcliffe Park Public School">Rockcliffe Park Public School</a>. It was the same school his mother had attended for two years while her father was a member of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could have been dropped off by limousine, but his parents elected he take the <a href="/wiki/School_bus" title="School bus">school bus</a> albeit with a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP) car following.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ottawa_Citizen1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_Citizen1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by one year at the private <a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Claudel_d%27Ottawa" title="Lycée Claudel d'Ottawa">Lycée Claudel d'Ottawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Camp_Ahmek_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camp_Ahmek-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After his father's retirement in June 1984, his mother remained at her New Edinburgh home while the rest of the family moved into his father's home at 1418 Pine Avenue, Montreal known as <a href="/wiki/Cormier_House" title="Cormier House">Cormier House</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  the following autumn, he began attending the private <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Jean-de-Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf">Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf</a>, his father's alma mater. The school had begun as a Jesuit school but was non-denominational by the time Justin matriculated.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Trudeau said that of all his early family outings he enjoyed camping with his father the most, because "that was where our father got to be just our father&nbsp;– a dad in the woods".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Son_Also_Rises_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Son_Also_Rises-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summers his father would send him and his brothers to Camp Ahmek, on <a href="/wiki/Canoe_Lake_(Nipissing_District)" title="Canoe Lake (Nipissing District)">Canoe Lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Provincial_Park" title="Algonquin Provincial Park">Algonquin Provincial Park</a>, where he would later work in his first paid job as a <a href="/wiki/Camp_counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp counsellor">camp counsellor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Camp_Ahmek_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camp_Ahmek-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau and his brothers were given shares in two <a href="/wiki/Numbered_company" title="Numbered company">numbered companies</a> by their father: the first containing a portfolio of securities, from which they receive regular dividends, up to $20,000 per year; and the second which receives royalties from their father's autobiography and other sources, about $10,000 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-TrudeauEstate_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrudeauEstate-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2011, the first numbered company had assets of $1.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trudeau brothers were also given a country estate of about 50 hectares in the Laurentians with a home designed by the esteemed Canadian architect <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Erickson" title="Arthur Erickson">Arthur Erickson</a>, and the Cormier House in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-TrudeauArchitecture_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrudeauArchitecture-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TrudeauEstate_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrudeauEstate-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CountryEstate_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CountryEstate-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country estate land was estimated to be worth $2.7 million in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-CountryEstate_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CountryEstate-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_and_early_career">University and early career</h3></div>
<p>Trudeau has a bachelor of arts degree in literature from <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> and a bachelor of education degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. In his first year at McGill, Trudeau became acquainted with his future <a href="/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(Canada)" title="Principal Secretary (Canada)">principal secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Butts" title="Gerald Butts">Gerald Butts</a>, through their mutual friend, Jonathan Ablett.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPostBio_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPostBio-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butts invited Trudeau to join the McGill Debating Union.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They bonded while driving back to Montreal after a debate tournament at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPostBio_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPostBio-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduation, Trudeau stayed in Vancouver where he became a substitute teacher at local schools such as <a href="/wiki/Killarney_Secondary" class="mw-redirect" title="Killarney Secondary">Killarney Secondary</a> and worked permanently as a French and math teacher at the private <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Grey_Academy" title="West Point Grey Academy">West Point Grey Academy</a>. He became a roommate at the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_buildings_in_Vancouver#Business" title="List of heritage buildings in Vancouver">Douglas Lodge</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with fellow West Point Grey Academy faculty member and friend Christopher Ingvaldson.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPostBio_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPostBio-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2002 to 2004, he studied engineering at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_de_Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique de Montréal">École Polytechnique de Montréal</a>, affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Université de Montréal</a>, but did not graduate.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started a master's degree in environmental geography at McGill but withdrew from the program to seek public office.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2000, Trudeau attended the Kokanee Summit in <a href="/wiki/Creston,_British_Columbia" title="Creston, British Columbia">Creston, British Columbia</a>, to raise funds in honour of his brother Michel Trudeau and other avalanche victims. After the event, an unsigned editorial in the <i>Creston Valley Advance</i> (a local newspaper) accused Trudeau of having groped an unnamed female reporter while at the music festival. The editorial stated Trudeau provided a "day-late" apology to the reporter, saying, "If I had known you were reporting for a national paper, I never would have been so forward".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Trudeau was questioned about the groping incident but said he did not remember any negative incidents from that time. His apology and later statement about the event have been described as hypocritical, while responses to the story have been described as a <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch hunt</a> or non-story.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879389"><table class="infobox" style="width: 180px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/2565464845">"Trudeau delivers the eulogy at his father Pierre Trudeau's funeral".</a> – The National – CBC/Radio-Canada, October 3, 2000. (12:07 mins). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/2000-justin-trudeau-delivers-eulogy-for-his-father-pierre">Archive (12:02 mins)</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In October 2000, Trudeau, then 28, emerged as a prominent figure after delivering a eulogy at <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Pierre_Trudeau" title="Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau">his father's state funeral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC) received numerous calls to rebroadcast the speech after its initial transmission, and leading Quebec politician <a href="/wiki/Claude_Ryan" title="Claude Ryan">Claude Ryan</a> described it as "perhaps&nbsp;... the first manifestation of a dynasty".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A book issued by the CBC in 2003 included the speech in its list of significant Canadian events from the past fifty years.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2007, Trudeau starred in the two-part <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a> miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_War_(2007_film)" title="The Great War (2007 film)">The Great War</a></i>, which gave an account of Canada's participation in the First World War. He portrayed his fifth cousin, twice removed,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major <a href="/wiki/Talbot_Mercer_Papineau" title="Talbot Mercer Papineau">Talbot Mercer Papineau</a>, who was killed on October 30, 1917, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau is one of several children of former prime ministers who have become Canadian media personalities. The others are <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mulroney" title="Ben Mulroney">Ben Mulroney</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a>), <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Clark_(broadcaster)" title="Catherine Clark (broadcaster)">Catherine Clark</a> (daughter of Joe Clark), and Trudeau's younger brother, Alexandre.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben Mulroney was a guest at Trudeau's wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg/220px-Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg/220px-Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg/330px-Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg/440px-Justin_Trudeau_%C3%A0_la_Maison_des_Grands-Parents.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau (middle) in 2007 with "Maison des Grands-Parents" cofounders Lucille Girard and Jacqueline Desjardins, during the 15th anniversary of the non-profit seniors organization.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Trudeau and his family started the Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign for winter sports safety in 2000, two years after his brother Michel died in an avalanche during a ski trip.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, Trudeau criticized the Government of British Columbia's decision to stop its funding for a public avalanche warning system.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>From 2002 to 2006, Trudeau chaired the <a href="/wiki/Katimavik" title="Katimavik">Katimavik</a> youth program, a project started by longtime family friend <a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jacques Hébert (Canadian politician)">Jacques Hébert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2002–03, Trudeau was a panelist on <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Canada_Reads" title="Canada Reads">Canada Reads</a></i> series, where he championed <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colony_of_Unrequited_Dreams" title="The Colony of Unrequited Dreams">The Colony of Unrequited Dreams</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Johnston_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayne Johnston (author)">Wayne Johnston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau and his brother Alexandre inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Trudeau_Centre_for_Peace_and_Conflict_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies">Trudeau Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in April 2004; the centre later became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Munk_School_of_Global_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Munk School of Global Affairs">Munk School of Global Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he hosted the presentation ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/Giller_Prize" title="Giller Prize">Giller Prize</a> for literature.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2005, Trudeau fought against a proposed $100-million <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> mine that he argued would poison the <a href="/wiki/Nahanni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahanni River">Nahanni River</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations World Heritage Site">United Nations World Heritage Site</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>. He was quoted as saying, "The river is an absolutely magnificent, magical place. I'm not saying mining is wrong&nbsp;... but that is not the place for it. It's just the wrong thing to be doing."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On September 17, 2006, Trudeau was the master of ceremonies at a Toronto rally organized by <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_Dallaire" title="Roméo Dallaire">Roméo Dallaire</a> that called for Canadian participation in resolving the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur crisis">Darfur crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Political_beginnings">Political beginnings</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2">
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1,_rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1%2C_rotated.jpg/170px-Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1%2C_rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="1086"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1%2C_rotated.jpg/170px-Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1%2C_rotated.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1%2C_rotated.jpg/255px-Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1%2C_rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1%2C_rotated.jpg/340px-Justin_Trudeau_supporting_Gerard_Kennedy_1%2C_rotated.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau at the <a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2006 Liberal Party leadership convention</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Trudeau supported the Liberal Party from a young age, offering his support to party leader <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Canadian_federal_election" title="1988 Canadian federal election">1988 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, he defended <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a> at a student event at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Jean-de-Br%C3%A9beuf" title="Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf">Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf</a>, which he attended.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Following his father's death, Trudeau became more involved with the Liberal Party throughout the 2000s. Along with Olympian <a href="/wiki/Charmaine_Crooks" title="Charmaine Crooks">Charmaine Crooks</a>, he co-hosted a tribute to outgoing prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> at the party's <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_convention,_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Canada leadership convention, 2003">2003 leadership convention</a>, and was appointed to chair a task force on youth renewal after the party's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2006, Trudeau criticized <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a> by describing political nationalism generally as an "old idea from the 19th century", "based on a smallness of thought" and not relevant to modern Quebec. This comment was seen as a criticism of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a>, then a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2006 Liberal Party leadership election</a>, who was promoting recognition of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> as a nation.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau later wrote a public letter on the subject, describing the idea of Quebec nationhood as "against everything my father ever believed".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau announced his support for leadership candidate <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy" title="Gerard Kennedy">Gerard Kennedy</a> shortly before the 2006 convention and introduced Kennedy during the candidates' final speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Kennedy dropped off after the second ballot, Trudeau joined him in supporting the ultimate winner, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Stéphane Dion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Rumours circulated in early 2007 that Trudeau would run in an <a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_39th_Canadian_Parliament#Outremont" title="By-elections to the 39th Canadian Parliament">upcoming by-election</a> in the Montreal riding of <a href="/wiki/Outremont_(federal_electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremont (federal electoral district)">Outremont</a>. The Montreal newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(Canadian_newspaper)" title="La Presse (Canadian newspaper)">La Presse</a></i> reported despite Trudeau's keenness, Liberal leader Stéphane Dion wanted Outremont for a star candidate who could help rebuild the Liberal Party. Instead, Trudeau announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in the nearby riding of Papineau for the next general election.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The riding, which had been held for 26 years by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">André Ouellet</a>, a senior minister under his father, had been in Liberal hands for 53 years before falling to the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Papineau_profile_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papineau_profile-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On April 29, 2007, Trudeau won the Liberal party's nomination, picking up 690 votes to 350 for Deros and 220 for Giordano against <a href="/wiki/Mary_Deros" title="Mary Deros">Mary Deros</a>, a Montreal city councillor and <a href="/wiki/Basilio_Giordano" title="Basilio Giordano">Basilio Giordano</a>, the publisher of a local Italian-language newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Opposition,_2008–2015"><span id="Opposition.2C_2008.E2.80.932015"></span>Opposition, 2008–2015</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3">
<p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> called an election for <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">October 14, 2008</a>, by which time Trudeau had been campaigning for a year in Papineau. On election day, Trudeau narrowly defeated Bloc Québécois incumbent <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Barbot" title="Vivian Barbot">Vivian Barbot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his election win, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Greenspon" title="Edward Greenspon">Edward Greenspon</a>, editor-in-chief of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, noted that Trudeau would "be viewed as few other rookie MPs are—as a potential future Prime Minister—and scrutinized through that lens".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Son_Also_Rises_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Son_Also_Rises-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg/170px-Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="990"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 234px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg/170px-Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg/255px-Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg/340px-Trudeau_headshot_2008.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>2008 Trudeau promotional portrait by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marc_Carisse" title="Jean-Marc Carisse">Jean-Marc Carisse</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> in the 2008 election, and Trudeau entered parliament as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>. Trudeau's first legislative act was a motion that called for the creation of a "national voluntary service policy for young people".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later co-chaired the Liberal Party's April 2009 national convention in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, and in October of the same year he was appointed as the party's critic for multiculturalism and youth.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2010, he was reassigned as critic for youth, citizenship, and immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time, he criticized the government's legislation targeting human smuggling, which he argued would penalize the victims of smuggling.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau sparked controversy when it was revealed that he earned $1.3 million in public speaking fees from charities and school boards across Canada, $277,000 of which Trudeau received after becoming an MP.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>He encouraged an increase of Canada's relief efforts after the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>, and sought more accessible immigration procedures for Haitians moving to Canada in the time of crisis. His own riding includes a significant Haitian community.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau was re-elected in Papineau in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 federal election</a>, as the Liberal Party fell to third-party standing in the House of Commons with only thirty-four seats. Ignatieff resigned as party leader immediately after the election, and rumours again circulated that Trudeau could run to become his successor. On this occasion, Trudeau said, "I don't feel I should be closing off any options&nbsp;... because of the history packaged into my name, a lot of people are turning to me in a way that&nbsp;... to be blunt, concerns me."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weeks after the election, Toronto MP <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a> was selected as the interim leader until the party's leadership convention, which was later decided to be held in April 2013. Rae appointed Trudeau as the party's critic for post-secondary education, youth and amateur sport.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his re-election, he travelled the country hosting fundraisers for charities and the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau wanted to take part in a charity boxing match on behalf of the cancer research fundraising event Fight for the Cure, but was having difficulty finding a Conservative opponent until Conservative senator <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Brazeau" title="Patrick Brazeau">Patrick Brazeau</a> agreed when asked on Trudeau's behalf by their mutual hairdresser Stefania Capovilla.<sup id="cite_ref-boxing_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boxing-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fight on March 31, 2012, in Ottawa at the Hampton Inn was broadcast live on <a href="/wiki/Sun_News_Network" title="Sun News Network">Sun News</a> with commentary by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Levant" title="Ezra Levant">Ezra Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lilley" title="Brian Lilley">Brian Lilley</a> and Trudeau won in the third round, the result considered an upset.<sup id="cite_ref-boxing_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boxing-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CTV_boxing_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTV_boxing-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party">Leader of the Liberal Party</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earlier_speculation">Earlier speculation</h4></div>
<p>After Dion's resignation as Liberal leader in 2008, Trudeau's name was mentioned as a potential candidate with polls showing him as a favourite among Canadians for the position.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>However, Trudeau did not enter the race and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ignatieff" title="Michael Ignatieff">Michael Ignatieff</a> was named leader in December 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the party's poor showing in the 2011 election, Ignatieff resigned from the leadership and Trudeau was again seen as a potential candidate to lead the party.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Following the election, Trudeau said he was undecided about seeking the leadership;<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> months later on October 12 at <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Wilfrid Laurier University</a>, he announced he would not seek the post because he had a young family.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When interim leader <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a>, who was also seen as a frontrunner, announced he would not be entering the race in June 2012, Trudeau was hit with a "tsunami" of calls from supporters to reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Opinion polling conducted by several pollsters showed that if Trudeau were to become leader the Liberal Party would surge in support, from a distant third place to either being competitive with the Conservative Party or leading them.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2012, Trudeau stated that he would reconsider his earlier decision to not seek the leadership and would announce his final decision at the end of the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-Considering_leadership_run_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Considering_leadership_run-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Not_committed_to_leadership_run_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Not_committed_to_leadership_run-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2013_leadership_election">2013 leadership election</h4></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2013_Liberal_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election">2013 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election</a></div>
<p>On September 26, 2012, multiple media outlets started reporting that Trudeau would launch his leadership bid the following week.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Trudeau was seen as a frontrunner for the leadership of the Liberal Party, he was criticized for his perceived lack of substance.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time as a member of Parliament, he spoke little on policy matters and it was not known where he stood on many issues such as the economy and foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some strategists and pundits believed the leadership would be the time for Trudeau to be tested on these issues; however, there was also fear within the party that his celebrity status and large lead might deter other strong candidates from entering the leadership race.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On October 2, 2012, Trudeau held a rally in Montreal to launch his bid for the leadership of the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Wall_Street_Journal_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core people on his campaign team were considered longtime friends, and all in their 30s and 40s. His senior advisor was Gerald Butts, the former president of <a href="/wiki/WWF-Canada" title="WWF-Canada">WWF-Canada</a> who had previously been principal secretary to former Ontario premier <a href="/wiki/Dalton_McGuinty" title="Dalton McGuinty">Dalton McGuinty</a>. Other senior aides included campaign manager <a href="/wiki/Katie_Telford" title="Katie Telford">Katie Telford</a>, and policy advisors Mike McNeir and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Asselin" title="Robert Asselin">Robert Asselin</a>, who had all worked for recent Liberal Party leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother Alexandre also took a break from his documentary work to be a senior advisor on Trudeau's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During the leadership campaign, three by-elections were held on <a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_41st_Canadian_Parliament#November_26,_2012_by-elections" title="By-elections to the 41st Canadian Parliament">November 26, 2012</a>. The riding <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Centre" title="Calgary Centre">Calgary Centre</a> was expected to be a three-way race between the Conservatives, Liberals and Green Party. A week before by-election day <a href="/wiki/Sun_Media" title="Sun Media">Sun Media</a> reported on comments Trudeau had made in a 2010 interview with <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Télé-Québec">Télé-Québec</a>, in which he said, "Canada isn't doing well right now because it's Albertans who control our community and socio-democratic agenda." Trudeau's campaign advisor said that the comments were being brought up now because of the close race in Calgary Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-alta_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alta-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day, Trudeau apologized, saying he was wrong to use "Alberta" as "<a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a>" in referring to Stephen Harper's government.<sup id="cite_ref-alta2_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alta2-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives held onto Calgary Centre in the by-election by less than 1,200 votes. Liberal candidate <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Locke" title="Harvey Locke">Harvey Locke</a> said he lost the by-election on his own and that comments made by Trudeau did not influence the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Fellow leadership candidate <a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Marc Garneau</a>, seen as Trudeau's main challenger in the race, criticized Trudeau for not releasing enough substantial policy positions. Garneau called on him to release more detailed policies before members and supporters begin to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garneau later challenged Trudeau to a one-on-one debate, and said that if Trudeau could not defend his ideas in a debate against him, he wouldn't be able to do so against Prime Minister Harper.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau clashed in debates with challenger <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Murray" title="Joyce Murray">Joyce Murray</a>, who was the only Liberal leadership candidate to speak out strongly in favour of electing the House of Commons with a system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. She challenged Trudeau over his support for a <a href="/wiki/Preferential_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferential ballot">preferential ballot</a> voting system.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_and_Trudeau_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray_and_Trudeau-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On March 13, 2013, Garneau dropped out of the leadership race, saying that polling conducted by his campaign showed he would be unable to defeat Trudeau.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>With Joyce Murray, the last challenger, receiving significant press time, more Liberal politicians and public figures declared themselves for Trudeau. Trudeau was declared the winner of the leadership election on April 14, 2013, garnering 80.1% of 30,800 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joyce Murray finished in second place with 10.2% , ahead of Martha Hall Findlay's 5.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau had lost only five ridings, all to Murray and all in BC.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Leadership,_2013–2015"><span id="Leadership.2C_2013.E2.80.932015"></span>Leadership, 2013–2015</h5></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_2014-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Justin_Trudeau_2014-1.jpg/170px-Justin_Trudeau_2014-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="471"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Justin_Trudeau_2014-1.jpg/170px-Justin_Trudeau_2014-1.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Justin_Trudeau_2014-1.jpg/255px-Justin_Trudeau_2014-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Justin_Trudeau_2014-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Justin Trudeau delivering a speech on a doorstep in <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Toronto" title="Little Italy, Toronto">Toronto's Little Italy</a>, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>In the days following his victory in the leadership race, snapshot polls recorded a surge in support for the Liberal party.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013, Trudeau chose to give up his seat at the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Death and state funeral of Nelson Mandela">funeral of Nelson Mandela</a>, in deference to <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Cotler" title="Irwin Cotler">Irwin Cotler</a> as representative of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party of Canada</a>, because of Cotler's work for and with <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> in fighting <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>During the leadership campaign, Trudeau pledged to park all his assets, exclusive of real estate holdings, into a <a href="/wiki/Blind_trust" title="Blind trust">blind trust</a> which is atypical for opposition MPs, including leaders. According to documents obtained by the <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>, he fulfilled the pledge in July 2013 when the blind trust was set up by <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Montreal" title="Bank of Montreal">BMO Private Banking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On January 27, 2014, Trudeau and MP <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bennett" title="Carolyn Bennett">Carolyn Bennett</a> escorted <a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Chrystia Freeland</a> into the House of Commons, as is traditional for by-election victors.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau launched an internet video the week before the 2014 Liberal party convention titled "An economy that benefits us all" in which he narrates his economic platform. He said that Canada's debt to GDP ratios have come down in recent years and now it's time for Ottawa to "step up".<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015_federal_election">2015 federal election</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 Canadian federal election</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg/220px-Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg/220px-Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg/330px-Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg/440px-Justin_Trudeau_at_the_Vancouver_LGBTQ_Pride_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau at the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Pride_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver Pride Festival">Vancouver Pride Festival</a>, shortly after launching his election campaign</figcaption></figure>
<p>On October 19, 2015, after the longest official campaign in over a century, Trudeau led the Liberals to a decisive victory in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">federal election</a>. The Liberals won 184 of the 338 seats, with 39.5% of the popular vote, for a strong majority government;<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a gain of 150 seats compared to the 2011 federal election.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>This was the second-best performance in the party's history. The Liberals won mostly on the strength of a solid performance in the eastern half of the country. In addition to taking all of Atlantic Canada and Toronto,<sup id="cite_ref-cbc.ca_172-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc.ca-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they won 40 seats in Quebec—the most that the Liberals had won in that province since Trudeau's father led them to a near-sweep of the province in 1980, and also the first time since then that the Liberals won a majority of Quebec's seats in an election. The 150-seat gain was the biggest numerical increase for a single party since Confederation and marked the first time that a party had rebounded from third place in the Commons to a majority government.
</p><p>In addition to the appeal of his party's platform, Trudeau's success has been credited to his performance both on the campaign trail and televised <a href="/wiki/Canadian_leaders%27_debates" title="Canadian leaders' debates">leaders' debates</a> exceeding the lowered expectations created by Conservative advertisements and conservative media outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RealChange.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RealChange.png/220px-RealChange.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="43" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 43px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RealChange.png/220px-RealChange.png" data-width="220" data-height="43" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RealChange.png/330px-RealChange.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/RealChange.png/440px-RealChange.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>The Trudeau Liberals slogan during the 2015 campaign was "Real Change"</figcaption></figure>
<p>Trudeau declared victory shortly after <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a> projected that he had won a majority government. He began his speech with a reference to former Liberal prime minister <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>'s "sunny ways" (French: <i lang="fr">voies ensoleillées</i>) approach to bringing Canadians together despite their differences. According to Trudeau, Laurier "knew that politics can be a positive force, and that's the message Canadians have sent today".<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harper announced his resignation as the leader of the Conservative Party that night.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Prime_Minister_of_Canada_(2015–present)"><span id="Prime_Minister_of_Canada_.282015.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Prime Minister of Canada (2015–present)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Justin_Trudeau" title="Premiership of Justin Trudeau">Premiership of Justin Trudeau</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg/220px-Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg/220px-Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg/330px-Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg/440px-Swearing-In_Day_Trudeau_Cabinet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">29th Canadian Ministry</a> after being sworn into office, November 4, 2015</figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_matters">Domestic matters</h3></div>
<p>Trudeau and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> were sworn in by <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a> on November 4, 2015. He said that his first legislative priority was to lower taxes for middle-income Canadians and raise taxes for the top 1% of income earners after parliament was reconvened on December 3, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau also issued a statement promising to rebuild relations with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> and run an open, ethical and transparent government.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 5, 2015, during the first Liberal caucus meeting since forming a majority government, the party announced that it would reinstate the mandatory long-form census that had been scrapped in 2010, effective with the 2016 census.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>As prime minister, Trudeau launched three major independent investigations: the <a href="/wiki/National_Inquiry_into_Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women</a> (MMIWG), the Joint Federal/Provincial Commission into the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nova_Scotia_attacks" title="2020 Nova Scotia attacks">2020 Nova Scotia attacks</a> (in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Government of Nova Scotia">Government of Nova Scotia</a><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and the Public Inquiry into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions. The latter was called in response to allegations of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government_interference_in_the_2019_and_2021_Canadian_federal_elections" title="Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections">Chinese government interference in the 2019 and 2021 Canadian federal elections</a>, but also deals with interference from other states deemed hostile to Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MMIWG investigation found that Canada's response to this issue amounts to <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples">genocide</a>, a finding Trudeau said he accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="COVID-19_pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic in Canada</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Trudeau_delivers_a_message_on_Eid_al-Fitr_-_2020_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Prime_Minister_Trudeau_delivers_a_message_on_Eid_al-Fitr_-_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau_delivers_a_message_on_Eid_al-Fitr_-_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="568"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Prime_Minister_Trudeau_delivers_a_message_on_Eid_al-Fitr_-_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau_delivers_a_message_on_Eid_al-Fitr_-_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Prime_Minister_Trudeau_delivers_a_message_on_Eid_al-Fitr_-_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Trudeau_delivers_a_message_on_Eid_al-Fitr_-_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Prime_Minister_Trudeau_delivers_a_message_on_Eid_al-Fitr_-_2020_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau delivering a statement outside <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Cottage" title="Rideau Cottage">Rideau Cottage</a> in 2020</figcaption></figure>
<p>Trudeau was prime minister during the worldwide <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. His government's response to the pandemic included funds for provinces and territories to adapt to the new situation, funds for coronavirus research, travel restrictions, screening of international flights, self-isolation orders under the <a href="/wiki/Quarantine_Act,_2005" title="Quarantine Act, 2005"><i>Quarantine Act</i></a>, an industrial strategy, and a public health awareness campaign. Initially, Canada faced a shortage of <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>, as the Trudeau government had cut PPE stockpile funding in the previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>To deal with the <a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">economic impact of the pandemic</a> in 2020, Trudeau waived student loan payments, increased the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Child_Benefit" title="Canada Child Benefit">Canada Child Benefit</a>, doubled the annual <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)" title="Goods and services tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> payment, and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Response_Benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Emergency Response Benefit">Canada Emergency Response Benefit</a> (CERB) as part of a first package in March. In April 2020, Trudeau introduced the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Wage_Subsidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy">Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Business_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Emergency Business Account">Canada Emergency Business Account</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Emergency_Student_Benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Emergency Student Benefit">Canada Emergency Student Benefit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau also deployed the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian armed forces">Canadian Forces</a> in long-term care homes in Quebec and Ontario as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_LASER" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation LASER">Operation LASER</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mbafd_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbafd-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Throughout the pandemic, the federal government was also responsible for the procurement of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 12, 2020, the Trudeau government announced it had reached an exclusive deal with <a href="/wiki/CanSino_Biologics" title="CanSino Biologics">CanSino Biologics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to deteriorating <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">Canadian-Chinese relations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">Cansino</a> deal fell through.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 5, 2020, the Trudeau government created a plan to secure doses of the <a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in December 2020, Trudeau oversaw the implementation of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">Canada's mass-vaccination program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera_20201127_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera_20201127-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The spread of COVID-19 in Canada continued beyond the initial outbreak, with a strong second wave in the fall of 2020 and an even more serious third wave in the spring of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the crisis, Trudeau periodically extended the scope and duration of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">federal aid programs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2021 Canadian federal budget">2021 Canadian federal budget</a> planned to phase them out by the end of September 2021, and projected a $354.2-billion deficit in the 2020–21 fiscal year.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While CERB was indeed phased out on September 26, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Recovery_Benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Recovery Benefit">Canada Recovery Benefit</a> (CBR) continued to provide support until October 23.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canada_Worker_Lockdown_Benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada Worker Lockdown Benefit">Canada Worker Lockdown Benefit</a> was introduced that month to replace the CBR, and expanded during the spread of the <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron variant</a> in December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freedom_Convoy_and_Emergencies_Act_invocation">Freedom Convoy and <i>Emergencies Act</i> invocation</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Canada convoy protest</a></div>
<p>The Canada convoy protest, called the Freedom Convoy, was a <a href="/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">protest</a> in Canada against <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Canada" title="Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 vaccine requirements for truckers to re-enter the country by land</a> introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> on January 15, 2022. Originally composed of several routes traversing all of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces</a>, the truck convoys converged on <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>.
</p><p>On January 29, the first day of protest at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>, Trudeau moved to an undisclosed location.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_Tasker_20220129_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC_Tasker_20220129-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, the demonstration developed to express a number of "antigovernment grievances", particularly against Trudeau.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_Cecco_20220128_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian_Cecco_20220128-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 31, Trudeau called the protests an "insult to truth".<sup id="cite_ref-Insult_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insult-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 3, he said that a military response was "not in the cards right now".<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 11, <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i> reported that Trudeau promised the US "quick action" regarding protesters who have forcefully blocked the <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a> on the US-Canada border, the continent's busiest land border crossing."<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau subsequently indicated that there would be "robust police intervention" and called for all protesters to "go home."<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau invoked the <i><a href="/wiki/Emergencies_Act" title="Emergencies Act">Emergencies Act</a></i> on February 14, 2022, for the first time since it was enacted in 1988, as a result of the public order emergency caused by the demonstrations in Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 23, 2022, Trudeau announced that the federal government would revoke the emergency declaration. Later that day, the governor general signed a proclamation revoking it.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, on February 17, 2023, a judicial inquiry into the use of the <i>Emergencies Act</i> concluded that the Trudeau government met the legal threshold required to invoke the act.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2024, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Canada" title="Federal Court of Canada">Federal Court</a> judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mosley" title="Richard Mosley">Richard Mosley</a> ruled that the federal government's invocation of the Emergencies Act to end the 2022 convoy protest was "not justified" and infringed on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter</a> rights. The federal government plans to appeal the ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_record_and_government_formation">Electoral record and government formation</h3></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_federal_election">2019 federal election</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019 Canadian federal election</a></div><p>
On September 11, 2019, Trudeau visited Governor General <a href="/wiki/Julie_Payette" title="Julie Payette">Julie Payette</a>, to request the dissolution of Parliament, and formally triggering an election.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the formal start of the campaign, Trudeau announced his intention to only participate in the three <a href="/wiki/Canadian_leaders%27_debates#2019_debates" title="Canadian leaders' debates">leaders' debates</a>, two organized by the <a href="/wiki/Leaders%27_Debates_Commission" title="Leaders' Debates Commission">Leaders' Debates Commission</a>, and one organized by <a href="/wiki/TVA_(Canadian_TV_network)" title="TVA (Canadian TV network)">TVA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TVAdeb_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVAdeb-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other leader's debates were either cancelled or took place with an empty podium left on stage for Trudeau.<sup id="cite_ref-Snub_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snub-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau,_Juno_Beach,_6_juin_2019_(48071928046).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Justin_Trudeau%2C_Juno_Beach%2C_6_juin_2019_%2848071928046%29.jpg/170px-Justin_Trudeau%2C_Juno_Beach%2C_6_juin_2019_%2848071928046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1521" data-file-height="1862"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Justin_Trudeau%2C_Juno_Beach%2C_6_juin_2019_%2848071928046%29.jpg/170px-Justin_Trudeau%2C_Juno_Beach%2C_6_juin_2019_%2848071928046%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Justin_Trudeau%2C_Juno_Beach%2C_6_juin_2019_%2848071928046%29.jpg/255px-Justin_Trudeau%2C_Juno_Beach%2C_6_juin_2019_%2848071928046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Justin_Trudeau%2C_Juno_Beach%2C_6_juin_2019_%2848071928046%29.jpg/340px-Justin_Trudeau%2C_Juno_Beach%2C_6_juin_2019_%2848071928046%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau speaking at <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a> during the 75th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>, June 6, 2019</figcaption></figure><p>In September 2019, controversial pictures and video were published showing Trudeau in <a href="/wiki/Racial_brownface" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial brownface">brownface</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">blackface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 18, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> magazine published a photograph of Trudeau wearing brownface makeup in the spring of 2001, at an <i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Nights">Arabian Nights</a></i>-themed gala, while Trudeau was a teacher at <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Grey_Academy" title="West Point Grey Academy">West Point Grey Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau publicly apologized, agreeing the photo was racist and saying: "I shouldn't have done that. I should have known better and I didn't. I'm really sorry."<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further went on to say "It was something that I didn't think was racist at the time, but now I recognize it was something racist to do".<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau also admitted to wearing blackface makeup in high school while singing "<a href="/wiki/Day-O_(The_Banana_Boat_Song)" title="Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)">Day-O</a>" at a talent show that was subsequently published by <a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third instance, a video, of Trudeau in racist dress was also published.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this video was published, Trudeau admitted he could not remember how often he had worn blackface makeup.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the days following the scandal, <a href="/wiki/Opinion_poll" title="Opinion poll">pollsters</a> pointed out that many Canadians either were not bothered by the scandal or had accepted Trudeau's apology.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some minority community groups, racialized commentators and some of Trudeau's opponents came to his defence.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others were more critical, including members of his own party.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>While Trudeau's Liberal Party lost 20 seats in the House of Commons (lowering its total from 177 to 157) from the time of dissolution, they still won the most seats of any party—enough to allow Trudeau to form a minority government.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time since 1979, the party that garnered the largest share of the national popular vote did not win the most seats; the Liberals under Trudeau had 33.1% of the popular vote, while the Conservatives under <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Andrew Scheer</a> had 34.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-toronto_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toronto-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_federal_election">2021 federal election</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 Canadian federal election</a></div>
<p>On August 15, 2021, Trudeau advised Governor General <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a> to dissolve parliament, scheduling an election for September 20.<sup id="cite_ref-ctv081521_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctv081521-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election was called on the same day as the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a>. In the first two weeks of the campaign, Trudeau received criticism for not acting fast enough in the face of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">2021 Taliban offensive</a> to evacuate Canadian citizens and Afghans who supported Canada's military and diplomatic efforts during the <a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">War in Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the 2021 federal election, Trudeau secured a third mandate and his second minority government after winning 160 seats. However, the Liberals came in second in the national popular vote, behind the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They received 32.6 percent of the popular vote, the lowest percentage of the national popular vote for a governing party in Canadian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopper2_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopper2-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confidence_and_supply_agreement">Confidence and supply agreement</h4></div>
<p>On March 22, 2022, the Liberals and the NDP entered a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply agreement</a>. The agreement, in which the NDP committed to supporting the Liberals in all <a href="/wiki/Votes_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Votes of confidence">votes of confidence</a> for the duration of the 44th Parliament, included action towards key NDP priorities. The intent of the agreement was to avert any prospective early election prior to 2025 and to allow the minority Trudeau government to stay in power for the full four-year term of the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Among the policies included in the deal were the establishment of a national <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Dental_Care_Plan" title="Canadian Dental Care Plan">dental care program</a> for low-income Canadians, progress towards a national <a href="/wiki/Pharmacare" title="Pharmacare">pharmacare</a> program, labour reforms for federally regulated workers, and new taxes on financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2024, the two parties reached an impasse over pharmacare, putting the deal in jeopardy. The agreement called for the development of the <i>Canada Pharmacare Act</i> by the end of 2023, setting out a framework for the system; however, the NDP had agreed to extend the deadline to March 1 of the following year as negotiations became fraught. Major points of contention included the NDP's demand that the system be single-payer, as well as preliminary coverage for certain drugs prior to the implementation of the full system.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 23, the parties reached an agreement, salvaging the deal. The agreement provided coverage for diabetes and contraceptive drugs ahead of the full program's launch.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2024, the NDP pulled their support and ended the confidence and supply agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NDP leader <a href="/wiki/Jagmeet_Singh" title="Jagmeet Singh">Jagmeet Singh</a> said the Liberals had "let people down" and were "too weak, too selfish and too beholden to corporate interests" to fight for people,<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Trudeau stated he would continue to work for Canadians and not focus on politics.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 25, 2024, Trudeau survived a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no-confidence vote</a> brought by the Conservative Party.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3></div><p>
Trudeau was criticized by opposition members in November 2016 for his fundraising tactics, which they saw as "cash for access" schemes.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau attended fundraisers where attendees paid upwards of $1500 for access to him and other cabinet members.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, the events were attended by foreign businessmen who needed government approval for their businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau defended his fundraising tactics, saying that they were not in breach of any ethics rules. He also stated that he was lobbied at the fundraisers but not influenced.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Trudeau introduced legislation that would eliminate such exclusive events by requiring increased transparency for political fundraisers.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="663"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-State_Visit_of_Canadian_Prime_Minister_Justin_Trudeau_17_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau walks with US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> along the Colonnade to the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, March 10, 2016</figcaption></figure>
<p>In January 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_Commissioner_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics Commissioner (Canada)">ethics commissioner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Dawson_(civil_servant)" title="Mary Dawson (civil servant)">Mary Dawson</a>, began an investigation into Trudeau for a vacation he and his family took to <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Aga Khan IV</a>'s private island in the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-veconomist_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veconomist-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethics commissioner's report, released in December 2017, found that Trudeau had violated four provisions of the <i>Conflict of Interest Act</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the first sitting prime minister to break federal conflict of interest rules.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> had considered bringing criminal charges against Trudeau over the affair.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2018, Trudeau was criticized when his government invited <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistani nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaspal_Atwal" title="Jaspal Atwal">Jaspal Atwal</a> to the Canadian High Commission's dinner party in Delhi. Atwal had previously been convicted for the shooting and attempted murder of Indian Cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Malkiat_Singh_Sidhu" title="Malkiat Singh Sidhu">Malkiat Singh Sidhu</a> in 1986, as well as the assault on former BC premier <a href="/wiki/Ujjal_Dosanjh" title="Ujjal Dosanjh">Ujjal Dosanjh</a> in 1985. Following the dinner, the PMO rescinded the invitation, and apologized for the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SNC-Lavalin_affair">SNC-Lavalin affair</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin_affair" title="SNC-Lavalin affair">SNC-Lavalin affair</a></div>
<p>On February 8, 2019, <i>The Globe and Mail</i> reported that sources close to the government said that the Prime Minister's Office had allegedly attempted to influence <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_and_Attorney_General_of_Canada" title="Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Jody Wilson-Raybould</a> concerning an ongoing prosecution of <a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin" class="mw-redirect" title="SNC-Lavalin">SNC-Lavalin</a>. When asked about the allegations, Trudeau said that the story in the <i>Globe</i> was false and that he had never "directed" Wilson-Raybould concerning the case.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilson-Raybould did not comment on the matter, citing <a href="/wiki/Legal_professional_privilege" title="Legal professional privilege">solicitor-client privilege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, Trudeau voluntarily waived privilege and cabinet confidences, permitting her to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 11, the ethics commissioner announced the opening of an investigation into the allegations. Trudeau said he "welcomed the investigation".<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons_Standing_Committee_on_Justice_and_Human_Rights" title="Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights">Justice Committee</a> of the House of Commons has conducted a series of hearings on the alleged interference.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation heard from several witnesses, including Jody Wilson-Raybould, who submitted as evidence a telephone call she secretly recorded between herself and <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)">Privy Council Clerk</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wernick" title="Michael Wernick">Michael Wernick</a>, which was subsequently released to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the recording, Wernick is heard asking to understand why the "DPA route" is not being used, stating that people were "talking past each other", and suggesting Trudeau obtain independent legal advice from former Supreme Court chief justice <a href="/wiki/Beverley_McLachlin" title="Beverley McLachlin">Beverly McLachlin</a>. Wilson-Raybould is heard suggesting that Trudeau would be "breaching a constitutional principle of prosecutorial independence". On March 19, 2019, the Liberal committee members voted as a bloc to shut down the Justice Committee's investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau was the subject of an investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_Commissioner_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics Commissioner (Canada)">ethics commissioner</a>, pursuant to the <i>Conflict of Interest Act</i>, in regards to <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">criminal charges</a> against <a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin" class="mw-redirect" title="SNC-Lavalin">SNC-Lavalin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin_affair" title="SNC-Lavalin affair">SNC-Lavalin affair</a>. The commission's final report, issued August 14, 2019, concluded "Mr. Trudeau contravened section 9 of the Act".<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="WE_Charity_investigation">WE Charity investigation</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/WE_Charity_scandal" title="WE Charity scandal">WE Charity scandal</a></div>
<p>Following complaints by opposition parties that the Trudeau family had ties to <a href="/wiki/WE_Charity" title="WE Charity">WE Charity</a>, the ethics commissioner on July 3, 2020, announced an investigation into Trudeau's and the government's decision to have the charity administer a summer, student-grant program which could assist students financially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trudeau responded by saying WE was the charity that had the capability to administer such a program. WE and the federal government decided to "part ways" leaving administration of the grant program to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tasker1_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tasker1-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>WE Charity was criticized for its close ties to the Trudeau family; the investigation came after revelations that Trudeau's mother, brother, and wife were paid nearly $300,000 in total to speak at WE Charity events.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
On July 16, 2020, the ethics commissioner also announced the investigation was being expanded to include Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morneau" title="Bill Morneau">Bill Morneau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau was ultimately cleared of any wrongdoing by the ethics commissioner though Morneau was found to have broken the conflict of interest law.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Policies">Policies</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_Justin_Trudeau_government" title="Domestic policy of the Justin Trudeau government">Domestic policy of the Justin Trudeau government</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_(34569966804).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_%2834569966804%29.jpg/220px-Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_%2834569966804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_%2834569966804%29.jpg/220px-Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_%2834569966804%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_%2834569966804%29.jpg/330px-Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_%2834569966804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_%2834569966804%29.jpg/440px-Women_Deliver_2019_Conference_Location_Announcement_%2834569966804%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau with <a href="/wiki/Maryam_Monsef" title="Maryam Monsef">Maryam Monsef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Claude_Bibeau" title="Marie-Claude Bibeau">Marie-Claude Bibeau</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Women_Deliver" title="Women Deliver">2019 Women Deliver event</a> in Vancouver.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Trudeau government's <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a> initially relied on increased tax revenues to pay for increased government spending. While the government has not balanced the budget, it reduced Canada's <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a> every year until 2020, when the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a> hit.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau's self-described progressive and feminist <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a> has included strong advocacy for abortion rights.<sup id="cite_ref-HeatherSaul_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeatherSaul-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His government introduced the bill that made <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapies</a> illegal in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>After the 2015 election, Canada set targets to welcome an increased number of immigrants and refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-Syrians_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syrians-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Immigrants2018_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immigrants2018-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite warnings about the impact of increased immigration on housing and services, Trudeau's government allowed almost 1 million newcomers (permanent and temporary residents) in both 2022 and 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau initiated measures to combat housing inflation: Foreign buyers were banned and the Housing Accelerator Fund was created. In Sept 2023, Trudeau stated housing prices were "far too high", but, in May 2024, during an interview with <i>The Globe and Mail</i>, Trudeau said, "housing needs to retain its value."<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Trudeau touted his Child Benefit Program, claiming it had lifted 400,000 children out of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, food bank usage was at an all time high and more working people than ever were using food banks.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Canada introduced the right to <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_euthanasia" title="Voluntary euthanasia">medically-assisted dying</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">legalized cannabis for recreational use</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-WEED_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WEED-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Trudeau announced the creation of a national <a href="/wiki/Child_care_in_Canada" title="Child care in Canada">child care</a> plan with the intention of reducing <a href="/wiki/Day_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care">day care</a> fees for parents down to $10 a day per child within five years.<sup id="cite_ref-301" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2022, the Trudeau government announced that Canada would admit <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">500,000 immigrants per year</a> by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>His environmental policy included introducing new commitments to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30% before 2030, and to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-LucasPowers_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LucasPowers-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His main tool for reaching this target is a federal <a href="/wiki/Carbon_pricing_in_Canada" title="Carbon pricing in Canada">carbon pricing</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-iec_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iec-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau's parliament also adopted legislation for marine conservation,<sup id="cite_ref-Lake_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lake-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> banning six common <a href="/wiki/Single-use_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-use plastic">single-use plastic</a> products,<sup id="cite_ref-Hypocrisy_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hypocrisy-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and strengthening environmental impact assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-JoshKElliott_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoshKElliott-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau pledged to ban single use plastic in 2019. In the year 2022 his government announced a ban on producing and importing single use plastic from December 2022. The sale of those items will be banned from December 2023 and the export from 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Trudeau is in favour of oil and gas pipelines to bring Canadian fossil fuel resources to foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Swooning_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swooning-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Justin_Trudeau_government" title="Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government">Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Justin_Trudeau" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Justin Trudeau">List of international prime ministerial trips made by Justin Trudeau</a></div>
<p>In 2015, Trudeau told the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Magazine">New York Times Magazine</a></i> that Canada could be the "first <a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">postnational</a> state".<sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_(44348052040).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_%2844348052040%29.jpg/220px-Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_%2844348052040%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="1543"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_%2844348052040%29.jpg/220px-Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_%2844348052040%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_%2844348052040%29.jpg/330px-Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_%2844348052040%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_%2844348052040%29.jpg/440px-Cumbre_de_l%C3%ADderes_del_G20_%2844348052040%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau with US president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a>, after signing the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">CUSMA</a>, 2018.</figcaption></figure> 
<p>In 2016, Trudeau lifted visa requirements for Mexican citizens. Asylum claims by Mexicans grew from 110 in 2015 to 24,000 in 2023. Visas and some restrictions were reinstated in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2017, Trudeau wrote, "To those fleeing persecution, terror &amp; war, Canadians will welcome you, regardless of your faith. Diversity is our strength #WelcomeToCanada," on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. As a result, irregular border crossing increased, mainly at <a href="/wiki/Roxham_Road" title="Roxham Road">Roxham Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased strain on services in Quebec and Ontario, and criticism over the unsustainable influx of claimants, appeared to influence the decision to close Roxham Road in March 2023; however, the new terms of the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Safe_Third_Country_Agreement" title="Canada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement">Canada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement</a> (STCA) had been arranged the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After irregular border crossings were shut down, asylum claims surged at airports.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Trudeau enjoyed good relations with the "like-minded" <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States president</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite Trudeau's support for the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a>, which was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> president.<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau's first foreign policy challenges included follow-through on his campaign promise to withdraw Canadian air support from the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a><sup id="cite_ref-Iraq/Syria_trainers,_aid_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iraq/Syria_trainers,_aid-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to welcome 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Refugees">Syrian war refugees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-revisedgoal_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revisedgoal-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
When Donald Trump became president, <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada-US relations</a> deteriorated. The Trump administration forced the renegotiation of <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/USMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="USMCA">CUSMA</a>, in which Canada made significant concessions in allowing increased imports of American <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, weakening Canada's dairy <a href="/wiki/Supply_management_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply management (Canada)">supply management</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canada_ratification_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada_ratification-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donald Trump also implemented <a href="/wiki/Trump_tariffs" title="Trump tariffs">tariffs</a> on Canadian <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, to which Trudeau retaliated by imposing tariffs on American steel, aluminum and a variety of other American products.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe229_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe229-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau,_Volodymyr_Zelensky_(2022-05-08)_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Justin_Trudeau%2C_Volodymyr_Zelensky_%282022-05-08%29_06.jpg/220px-Justin_Trudeau%2C_Volodymyr_Zelensky_%282022-05-08%29_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Justin_Trudeau%2C_Volodymyr_Zelensky_%282022-05-08%29_06.jpg/220px-Justin_Trudeau%2C_Volodymyr_Zelensky_%282022-05-08%29_06.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Justin_Trudeau%2C_Volodymyr_Zelensky_%282022-05-08%29_06.jpg/330px-Justin_Trudeau%2C_Volodymyr_Zelensky_%282022-05-08%29_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Justin_Trudeau%2C_Volodymyr_Zelensky_%282022-05-08%29_06.jpg/440px-Justin_Trudeau%2C_Volodymyr_Zelensky_%282022-05-08%29_06.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Amid the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, Trudeau visited <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and met President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> on May 8, 2022</figcaption></figure>
<p>Canada's relationship with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> also deteriorated during Trudeau's time as prime minister. The turmoil led to the <a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_Meng_Wanzhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrest of Meng Wanzhou">arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport" title="Vancouver International Airport">Vancouver International Airport</a> in December 2018 at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Michael_Spavor_and_Michael_Kovrig" title="Detention of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig">arrest of Michael Spavor and Michael Kovrig</a> in China 12 days later.<sup id="cite_ref-325" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau appointed Liberal advisor, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Barton" title="Dominic Barton">Dominic Barton</a> (<a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey &amp; Company">McKinsey &amp; Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Century_Initiative" title="Century Initiative">Century Initiative</a>) ambassador to China in 2019. While Barton negotiated the release of Spavor and Kovrig, Canada-China trade reached historic highs. Barton resigned in December 2021, "amidst growing pressure from...President Joe Biden for Ottawa to take a tougher stance with Beijing."<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Wanzhou, Spavor and Kovrig were released at the exact same time in September 2021, many observers speculated they were exchanged as part of a deal between the United States and China.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau greeted Spavor and Kovrig at the airport upon their repatriation. In 2024, Spavor was awarded $7 million in compensation for his arrest and detainment. Although Trudeau repeatedly claimed the two were arbitrarily targeted, it was later reported Spavor had unwittingly participated in espionage by sharing information on North Korea with Kovrig who then passed it onto the Canadian government.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In a similar fashion, Canada's relationship with Saudi Arabia was also put under strain, as human rights groups called on Trudeau to stop selling military equipment to that country under a deal struck by the Harper government. In 2018, Saudi Arabia recalled its Canadian ambassador and froze trade with the country in response to Canada's call for the Saudis to release opposition blogger <a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Raif Badawi</a>. However, in 2019, Canada doubled its weapons sales to Saudi Arabia, despite a "moratorium on export permits following the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Killing of Jamal Khashoggi">killing of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi</a> and mounting civilian deaths from the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2023, Trudeau said that the government of Canada had "credible intelligence" that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">government of India</a> was involved in the killing of a Canadian citizen, <a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Nijjar" title="Hardeep Singh Nijjar">Hardeep Singh Nijjar</a>, outside a <a href="/wiki/Sikh_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh temple">Sikh temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surrey,_British_Columbia" title="Surrey, British Columbia">Surrey</a>. This episode caused a rapid deterioration of <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">Canada–India relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2020, Canada lost its bid to join the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. This was the second time Canada had failed an attempt to join the Security Council, the first time being in 2009 under Prime Minister Stephen Harper.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In October 7, 2023, Trudeau condemned <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>' actions during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> and expressed his support to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and its right to self-defence.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 24, he rejected calls for a ceasefire but said he supported "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to the people of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 12, in a joint statement with the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister of New Zealand</a>, Trudeau called for a "sustainable ceasefire" in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-335" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6">
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trudeau_family" title="Trudeau family">Trudeau family</a></div>
<p>Trudeau first met <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Grégoire">Sophie Grégoire</a> when they were both children growing up in Montreal; Grégoire was a classmate and childhood friend of Trudeau's youngest brother, Michel.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Family_Album_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Family_Album-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reconnected as adults in June 2003, when Grégoire, by then a Quebec television personality, was assigned as Trudeau's co-host for a charity ball; they began dating several months later. Trudeau and Grégoire became engaged in October 2004 and married on May 28, 2005, in a ceremony at Montreal's Sainte-Madeleine d'Outremont Church.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc2005_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc2005-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have three children: a boy, Xavier, born in 2007, a girl, Ella-Grace, born in 2009, and a boy, Hadrien, born in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-338" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg/220px-Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="2134"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg/220px-Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg/330px-Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg/440px-Justin_and_Sophie_Trudeau_-_Global_Citizen_Festival_Hamburg_08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Trudeau with his wife <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Gr%C3%A9goire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Grégoire">Sophie Grégoire</a> at the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Global_Citizen_Festival" title="Global Citizen Festival">Global Citizen Festival</a> in Hamburg on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/2017_G20_Hamburg_summit" title="2017 G20 Hamburg summit">G20 Hamburg summit</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In June 2013, two months after Trudeau became the leader of the Liberal Party, the couple sold their home in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges" title="Côte-des-Neiges">Côte-des-Neiges</a> neighbourhood of Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_Move_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_Move-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began living in a rented home in Ottawa's <a href="/wiki/Rockcliffe_Park" title="Rockcliffe Park">Rockcliffe Park</a>, the neighbourhood near where Trudeau resided as a child during his father's time as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_Move_339-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_Move-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On August 18, 2014, an intruder broke into the house while Grégoire and the couple's three children were sleeping and left a threatening note; however, nothing was stolen and there was no damage to the property. Following the incident, Trudeau, who was in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> at the time of the break-in, stated his intention to inquire with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police about his home security.<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his 2015 electoral victory, Trudeau opted to live at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Cottage" title="Rideau Cottage">Rideau Cottage</a>, on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rideau_Cottage_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rideau_Cottage-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On August 2, 2023, Trudeau announced he and Grégoire had separated.<sup id="cite_ref-342" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 21, Trudeau said he was focusing on his children and the future.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>
<p>Trudeau's father was a devout <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-Memoir_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoir-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his mother converted from <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglicanism</a> to Catholicism just before their wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau himself became a <a href="/wiki/Lapsed_Catholic" title="Lapsed Catholic">lapsed Catholic</a> at age 18, as he felt that much of his day-to-day life was not addressed by the formality and structure of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottawa_Citizen1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_Citizen1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longhurst_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longhurst-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trudeau described his faith during this period as "like so many Catholics across this country, I said, 'OK, I'm Catholic, I'm of faith, but I'm just not really going to go to church. Maybe on Easter, maybe <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">midnight Mass</a> at Christmas.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-Ottawa_Citizen1_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_Citizen1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longhurst_346-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longhurst-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of his brother Michel in 1998, Trudeau was persuaded by a friend to participate in an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_course" title="Alpha course">Alpha course</a>, during which he regained his faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottawa_Citizen1_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottawa_Citizen1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Longhurst_346-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longhurst-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Trudeau stated, "My own personal faith is an extremely important part of who I am and the values that I try to lead with."<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7">
<div style="text-align: center">
<p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/100px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/100px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/150px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/200px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_(Francophonie).gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/110px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/110px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif" data-width="110" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/165px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span>
</p>
</div>
<table class="wikitable">

<tbody><tr style="background:silver; text-align:center;">
<td>Ribbon</td>
<td>Description</td>
<td>Notes
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/100px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/100px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/150px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg/200px-QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal</a> for Canada</td>
<td>
<ul><li>February 6, 2012: As an elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>, Trudeau was awarded the medal as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_(Francophonie).gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/110px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/110px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif" data-width="110" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif/165px-Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Ordre_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade_%28Francophonie%29.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></td>
<td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_La_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="Order of La Pléiade">Order of La Pléiade</a></td>
<td>
<ul><li>June 19, 2019: Trudeau received this honorary award from the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">International Organization of La Francophonie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-349" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<dl><dt>Honorary degrees</dt></dl>
<table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;">

<tbody><tr>
<th style="width:20%;">Location
</th>
<th style="width:20%;">Date
</th>
<th style="width:40%;">School
</th>
<th style="width:20%;">Degree
</th>
<th style="width:20%;">Gave commencement address
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>&nbsp;</span>Scotland</td>
<td><b>July 5, 2017</b></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td>
<td>Doctorate</td>
<td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-350" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span>&nbsp;</span>New York</td>
<td><b>May 16, 2018</b></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D)</td>
<td>Yes<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Justin_Trudeau" title="Electoral history of Justin Trudeau">Electoral history of Justin Trudeau</a></div>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9">
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau2014" class="citation book cs1">Trudeau, Justin (October 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/893647393"><i>Common Ground</i></a>. Toronto, Ontario: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-3337-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-3337-2"><bdi>978-1-4434-3337-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893647393">893647393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Common+Ground&amp;rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+Ltd&amp;rft.date=2014-10-20&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893647393&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4434-3337-2&amp;rft.aulast=Trudeau&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F893647393&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10">
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cabinet position was titled "minister of infrastructure, communities and intergovernmental affairs".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LeBlanc succeeded Trudeau in the Cabinet position, but with the title "minister of intergovernmental and northern affairs and internal trade".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">MP</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/Justinpierrejamestrudeau.ogg\/Justinpierrejamestrudeau.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Justinpierrejamestrudeau.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/e/ea/Justinpierrejamestrudeau.ogg/Justinpierrejamestrudeau.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinpierrejamestrudeau.ogg" title="File:Justinpierrejamestrudeau.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TROO</span>-doh, troo-<span style="font-size:90%">DOH</span></i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒystɛ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>pjɛʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒɛms<span class="wrap"> </span>tʁydo]</a></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-salary-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-salary_3-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries">"Indemnities, Salaries and Allowances"</a>. <i>Library of Parliament</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712224652/https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Salaries">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Library+of+Parliament&amp;rft.atitle=Indemnities%2C+Salaries+and+Allowances&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2Fsites%2FParlInfo%2Fdefault%2Fen_CA%2FPeople%2FSalaries&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1971" class="citation news cs1">Griffin, Eugene (March 6, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/03/06/page/4/article/trudeaus-bride-takes-all-by-surprise">"Trudeau's Bride Takes All by Surprise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. Chicago Tribune Press Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305151655/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1971/03/06/page/4/article/trudeaus-bride-takes-all-by-surprise/">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%27s+Bride+Takes+All+by+Surprise&amp;rft.date=1971-03-06&amp;rft.aulast=Griffin&amp;rft.aufirst=Eugene&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1971%2F03%2F06%2Fpage%2F4%2Farticle%2Ftrudeaus-bride-takes-all-by-surprise&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=twwuAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1854%2C4731550">"Rumors confirmed: Mrs. Trudeau expecting, due December"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal Gazette">Montreal Gazette</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. June 24, 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502044935/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=twwuAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1854,4731550">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Montreal+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Rumors+confirmed%3A+Mrs.+Trudeau+expecting%2C+due+December&amp;rft.date=1971-06-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DtwwuAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1854%252C4731550&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VrYyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3710%2C10082">"Civic doctor for Margaret"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. December 1, 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218063645/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VrYyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3710,10082">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Civic+doctor+for+Margaret&amp;rft.date=1971-12-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DVrYyAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3710%252C10082&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownie1971" class="citation news cs1">Downie, Jim (December 28, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&amp;dat=19711224&amp;id=MZA0AAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3055,3625264&amp;hl=en">"Justin just like dad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125194358/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&amp;dat=19711224&amp;id=MZA0AAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3055,3625264&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+just+like+dad&amp;rft.date=1971-12-28&amp;rft.aulast=Downie&amp;rft.aufirst=Jim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2194%26dat%3D19711224%26id%3DMZA0AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3055%2C3625264%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BXdSAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4654,4743756&amp;dq=justin+trudeau+john+a+macdonald+born&amp;hl=en">"Welcome, Justin Trudeau"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. December 31, 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502044935/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BXdSAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4654,4743756&amp;dq=justin+trudeau+john+a+macdonald+born&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Welcome%2C+Justin+Trudeau&amp;rft.date=1971-12-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DBXdSAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4654%2C4743756%26dq%3Djustin%2Btrudeau%2Bjohn%2Ba%2Bmacdonald%2Bborn%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-English2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-English2007_10-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2007" class="citation book cs1">English, John (August 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNuHfl3U4fUC&amp;pg=PA205"><i>Citizen of the World: The Life of Pierre Elliott Trudeau Volume One: 1919–1968</i></a>. Knopf Canada. pp.&nbsp;205–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97522-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-676-97522-2"><bdi>978-0-676-97522-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731194203/http://books.google.com/books?id=jNuHfl3U4fUC&amp;pg=PA205">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Citizen+of+the+World%3A+The+Life+of+Pierre+Elliott+Trudeau+Volume+One%3A+1919%E2%80%931968&amp;rft.pages=205-&amp;rft.pub=Knopf+Canada&amp;rft.date=2007-08-28&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-676-97522-2&amp;rft.aulast=English&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNuHfl3U4fUC%26pg%3DPA205&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perche-quebec.com/justin-trudeau/individus/justin-trudeau-en.htm">"The ancestry of Justin Trudeau"</a>. <i>perche-quebec.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926131135/https://www.perche-quebec.com/justin-trudeau/individus/justin-trudeau-en.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=perche-quebec.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+ancestry+of+Justin+Trudeau&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perche-quebec.com%2Fjustin-trudeau%2Findividus%2Fjustin-trudeau-en.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1797431899">"Pierre Trudeau toughens up"</a>. <i>CBC Digital Archives</i>. January 9, 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118221347/http://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1797431899">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+Digital+Archives&amp;rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau+toughens+up&amp;rft.date=1994-01-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fplayer%2Fplay%2F1797431899&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-surprised_wedding-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-surprised_wedding_13-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/colleagues-family-discuss-secret-trudeau-wedding">"Colleagues, family discuss secret Trudeau wedding"</a>. <i>CBC Digital Archives</i>. March 5, 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106142854/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/colleagues-family-discuss-secret-trudeau-wedding">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+Digital+Archives&amp;rft.atitle=Colleagues%2C+family+discuss+secret+Trudeau+wedding&amp;rft.date=1971-03-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fentry%2Fcolleagues-family-discuss-secret-trudeau-wedding&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508193255/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=d59901cd-17d4-4346-9114-11a9957eaea7&amp;Language=E&amp;Section=ALL">"SINCLAIR, The Hon. James, P.C."</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/Files/Parliamentarian.aspx?Item=d59901cd-17d4-4346-9114-11a9957eaea7&amp;Language=E&amp;Section=ALL">the original</a> on May 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SINCLAIR%2C+The+Hon.+James%2C+P.C.&amp;rft.pub=Parliament+of+Canada&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2Fparlinfo%2FFiles%2FParliamentarian.aspx%3FItem%3Dd59901cd-17d4-4346-9114-11a9957eaea7%26Language%3DE%26Section%3DALL&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mother-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mother_15-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/whodoyouthinkyouare/2012/09/margaret-trudeau.html">"Margaret Trudeau"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130109022600/http://www.cbc.ca/whodoyouthinkyouare/2012/09/margaret-trudeau.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+Television&amp;rft.atitle=Margaret+Trudeau&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fwhodoyouthinkyouare%2F2012%2F09%2Fmargaret-trudeau.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/immigration-records/passenger-lists/passenger-lists-1865-1922/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=15662&amp;">"Passenger lists of the AORANGI arriving in Vancouver, British Columbia on 1906-06"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a></i>. February 17, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104025049/http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/immigration/immigration-records/passenger-lists/passenger-lists-1865-1922/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=15662&amp;">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Library+and+Archives+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=Passenger+lists+of+the+AORANGI+arriving+in+Vancouver%2C+British+Columbia+on+1906-06&amp;rft.date=2016-02-17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bac-lac.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fdiscover%2Fimmigration%2Fimmigration-records%2Fpassenger-lists%2Fpassenger-lists-1865-1922%2FPages%2Fitem.aspx%3FIdNumber%3D15662%26&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGartland2017" class="citation news cs1">Gartland, Fiona (June 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/rebel-roots-justin-trudeau-s-irish-ancestry-from-co-cork-revealed-1.3143429">"Rebel roots: Justin Trudeau's Irish ancestry from Co Cork revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007122106/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/rebel-roots-justin-trudeau-s-irish-ancestry-from-co-cork-revealed-1.3143429">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Rebel+roots%3A+Justin+Trudeau%27s+Irish+ancestry+from+Co+Cork+revealed&amp;rft.date=2017-06-04&amp;rft.aulast=Gartland&amp;rft.aufirst=Fiona&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Frebel-roots-justin-trudeau-s-irish-ancestry-from-co-cork-revealed-1.3143429&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2017" class="citation news cs1">O'Mahony, Kieran (July 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernstar.ie/news/roundup/articles/2017/07/10/4142853-bandon-claims-trudeau-justin-time">"Bandon claims Trudeau Just-In time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Southern_Star_(County_Cork)" title="The Southern Star (County Cork)">The Southern Star</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505204737/http://www.southernstar.ie/news/roundup/articles/2017/07/10/4142853-bandon-claims-trudeau-justin-time">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Southern+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Bandon+claims+Trudeau+Just-In+time&amp;rft.date=2017-07-10&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&amp;rft.aufirst=Kieran&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernstar.ie%2Fnews%2Froundup%2Farticles%2F2017%2F07%2F10%2F4142853-bandon-claims-trudeau-justin-time&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bandon-genealogy.com/Bernards_of_Palace_Anne.htm">"The Bernards of Palace Anne"</a>. <i>Bandon Cork Ancestors and Genealogy Heritage Roots Ireland</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407000801/http://www.bandon-genealogy.com/Bernards_of_Palace_Anne.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Bandon+Cork+Ancestors+and+Genealogy+Heritage+Roots+Ireland&amp;rft.atitle=The+Bernards+of+Palace+Anne&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bandon-genealogy.com%2FBernards_of_Palace_Anne.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSin2018" class="citation news cs1">Sin, Yuen (November 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/canadian-prime-minister-justin-trudeau-traces-family-links-to-singapore-at-fort-canning">"Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau traces family links to Singapore at Fort Canning Park"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121055654/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/canadian-prime-minister-justin-trudeau-traces-family-links-to-singapore-at-fort-canning">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Canadian+Prime+Minister+Justin+Trudeau+traces+family+links+to+Singapore+at+Fort+Canning+Park&amp;rft.date=2018-11-15&amp;rft.aulast=Sin&amp;rft.aufirst=Yuen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fcanadian-prime-minister-justin-trudeau-traces-family-links-to-singapore-at-fort-canning&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> was not above sneering at Farquhar's Malay wife and the children by her he had acknowledged. 'The Maya connexion', he termed them archly."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarley1991" class="citation book cs1">Barley, Nigel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=159wAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Duke of Puddle Dock: Travels in the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles</i></a>. Great Britain: Viking. p.&nbsp;242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670836420" title="Special:BookSources/9780670836420"><bdi>9780670836420</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116003242/https://books.google.com/books?id=159wAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Puddle+Dock%3A+Travels+in+the+Footsteps+of+Stamford+Raffles&amp;rft.place=Great+Britain&amp;rft.pages=242&amp;rft.pub=Viking&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=9780670836420&amp;rft.aulast=Barley&amp;rft.aufirst=Nigel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D159wAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2005" class="citation book cs1">Ford, D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:78037"><i>The world of Antoinette Clement: Colonial mistress</i></a>. Australia: University of Queensland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002318/http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ%3A78037">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+world+of+Antoinette+Clement%3A+Colonial+mistress&amp;rft.place=Australia&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Queensland&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Ford&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A78037&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHedemann1994" class="citation book cs1">Hedemann, Nancy Oakley (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oNpIAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Scottish-Hawaiian story: the Purvis family in the Sandwich Islands</i></a>. Book Crafters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780964402003" title="Special:BookSources/9780964402003"><bdi>9780964402003</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116033621/https://books.google.com/books?id=oNpIAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Scottish-Hawaiian+story%3A+the+Purvis+family+in+the+Sandwich+Islands&amp;rft.pub=Book+Crafters&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=9780964402003&amp;rft.aulast=Hedemann&amp;rft.aufirst=Nancy+Oakley&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoNpIAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas-Home1996" class="citation book cs1">Douglas-Home, Jessica (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LogHAQAAMAAJ"><i>Violet: The Life and Loves of Violet Gordon Woodhouse</i></a>. Harvill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860462696" title="Special:BookSources/9781860462696"><bdi>9781860462696</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116051226/https://books.google.com/books?id=LogHAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Violet%3A+The+Life+and+Loves+of+Violet+Gordon+Woodhouse&amp;rft.pub=Harvill+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=9781860462696&amp;rft.aulast=Douglas-Home&amp;rft.aufirst=Jessica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLogHAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2011" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Artemis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYAKPntbPi4C"><i>Writing at the Kitchen Table: The Authorized Biography of Elizabeth David</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber &amp; Faber">Faber &amp; Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571279777" title="Special:BookSources/9780571279777"><bdi>9780571279777</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170115170748/https://books.google.com/books?id=cYAKPntbPi4C">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Writing+at+the+Kitchen+Table%3A+The+Authorized+Biography+of+Elizabeth+David&amp;rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=9780571279777&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Artemis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYAKPntbPi4C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2015" class="citation news cs1">Gillespie, Mike (January 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/44484158">"It's 'Justin Pierre James' – Trudeau baby baptized"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ottawa_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ottawa Journal">The Ottawa Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117070849/http://www.newspapers.com/image/44484158">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Justin remained perfectly quiet when the prime minister and his wife took their places in the baptistry, accompanied by Mr. Trudeau's niece, Marie Anne Rouleau-Danis, and a stand-in for Thomas Walker, the PM's brother-in-law, who, along, with Mrs. Roulea-Danis, are the baby's godparents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=It%27s+%27Justin+Pierre+James%27+%E2%80%93+Trudeau+baby+baptized&amp;rft.date=2015-01-17&amp;rft.aulast=Gillespie&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F44484158&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatling2016" class="citation news cs1">Catling, Len (May 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gothunderbirds.ca/news/2016/5/18/football-o-connor-returns-home-to-ottawa-meets-prime-minister.aspx">"O'Connor returns home to Ottawa, meets Prime Minister"</a>. The University of British Columbia Athletic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916054454/http://www.gothunderbirds.ca/news/2016/5/18/football-o-connor-returns-home-to-ottawa-meets-prime-minister.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"My uncle played for the Lions," replied the Prime Minister. "Tom Walker played for them." The Prime Minister is referring to defensive tackle Tom Walker, who donned BC Lions colours in the early sixities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=O%27Connor+returns+home+to+Ottawa%2C+meets+Prime+Minister&amp;rft.date=2016-05-18&amp;rft.aulast=Catling&amp;rft.aufirst=Len&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gothunderbirds.ca%2Fnews%2F2016%2F5%2F18%2Ffootball-o-connor-returns-home-to-ottawa-meets-prime-minister.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&amp;dat=19720117&amp;id=zcZOAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1937,5989636&amp;hl=en">"Canada Premier's Son Christened in Ottawa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blade (Toledo)">The Blade</a></i>. Reuters. January 17, 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022141321/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&amp;dat=19720117&amp;id=zcZOAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1937%2C5989636&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Blade&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+Premier%27s+Son+Christened+in+Ottawa&amp;rft.date=1972-01-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1350%26dat%3D19720117%26id%3DzcZOAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1937%2C5989636%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Grafstein_2019_p._1-PT102-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grafstein_2019_p._1-PT102_29-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafstein2019" class="citation book cs1">Grafstein, J.S. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFYEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PT102"><i>A Leader Must Be a Leader: Encounters With Eleven Prime Ministers</i></a>. Mosaic Press. p.&nbsp;1-PT102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77161-409-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77161-409-2"><bdi>978-1-77161-409-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209211803/https://books.google.com/books?id=rFYEEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PT102#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Leader+Must+Be+a+Leader%3A+Encounters+With+Eleven+Prime+Ministers&amp;rft.pages=1-PT102&amp;rft.pub=Mosaic+Press&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-77161-409-2&amp;rft.aulast=Grafstein&amp;rft.aufirst=J.S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrFYEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PT102&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tJBPAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1625%2C990999">"Nixon, Trudeau sign treaty: Great Lakes cleanup is multi-billion job"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bryan_Times" title="The Bryan Times">The Bryan Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. April 15, 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022141318/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tJBPAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1625%2C990999">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Bryan+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Nixon%2C+Trudeau+sign+treaty%3A+Great+Lakes+cleanup+is+multi-billion+job&amp;rft.date=1972-04-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DtJBPAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1625%252C990999&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j6NUAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6898%2C772477">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Snoopy' gift from Nixon's"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Record_(Washington)" title="Daily Record (Washington)">Daily Record</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. April 15, 1972. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021232314/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=j6NUAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6898%2C772477">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Daily+Record&amp;rft.atitle=%27Snoopy%27+gift+from+Nixon%27s&amp;rft.date=1972-04-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dj6NUAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6898%252C772477&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuvinsky2015" class="citation news cs1">Ruvinsky, Auren (November 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pqbnews.com/news/344832482.html">"Parksville man discusses scene around some baby pictures he took of Justin Trudeau"</a>. <i>Parksville Qualicum Beach News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034956/http://www.pqbnews.com/news/344832482.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Parksville+Qualicum+Beach+News&amp;rft.atitle=Parksville+man+discusses+scene+around+some+baby+pictures+he+took+of+Justin+Trudeau&amp;rft.date=2015-11-10&amp;rft.aulast=Ruvinsky&amp;rft.aufirst=Auren&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pqbnews.com%2Fnews%2F344832482.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/28/archives/trudeaus-separate-he-keeps-children-trudeau-and-his-wife-separate.html">"Trudeaus Separate; He Keeps Children (Published 1977)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. May 28, 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011005159/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/28/archives/trudeaus-separate-he-keeps-children-trudeau-and-his-wife-separate.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Trudeau and his wife jointly announce they have separated and that Mr Trudeau will have custody of their 3 sons; ...MrsTrudeau would have "generous access" to the children, Justin, 5 years old, Sacha, 4, and Michel, 1.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeaus+Separate%3B+He+Keeps+Children+%28Published+1977%29&amp;rft.date=1977-05-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F05%2F28%2Farchives%2Ftrudeaus-separate-he-keeps-children-trudeau-and-his-wife-separate.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara1979" class="citation news cs1">O'Hara, Jane (December 3, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/when-pierre-put-his-boys-first">"When Pierre put his boys first"</a>. <i>Maclean's Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204075456/http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/when-pierre-put-his-boys-first/">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=When+Pierre+put+his+boys+first&amp;rft.date=1979-12-03&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Hara&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa%2Fwhen-pierre-put-his-boys-first&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19840405&amp;id=9gowAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6489,1184177&amp;hl=en">"Trudeaus' divorce has become final: Report"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. April 5, 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022081101/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19840405&amp;id=9gowAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6489%2C1184177&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeaus%27+divorce+has+become+final%3A+Report&amp;rft.date=1984-04-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1946%26dat%3D19840405%26id%3D9gowAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6489%2C1184177%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WoodgerBurg2006-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WoodgerBurg2006_36-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElin_WoodgerDavid_F._Burg2006" class="citation book cs1">Elin Woodger; David F. Burg (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uV9S7TCG2VYC&amp;pg=PA414"><i>The 1980s</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p.&nbsp;414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5809-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5809-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731195713/http://books.google.com/books?id=uV9S7TCG2VYC&amp;pg=PA414">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+1980s&amp;rft.pages=414&amp;rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2006-03&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5809-9&amp;rft.au=Elin+Woodger&amp;rft.au=David+F.+Burg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuV9S7TCG2VYC%26pg%3DPA414&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaver1979" class="citation news cs1">Laver, Ross (October 31, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&amp;dat=19771031&amp;id=970yAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6187,11452806&amp;hl=en">"Nostalgic nanny"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218063622/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&amp;dat=19771031&amp;id=970yAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6187,11452806&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Nostalgic+nanny&amp;rft.date=1979-10-31&amp;rft.aulast=Laver&amp;rft.aufirst=Ross&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2194%26dat%3D19771031%26id%3D970yAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6187%2C11452806%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampion-Smith2009" class="citation news cs1">Campion-Smith, Bruce (June 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/07/20/justin_on_growing_up_trudeau.html">"Justin on growing up Trudeau"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107221601/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2009/07/20/justin_on_growing_up_trudeau.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+on+growing+up+Trudeau&amp;rft.date=2009-06-20&amp;rft.aulast=Campion-Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2009%2F07%2F20%2Fjustin_on_growing_up_trudeau.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnzalone2008" class="citation news cs1">Anzalone, Charles (February 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bphope.com/margaret-trudeau-forgiveness-gratitude-wisdom">"Margaret Trudeau: Forgiveness, gratitude, wisdom"</a>. bpHope. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104055209/http://www.bphope.com/margaret-trudeau-forgiveness-gratitude-wisdom/">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Margaret+Trudeau%3A+Forgiveness%2C+gratitude%2C+wisdom&amp;rft.date=2008-02-08&amp;rft.aulast=Anzalone&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bphope.com%2Fmargaret-trudeau-forgiveness-gratitude-wisdom&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopplewell2010" class="citation news cs1">Popplewell, Brett (November 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/11/24/pierre_trudeaus_daughter_sarah_lives_under_the_radar.html">"Pierre Trudeau's daughter, Sarah, lives under the radar"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104234827/http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2010/11/24/pierre_trudeaus_daughter_sarah_lives_under_the_radar.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Pierre+Trudeau%27s+daughter%2C+Sarah%2C+lives+under+the+radar&amp;rft.date=2010-11-24&amp;rft.aulast=Popplewell&amp;rft.aufirst=Brett&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2010%2F11%2F24%2Fpierre_trudeaus_daughter_sarah_lives_under_the_radar.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19790616&amp;id=rIIuAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5217,63340&amp;hl=en">"Stornoway changes to cost $65,000"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. June 16, 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303033913/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19790616&amp;id=rIIuAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5217,63340&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Stornoway+changes+to+cost+%2465%2C000&amp;rft.date=1979-06-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1946%26dat%3D19790616%26id%3DrIIuAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5217%2C63340%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanigan1979" class="citation news cs1">Janigan, Mary (September 6, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19790906&amp;id=y4w1AAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3456,1816135&amp;hl=en">"The new Trudeau: A beard holds the key"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125194400/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19790906&amp;id=y4w1AAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3456,1816135&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=The+new+Trudeau%3A+A+beard+holds+the+key&amp;rft.date=1979-09-06&amp;rft.aulast=Janigan&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1946%26dat%3D19790906%26id%3Dy4w1AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3456%2C1816135%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3K4yAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4371%2C24947">"Maggie house hunting?"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>. September 11, 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126095206/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3K4yAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4371%2C24947">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Maggie+house+hunting%3F&amp;rft.date=1979-09-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D3K4yAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4371%252C24947&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrobel1979" class="citation news cs1">Strobel, Mike (September 27, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/42950191">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Burgh' accepts Maggie's move"</a>. <i>The Ottawa Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117105150/http://www.newspapers.com/image/42950191/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=%27Burgh%27+accepts+Maggie%27s+move&amp;rft.date=1979-09-27&amp;rft.aulast=Strobel&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F42950191&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19800220&amp;id=t1sxAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1441,3942042&amp;hl=en">"It's all yours next week, Clark tells a victorious Trudeau"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. February 20, 1980. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304012023/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19800220&amp;id=t1sxAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1441,3942042&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=It%27s+all+yours+next+week%2C+Clark+tells+a+victorious+Trudeau&amp;rft.date=1980-02-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1946%26dat%3D19800220%26id%3Dt1sxAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1441%2C3942042%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooker1983" class="citation news cs1">Brooker, Deborah (February 9, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ouhfAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1352%2C4315355">"Margaret Trudeau today: a TV career, a new man – and her kids"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303021015/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ouhfAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=1352%2C4315355">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Q: I understand you insisted that the children attend a public school. A: Pierre wanted them from the beginning to go to a French Lycée to get a very academic education. I held out, and was able to give good arguments. Pierre has certainly agreed that they've done very well in school. They are all in French immersion, and are quite bilingual. They attend a local public school, and they're just normal little kids doing all the fun things of elementary years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Margaret+Trudeau+today%3A+a+TV+career%2C+a+new+man+%E2%80%93+and+her+kids&amp;rft.date=1983-02-09&amp;rft.aulast=Brooker&amp;rft.aufirst=Deborah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DouhfAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1352%252C4315355&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2015" class="citation news cs1">Coyle, Jim (October 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreader.com/similar/283055528255552">"Growing up in the public eye"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209211844/https://www.pressreader.com/similar/283055528255552">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Growing+up+in+the+public+eye&amp;rft.date=2015-10-17&amp;rft.aulast=Coyle&amp;rft.aufirst=Jim&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fsimilar%2F283055528255552&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z08xAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7008%2C1156226">"Schreyer children to get bodyguards"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. The Canadian Press. January 12, 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303203226/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z08xAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=7008%2C1156226">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2015</span>. <q>A team of plainclothes RCMP officers spring into action the moment Trudeau's two oldest boys leave 24 Sussex Drive and hop on the school bus. The officers do not rest until their charges are returned home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Schreyer+children+to+get+bodyguards&amp;rft.date=1979-01-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DZ08xAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7008%252C1156226&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampson1979" class="citation news cs1">Hampson, Beatrice (November 22, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&amp;dat=19791122&amp;id=uKMyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5405,1184015&amp;hl=en">"Pierre-like shrug Justin's reaction"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022204023/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&amp;dat=19791122&amp;id=uKMyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5405%2C1184015&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Pierre-like+shrug+Justin%27s+reaction&amp;rft.date=1979-11-22&amp;rft.aulast=Hampson&amp;rft.aufirst=Beatrice&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2194%26dat%3D19791122%26id%3DuKMyAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5405%2C1184015%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118012542/http://www.manitoulin.ca/2015/10/21/perivale-gallery-owner-taught-new-pm/">"Shannon McMullan was Justin Trudeau's grade school teacher"</a>. <i>The Manitoulin Expositor</i>. October 21, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manitoulin.ca/2015/10/21/perivale-gallery-owner-taught-new-pm">the original</a> on November 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Manitoulin+Expositor&amp;rft.atitle=Shannon+McMullan+was+Justin+Trudeau%27s+grade+school+teacher&amp;rft.date=2015-10-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manitoulin.ca%2F2015%2F10%2F21%2Fperivale-gallery-owner-taught-new-pm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ottawa_Citizen1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottawa_Citizen1_51-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottawa_Citizen1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottawa_Citizen1_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottawa_Citizen1_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2014" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Mark (October 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/q-and-a-justin-trudeau-in-his-own-words">"Q and A: Justin Trudeau in his own words"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124083959/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/q-and-a-justin-trudeau-in-his-own-words">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Q+and+A%3A+Justin+Trudeau+in+his+own+words&amp;rft.date=2014-10-18&amp;rft.aulast=Kennedy&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fq-and-a-justin-trudeau-in-his-own-words&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCharles2000" class="citation news cs1">MacCharles, Tonda (October 5, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.gossip.celebrities/QfESiq63tIA">"Spotlight on Justin sparks talk of dynasty"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160317214716/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!topic/rec.sport.rugby.union/3CRJPEyFCaA#!topic/alt.gossip.celebrities/QfESiq63tIA">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Spotlight+on+Justin+sparks+talk+of+dynasty&amp;rft.date=2000-10-05&amp;rft.aulast=MacCharles&amp;rft.aufirst=Tonda&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%23%21topic%2Falt.gossip.celebrities%2FQfESiq63tIA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Camp_Ahmek-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camp_Ahmek_53-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camp_Ahmek_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2007" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Hamish (January 25, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106142854/https://secure.flickr.com/photos/bigdaddyhame/368948549">"Justin Trudeau's Camp Application, 1984"</a>. <i>Flickr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secure.flickr.com/photos/bigdaddyhame/368948549">the original</a> on January 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Flickr&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+Camp+Application%2C+1984&amp;rft.date=2007-01-25&amp;rft.aulast=Grant&amp;rft.aufirst=Hamish&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsecure.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fbigdaddyhame%2F368948549&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19791231&amp;id=VZEjAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2756,3392239&amp;hl=en">"Trudeau checks his new house"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. December 31, 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022141319/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&amp;dat=19791231&amp;id=VZEjAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2756%2C3392239&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+checks+his+new+house&amp;rft.date=1979-12-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1946%26dat%3D19791231%26id%3DVZEjAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2756%2C3392239%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryden2014" class="citation web cs1">Bryden, Joan (October 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/10/18/justin-trudeau-memoir_n_6008032.html">"Justin Trudeau Memoir Paints Frank Picture of Privileged But Painful Childhood"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020024344/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/10/18/justin-trudeau-memoir_n_6008032.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+Memoir+Paints+Frank+Picture+of+Privileged+But+Painful+Childhood&amp;rft.date=2014-10-18&amp;rft.aulast=Bryden&amp;rft.aufirst=Joan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2F2014%2F10%2F18%2Fjustin-trudeau-memoir_n_6008032.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatehouse2011" class="citation news cs1">Gatehouse, Jonathan (October 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/on-his-terms">"Justin Trudeau on his own terms"</a>. Maclean's Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023000651/http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/on-his-terms/">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+on+his+own+terms&amp;rft.date=2011-10-11&amp;rft.aulast=Gatehouse&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fon-his-terms&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Son_Also_Rises-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Son_Also_Rises_57-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Son_Also_Rises_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolway" class="citation web cs1">Solway, Diane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716193158/http://www.wmagazine.com/society/2008/09/justin_trudeau?currentPage=1%3A">"The Son Also Rises"</a>. Wmagazine.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmagazine.com/society/2008/09/justin_trudeau?currentPage=1:">the original</a> on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Son+Also+Rises&amp;rft.pub=Wmagazine.com&amp;rft.aulast=Solway&amp;rft.aufirst=Diane&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmagazine.com%2Fsociety%2F2008%2F09%2Fjustin_trudeau%3FcurrentPage%3D1%3A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taylorstattencamps.com/tsc-history">"TSC History"</a>. <i>The Taylor Statten Camps</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011221832/http://www.taylorstattencamps.com/tsc-history/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Prime Minister Trudeau, a former Ahmek camper himself (and yes, we taught him the "Ahmek J-stroke"), sent Justin, Alexandre (Sasha) and Michel (Mike) to Ahmek. Both Justin and Mike eventually became counsellors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Taylor+Statten+Camps&amp;rft.atitle=TSC+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorstattencamps.com%2Ftsc-history&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne" class="citation web cs1">Milne, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://4iiiisphotography.photoshelter.com/gallery/Justin-Trudeau/G00009hbCNuK5mJ4">"Justin Trudeau (7 images)"</a>. <i>4iiiis Photography</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106142854/http://4iiiisphotography.photoshelter.com/gallery/Justin-Trudeau/G00009hbCNuK5mJ4">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=4iiiis+Photography&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+%287+images%29&amp;rft.aulast=Milne&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F4iiiisphotography.photoshelter.com%2Fgallery%2FJustin-Trudeau%2FG00009hbCNuK5mJ4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/exclusive-photo-justin-trudeau-in-his-days-as-camp-counsellor/article11443385">"Exclusive photo: Justin Trudeau in his days as camp counsellor"</a>. <i>The Globe &amp; Mail</i>. April 22, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118025538/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/exclusive-photo-justin-trudeau-in-his-days-as-camp-counsellor/article11443385/">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+%26+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Exclusive+photo%3A+Justin+Trudeau+in+his+days+as+camp+counsellor&amp;rft.date=2013-04-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Flife%2Fexclusive-photo-justin-trudeau-in-his-days-as-camp-counsellor%2Farticle11443385&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=icAyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3163%2C92310">"Summer campers hold reunion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. October 21, 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304012024/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=icAyAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3163%2C92310">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Summer+campers+hold+reunion&amp;rft.date=1986-10-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DicAyAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3163%252C92310&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TrudeauEstate-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrudeauEstate_62-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrudeauEstate_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2013" class="citation news cs1">McGregor, Glen (February 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/392961/justin-trudeau-reveals-details-of-his-1-2-million-inheritance/">"Justin Trudeau reveals details of his $1.2-million inheritance"</a>. <i>Global News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034835/https://globalnews.ca/news/392961/justin-trudeau-reveals-details-of-his-1-2-million-inheritance/">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+reveals+details+of+his+%241.2-million+inheritance&amp;rft.date=2013-02-14&amp;rft.aulast=McGregor&amp;rft.aufirst=Glen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F392961%2Fjustin-trudeau-reveals-details-of-his-1-2-million-inheritance%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017153111/https://o.canada.com/news/justin-trudeau-admits-that-he-won-the-lottery-with-1-2-million-inheritance-and-successful-speaking-business">"Justin Trudeau admits that he 'won the lottery' with $1.2 million inheritance and successful speaking business | canada.com"</a>. February 14, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://o.canada.com/news/justin-trudeau-admits-that-he-won-the-lottery-with-1-2-million-inheritance-and-successful-speaking-business">the original</a> on October 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Justin+Trudeau+admits+that+he+%27won+the+lottery%27+with+%241.2+million+inheritance+and+successful+speaking+business+%26%23124%3B+canada.com&amp;rft.date=2013-02-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fo.canada.com%2Fnews%2Fjustin-trudeau-admits-that-he-won-the-lottery-with-1-2-million-inheritance-and-successful-speaking-business&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TrudeauArchitecture-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrudeauArchitecture_64-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsMacdonell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Annmarie; Macdonell, Cameron (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/689984">"Making Himself at Home: Cormier, Trudeau, and the Architecture of Domestic Masculinity"</a>. <i>Winterthur Portfolio</i>. <b>50</b> (2/3): 151–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F689984">10.1086/689984</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-0416">0084-0416</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164255409">164255409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034835/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/689984">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Winterthur+Portfolio&amp;rft.atitle=Making+Himself+at+Home%3A+Cormier%2C+Trudeau%2C+and+the+Architecture+of+Domestic+Masculinity&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=2%2F3&amp;rft.pages=151-189&amp;rft.date=2016-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164255409%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0084-0416&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F689984&amp;rft.aulast=Adams&amp;rft.aufirst=Annmarie&amp;rft.au=Macdonell%2C+Cameron&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F689984&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CountryEstate-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CountryEstate_65-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CountryEstate_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoncasLangloisSanchez2016" class="citation news cs1">Joncas, Hugo; Langlois, Philippe; Sanchez, Sarah (January 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2016/01/30/justin-trudeau-et-son-frere-heritent-dun-domaine-de-27m-1">"Justin Trudeau et son frère héritent d'un domaine de 2,7M$"</a>. <i>TVA Nouvelles</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034836/https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2016/01/30/justin-trudeau-et-son-frere-heritent-dun-domaine-de-27m-1">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=TVA+Nouvelles&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+et+son+fr%C3%A8re+h%C3%A9ritent+d%27un+domaine+de+2%2C7M%24&amp;rft.date=2016-01-30&amp;rft.aulast=Joncas&amp;rft.aufirst=Hugo&amp;rft.au=Langlois%2C+Philippe&amp;rft.au=Sanchez%2C+Sarah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvanouvelles.ca%2F2016%2F01%2F30%2Fjustin-trudeau-et-son-frere-heritent-dun-domaine-de-27m-1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HuffPostBio-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPostBio_66-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPostBio_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HuffPostBio_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj2013" class="citation news cs1">Raj, Althia (March 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/03/05/contender-justin-trudeau-story-ebook-part-1_n_2782493.html">"Contender: The Justin Trudeau Story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622125650/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/03/05/contender-justin-trudeau-story-ebook-part-1_n_2782493.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Contender%3A+The+Justin+Trudeau+Story&amp;rft.date=2013-03-05&amp;rft.aulast=Raj&amp;rft.aufirst=Althia&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2F2013%2F03%2F05%2Fcontender-justin-trudeau-story-ebook-part-1_n_2782493.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe2015" class="citation news cs1">McCabe, Daniel (October 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120164221/http://publications.mcgill.ca/mcgillnews/2015/10/21/portrait-of-the-pm-designate-as-a-young-man/">"Portrait of the PM-designate as a young man"</a>. <i>McGill News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.mcgill.ca/mcgillnews/2015/10/21/portrait-of-the-pm-designate-as-a-young-man">the original</a> on November 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Trudeau joined the McGill Debating Union at the invitation of a new acquaintance, Butts, then the debating union's vice-president. The two forged a close friendship at McGill that endures today...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=McGill+News&amp;rft.atitle=Portrait+of+the+PM-designate+as+a+young+man&amp;rft.date=2015-10-22&amp;rft.aulast=McCabe&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.mcgill.ca%2Fmcgillnews%2F2015%2F10%2F21%2Fportrait-of-the-pm-designate-as-a-young-man&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Charlie (November 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straight.com/news/568821/vancouver-building-used-be-home-justin-trudeau-damaged-after-ambulance-crashes-limousine">"Vancouver building that used to be home to Justin Trudeau damaged after ambulance crashes into limousine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Georgia_Straight" title="The Georgia Straight">The Georgia Straight</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104053446/http://www.straight.com/news/568821/vancouver-building-used-be-home-justin-trudeau-damaged-after-ambulance-crashes-limousine">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Georgia+Straight&amp;rft.atitle=Vancouver+building+that+used+to+be+home+to+Justin+Trudeau+damaged+after+ambulance+crashes+into+limousine&amp;rft.date=2015-11-01&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Charlie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straight.com%2Fnews%2F568821%2Fvancouver-building-used-be-home-justin-trudeau-damaged-after-ambulance-crashes-limousine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Justin Trudeau described by friends as down-to-earth and sensitive", Canadian Press, October 4, 2000, 03:25; Tonda MacCharles, "Son 'most like Pierre' relishes his privacy; While Liberals talk about dynasty, Justin looks forward to returning to teaching job", <i>Kitchener-Waterloo Record</i>, October 5, 2000, A06; Justin Trudeau, "Something I'm passionate about", <i>The Globe and Mail</i>, February 3, 2001, A11; Gloria Galloway, "Justin Trudeau delivers motivational speech to Ontario teachers", The Canadian Press, April 27, 2001, 14:50; "Students should learn to be brave, Trudeau says", <i>Globe and Mail</i>, April 28, 2001, A9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Justin Trudeau tells education conference he plans return to teaching", Canadian Press, February 28, 2004.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news2/politics/canadavotes2011/myelection/ridings/082">"Canada Votes 2011: Ridings: Papineau"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221225444/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/politics/canadavotes2011/myelection/ridings/082/">Archived</a> February 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 25, 2015.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshifa_Kassam2018" class="citation news cs1">Ashifa Kassam (July 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/02/justin-trudeau-denies-groping-reporter-music-festival-2000-british-columbia">"Justin Trudeau 'does not remember' groping reporter at festival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050820/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/02/justin-trudeau-denies-groping-reporter-music-festival-2000-british-columbia">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+%27does+not+remember%27+groping+reporter+at+festival&amp;rft.date=2018-07-02&amp;rft.au=Ashifa+Kassam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjul%2F02%2Fjustin-trudeau-denies-groping-reporter-music-festival-2000-british-columbia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Tan2018" class="citation news cs1">Rebecca Tan (July 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/02/justin-trudeau-responds-to-groping-allegations-i-dont-remember-any-negative-interactions/">"Justin Trudeau responds to groping allegations: 'I don't remember any negative interactions'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703013756/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/07/02/justin-trudeau-responds-to-groping-allegations-i-dont-remember-any-negative-interactions/">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+responds+to+groping+allegations%3A+%27I+don%27t+remember+any+negative+interactions%27&amp;rft.date=2018-07-02&amp;rft.au=Rebecca+Tan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2018%2F07%2F02%2Fjustin-trudeau-responds-to-groping-allegations-i-dont-remember-any-negative-interactions%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston2018" class="citation news cs1">Kingston, Anne (June 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/justin-trudeaus-reported-kokanee-grope-matters-but-not-for-the-obvious-reason/">"Why Justin Trudeau's reported 'Kokanee Grope' really matters"</a>. McLeans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806161334/https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/justin-trudeaus-reported-kokanee-grope-matters-but-not-for-the-obvious-reason/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Why+Justin+Trudeau%27s+reported+%27Kokanee+Grope%27+really+matters&amp;rft.date=2018-06-27&amp;rft.aulast=Kingston&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fjustin-trudeaus-reported-kokanee-grope-matters-but-not-for-the-obvious-reason%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/2000-justin-trudeau-delivers-eulogy-for-his-father-pierre">"Justin Trudeau's eulogy for his father"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106142854/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/2000-justin-trudeau-delivers-eulogy-for-his-father-pierre">Archived</a> January 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>; "Text of the eulogy given by Justin Trudeau at his father's funeral Tuesday", Canadian Press, October 3, 2000.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDube2000" class="citation news cs1">Dube, Francine (October 4, 2000). "Son's eulogy moves thousands to tears: 'It's all up to us': Dignitaries, citizens pay last respects to former PM". <i>National Post</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/354739942">354739942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Son%27s+eulogy+moves+thousands+to+tears%3A+%27It%27s+all+up+to+us%27%3A+Dignitaries%2C+citizens+pay+last+respects+to+former+PM&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft.date=2000-10-04&amp;rft.aulast=Dube&amp;rft.aufirst=Francine&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andre Picard and Mark Mickleburgh, "'Je t'aime, papa' THE SON: The very private Justin becomes a very public figure", <i>The Globe and Mail</i>, October 4, 2000, p. A1; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Fraser" title="Graham Fraser">Graham Fraser</a>, "Trudeau children lead our farewell – Justin's eulogy a towering tribute at father's funeral", <i>Toronto Star</i>, October 4, 2000, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tonda MacCharles, "Spotlight on Justin sparks talk of dynasty – Trudeau's final resting place", <i>Toronto Star</i>, October 5, 2000, pg. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willa McLean, "This just in ...; CBC broadcaster revisits momentous events of past 50 years", <i>Kitchener-Waterloo Record</i>, February 8, 2003, pg. G3.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wsww.nosorigines.qc.ca/genealogylinker.aspx?act=profile"><i>Nos Origines</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209211812/https://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/genealogyLinkerHint.aspx">Archived</a> February 9, 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Genealogy of Canada" IDs 475064 &amp; 647509.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512064059/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=ebc9fd2f-3f9b-4c33-8c5c-43f804b9bb76">"Justin Trudeau pleased to play war hero"</a>. <i>Canwest News Service</i>. April 6, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=ebc9fd2f-3f9b-4c33-8c5c-43f804b9bb76">the original</a> on May 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Canwest+News+Service&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+pleased+to+play+war+hero&amp;rft.date=2007-04-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Debc9fd2f-3f9b-4c33-8c5c-43f804b9bb76&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopper2012" class="citation news cs1">Hopper, Tristin (October 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/10/05/theres-so-much-attention-on-me-fathers-legacies-loom-large-for-children-of-canadian-prime-ministers/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'There's so much attention on me': Fathers' legacies loom large for children of Canadian prime ministers"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121008074735/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/10/05/theres-so-much-attention-on-me-fathers-legacies-loom-large-for-children-of-canadian-prime-ministers/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=%27There%27s+so+much+attention+on+me%27%3A+Fathers%27+legacies+loom+large+for+children+of+Canadian+prime+ministers&amp;rft.date=2012-10-05&amp;rft.aulast=Hopper&amp;rft.aufirst=Tristin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F10%2F05%2Ftheres-so-much-attention-on-me-fathers-legacies-loom-large-for-children-of-canadian-prime-ministers%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2012" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Peter C. (September 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/2012/09/18/trudeaus-big-leap">"Trudeau's big leap—like father, like son"</a>. <i>Maclean's Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304230004/http://www2.macleans.ca/2012/09/18/trudeaus-big-leap/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%27s+big+leap%E2%80%94like+father%2C+like+son&amp;rft.date=2012-09-18&amp;rft.aulast=Newman&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2F2012%2F09%2F18%2Ftrudeaus-big-leap&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStetski2001" class="citation news cs1">Stetski, Wayne (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927181723/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/publications/visions/visions_apr01.pdf">"The Kokanee Glacier Alpine Campaign"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Visions BC Parks Newsletter</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/publications/visions/visions_apr01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Visions+BC+Parks+Newsletter&amp;rft.atitle=The+Kokanee+Glacier+Alpine+Campaign&amp;rft.date=2001-04&amp;rft.aulast=Stetski&amp;rft.aufirst=Wayne&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.env.gov.bc.ca%2Fbcparks%2Fpublications%2Fvisions%2Fvisions_apr01.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carol Harrington, "Trudeau takes on B.C. – Son of late PM decries cuts to public avalanche bulletins", <i>Toronto Star</i>, January 12, 2002, A24.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/trudeau-son-decries-avalanche-warning-cut/article1020771/">"Trudeau son decries avalanche-warning cut"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. January 12, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808155712/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/trudeau-son-decries-avalanche-warning-cut/article1020771/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+son+decries+avalanche-warning+cut&amp;rft.date=2002-01-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftrudeau-son-decries-avalanche-warning-cut%2Farticle1020771%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaimet2002" class="citation news cs1">Jaimet, Kate (November 3, 2002). "Trudeau retains '60s ideals: Lauds Katimavik's promotion of social causes". <i><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a></i>. p.&nbsp;A6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/245011416">245011416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+retains+%2760s+ideals%3A+Lauds+Katimavik%27s+promotion+of+social+causes&amp;rft.pages=A6&amp;rft.date=2002-11-03&amp;rft.aulast=Jaimet&amp;rft.aufirst=Kate&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson2006" class="citation news cs1">Gerson, Jen (March 21, 2006). "Captain Katimavik; Justin Trudeau comes to town to promote youth volunteer program, look cool". <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. p.&nbsp;C4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/438945155">438945155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Captain+Katimavik%3B+Justin+Trudeau+comes+to+town+to+promote+youth+volunteer+program%2C+look+cool&amp;rft.pages=C4&amp;rft.date=2006-03-21&amp;rft.aulast=Gerson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"CBC Radio picks five books for second round of Canada Reads series". <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. November 19, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/359657937">359657937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=CBC+Radio+picks+five+books+for+second+round+of+Canada+Reads+series&amp;rft.date=2002-11-19&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Bookmark your calendar: Canada Book Week turns the page on Canada Book Day". <i><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Herald" title="Calgary Herald">Calgary Herald</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. April 22, 2003. p.&nbsp;B13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2263299823">2263299823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&amp;rft.atitle=Bookmark+your+calendar%3A+Canada+Book+Week+turns+the+page+on+Canada+Book+Day&amp;rft.pages=B13&amp;rft.date=2003-04-22&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/life-on-campus/peace-and-conflict-studies-centre-named-for-trudeau">"Peace and Conflict Studies Centre Named for Trudeau"</a>. University of Toronto Magazine. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728025751/http://www.magazine.utoronto.ca/life-on-campus/peace-and-conflict-studies-centre-named-for-trudeau/">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Peace+and+Conflict+Studies+Centre+Named+for+Trudeau&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magazine.utoronto.ca%2Flife-on-campus%2Fpeace-and-conflict-studies-centre-named-for-trudeau&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Justin Trudeau to host glitzy Giller prize gala". <i><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Region_Record" title="Waterloo Region Record">The Record</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. October 27, 2006. p.&nbsp;D12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/267191304">267191304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+to+host+glitzy+Giller+prize+gala&amp;rft.pages=D12&amp;rft.date=2006-10-27&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltrame2013" class="citation news cs1">Beltrame, Julian (April 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/justin-trudeau-says-lofty-expectations-have-always-followed-him-1.1237627">"Justin Trudeau says lofty expectations have always followed him"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418061126/http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/justin-trudeau-says-lofty-expectations-have-always-followed-him-1.1237627">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+says+lofty+expectations+have+always+followed+him&amp;rft.date=2013-04-24&amp;rft.aulast=Beltrame&amp;rft.aufirst=Julian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-says-lofty-expectations-have-always-followed-him-1.1237627&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBueckert2005" class="citation news cs1">Bueckert, Dennis (May 16, 2005). "Justin Trudeau denounces mine near park his father created: Vancouver company wants to build massive mine with access through Nahanni watershed". <i>The Vancouver Sun</i>. p.&nbsp;D10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Vancouver+Sun&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+denounces+mine+near+park+his+father+created%3A+Vancouver+company+wants+to+build+massive+mine+with+access+through+Nahanni+watershed&amp;rft.pages=D10&amp;rft.date=2005-05-16&amp;rft.aulast=Bueckert&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudeau2005" class="citation news cs1">Trudeau, Justin (November 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/we-hold-the-nahanni-in-trust-for-the-world-lets-protect-it/article4180594/">"We hold the Nahanni in trust for the world. Let's protect it"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209062543/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/we-hold-the-nahanni-in-trust-for-the-world-lets-protect-it/article4180594/">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=We+hold+the+Nahanni+in+trust+for+the+world.+Let%27s+protect+it&amp;rft.date=2005-11-07&amp;rft.aulast=Trudeau&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Fwe-hold-the-nahanni-in-trust-for-the-world-lets-protect-it%2Farticle4180594%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Dallaire wants to mobilize young Canadians to support Darfur intervention". The Canadian Press. September 13, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Dallaire+wants+to+mobilize+young+Canadians+to+support+Darfur+intervention&amp;rft.date=2006-09-13&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Trudeau, Dallaire to lead Darfur rally". <i>Toronto Star</i>. September 17, 2006. p.&nbsp;A06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%2C+Dallaire+to+lead+Darfur+rally&amp;rft.pages=A06&amp;rft.date=2006-09-17&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaved" class="citation news cs1">Javed, Noor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130628045330/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2006/09/18/1857216.html">"Dallaire says Canada should take leadership role in Darfur"</a>. <i>CNews</i>. Archived from the original on June 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNews&amp;rft.atitle=Dallaire+says+Canada+should+take+leadership+role+in+Darfur&amp;rft.aulast=Javed&amp;rft.aufirst=Noor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnews.canoe.ca%2FCNEWS%2FCanada%2F2006%2F09%2F18%2F1857216.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>:  CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poirier, Patricia. "Trudeau's son offers his support to Turner", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, September 16, 1988, pg. A8.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaber2000" class="citation news cs1">Taber, Jane (October 4, 2000). "A teacher of drama, a riveting moment". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. Toronto. pp.&nbsp;A3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/329715722">329715722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=A+teacher+of+drama%2C+a+riveting+moment&amp;rft.pages=A3&amp;rft.date=2000-10-04&amp;rft.aulast=Taber&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.390751">"Chrétien bids adieu to a lifetime in politics"</a>. CBC News. November 14, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209211933/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/chrtien-bids-adieu-to-a-lifetime-in-politics-1.390751">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Chr%C3%A9tien+bids+adieu+to+a+lifetime+in+politics&amp;rft.date=2003-11-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Famp%2F1.390751&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliet O'Neill, "Justin Trudeau to spearhead youth renewal of Liberal party: Task force", <i>National Post</i>, April 7, 2006, p. A1</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2006" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Sean (October 27, 2006). "Sounding like his father, Justin Trudeau takes aim at Michael Ignatieff's idea of Quebec as a 'nation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Toronto Star</i>. p.&nbsp;A01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Sounding+like+his+father%2C+Justin+Trudeau+takes+aim+at+Michael+Ignatieff%27s+idea+of+Quebec+as+a+%27nation%27&amp;rft.pages=A01&amp;rft.date=2006-10-27&amp;rft.aulast=Gordon&amp;rft.aufirst=Sean&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerreaux2006" class="citation news cs1">Perreaux, Les (October 27, 2006). "Eldest Trudeau son takes poke at Ignatieff stand, nationalism: 'Unfortunately, some people these days are wrapped up in this idea of nation for Quebec'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. p.&nbsp;A12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Eldest+Trudeau+son+takes+poke+at+Ignatieff+stand%2C+nationalism%3A+%27Unfortunately%2C+some+people+these+days+are+wrapped+up+in+this+idea+of+nation+for+Quebec%27&amp;rft.pages=A12&amp;rft.date=2006-10-27&amp;rft.aulast=Perreaux&amp;rft.aufirst=Les&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacpherson2006" class="citation news cs1">Macpherson, Son (November 2, 2006). "Pass the peanut butter, it looks like Ignatieff is toast: His 'nationhood' proposal has stirred political heavies to line up against him". <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. p.&nbsp;A23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Pass+the+peanut+butter%2C+it+looks+like+Ignatieff+is+toast%3A+His+%27nationhood%27+proposal+has+stirred+political+heavies+to+line+up+against+him&amp;rft.pages=A23&amp;rft.date=2006-11-02&amp;rft.aulast=Macpherson&amp;rft.aufirst=Son&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2006" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Elizabeth (November 15, 2006). "Ignatieff lacks 'wisdom' to lead: Justin Trudeau: Says Gerard Kennedy deserves closer look". <i>The Gazette</i>. Montreal. p.&nbsp;A14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Ignatieff+lacks+%27wisdom%27+to+lead%3A+Justin+Trudeau%3A+Says+Gerard+Kennedy+deserves+closer+look&amp;rft.pages=A14&amp;rft.date=2006-11-15&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Coyne" title="Andrew Coyne">Coyne, Andrew</a> (December 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614071015/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=702673aa-fed1-4cfb-af94-3ed54d57a57d&amp;k=63212&amp;p=1">"Kennedy's message is bold, but risky"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/story.html?id=702673aa-fed1-4cfb-af94-3ed54d57a57d&amp;k=63212&amp;p=1">the original</a> on June 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Kennedy%27s+message+is+bold%2C+but+risky&amp;rft.date=2006-12-02&amp;rft.aulast=Coyne&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fnationalpost%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D702673aa-fed1-4cfb-af94-3ed54d57a57d%26k%3D63212%26p%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Benzie, "All the right moves for Kennedy; 'Kingmaker' becomes Dion's heir apparent", <i>Toronto Star</i>, December 3, 2006, A07.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan" class="citation news cs1">Corrigan, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518041406/http://www.agoracosmopolitan.com/home/Frontpage/2006/12/19/01277.html">"Liberals Elect Stephan Dion"</a>. <i>The Canadian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agoracosmopolitan.com/home/Frontpage/2006/12/19/01277.html">the original</a> on May 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Canadian&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals+Elect+Stephan+Dion&amp;rft.aulast=Corrigan&amp;rft.aufirst=Ed&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agoracosmopolitan.com%2Fhome%2FFrontpage%2F2006%2F12%2F19%2F01277.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/quebec-liberal-mp-jean-lapierre-to-resign-1.223633">"Quebec Liberal MP Jean Lapierre to resign"</a>. CTV News. January 11, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205142958/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070111/jean_lapierre_070111/20070111?hub=QPeriod">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Quebec+Liberal+MP+Jean+Lapierre+to+resign&amp;rft.pub=CTV+News&amp;rft.date=2007-01-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fquebec-liberal-mp-jean-lapierre-to-resign-1.223633&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonSusan_Delacourt2007" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Sean; Susan Delacourt (January 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/01/10/will_justin_trudeau_run_for_parliament_mp.html">"Will Justin Trudeau run for Parliament MP?"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140504072305/http://www.thestar.com/news/2007/01/10/will_justin_trudeau_run_for_parliament_mp.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Will+Justin+Trudeau+run+for+Parliament+MP%3F&amp;rft.date=2007-01-10&amp;rft.aulast=Gordon&amp;rft.aufirst=Sean&amp;rft.au=Susan+Delacourt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F01%2F10%2Fwill_justin_trudeau_run_for_parliament_mp.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaber2007" class="citation news cs1">Taber, Jane (February 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/liberals-welcome-trudeau-bid-adieu-to-graham/article679791/">"Liberals welcome Trudeau, bid adieu to Graham"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. p.&nbsp;A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620141942/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/liberals-welcome-trudeau-bid-adieu-to-graham/article679791/">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals+welcome+Trudeau%2C+bid+adieu+to+Graham&amp;rft.pages=A1&amp;rft.date=2007-02-23&amp;rft.aulast=Taber&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fliberals-welcome-trudeau-bid-adieu-to-graham%2Farticle679791%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Papineau_profile-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Papineau_profile_113-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/spotlight-on-montreal-ridings-papineau-1.3243312">"Spotlight on Montreal ridings: Papineau"</a>. CBC News. September 25, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121153622/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/spotlight-on-montreal-ridings-papineau-1.3243312">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Spotlight+on+Montreal+ridings%3A+Papineau&amp;rft.date=2015-09-25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fspotlight-on-montreal-ridings-papineau-1.3243312&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2007" class="citation news cs1">Woods, Allan (April 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/2007/04/30/trudeau_wins_nomination.html">"Trudeau wins nomination"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140504071105/http://www.thestar.com/news/2007/04/30/trudeau_wins_nomination.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+wins+nomination&amp;rft.date=2007-04-30&amp;rft.aulast=Woods&amp;rft.aufirst=Allan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F04%2F30%2Ftrudeau_wins_nomination.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.697527">"Trudeau pledges loyalty to constituents after Papineau win"</a>. CBC News. October 15, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209211847/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trudeau-pledges-loyalty-to-constituents-after-papineau-win-1.697527?ref=rss">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+pledges+loyalty+to+constituents+after+Papineau+win&amp;rft.date=2008-10-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Famp%2F1.697527&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebert2007" class="citation news cs1">Hebert, Chantal (February 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/columnists/2009/02/27/trudeau_looking_lonely_on_left.html">"Trudeau looking lonely on left"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235103/http://www.thestar.com/opinion/columnists/2009/02/27/trudeau_looking_lonely_on_left.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+looking+lonely+on+left&amp;rft.date=2007-02-27&amp;rft.aulast=Hebert&amp;rft.aufirst=Chantal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2F2009%2F02%2F27%2Ftrudeau_looking_lonely_on_left.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Taber, "Vancouver to host a Liberal love-in; the knives are to be left at home", <i>The Globe and Mail</i>, April 25, 2009, A4; Terry Pedwell, "Liberals won't change strategy, despite polls, say MPs", October 6, 2009, 12:06.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Michael Ignatieff Announces Liberal Critic Team for Return of Parliament", <i>States News Service</i>, September 7, 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Quan and Norma Greenway, "Feds target human smugglers in legislation", <i>Windsor Star</i>, October 22, 2010, pg. C1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Bryden2013" class="citation news cs1">Joan Bryden (June 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/Canada/justin-trudeau-promises-to-make-it-right-pat-back-hefty-speaking-fees">"Justin Trudeau promises to 'make it right,' pay back charities for his hefty speaking fees"</a>. <i>The National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209211836/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+promises+to+%27make+it+right%2C%27+pay+back+charities+for+his+hefty+speaking+fees&amp;rft.date=2013-06-16&amp;rft.au=Joan+Bryden&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2FCanada%2Fjustin-trudeau-promises-to-make-it-right-pat-back-hefty-speaking-fees&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilcoff2013" class="citation news cs1">Silcoff, Sean (June 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/trudeau-to-offer-return-of-20000-speaking-fee/article12588572/">"Trudeau offers to reimburse organizations $20,000 for speeches"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320181221/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/trudeau-to-offer-return-of-20000-speaking-fee/article12588572/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+offers+to+reimburse+organizations+%2420%2C000+for+speeches&amp;rft.date=2013-06-16&amp;rft.aulast=Silcoff&amp;rft.aufirst=Sean&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftrudeau-to-offer-return-of-20000-speaking-fee%2Farticle12588572%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Liberals rally for immediate action in Haiti", <i>State News Service</i>, January 13, 2010; "Liberal MP wants immigration rules relaxed for Haitians", <i>Canada AM</i>, January 22, 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Trudeau won't rule out bid for party leadership". <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>. May 5, 2011. p.&nbsp;A3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/865122396">865122396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+won%27t+rule+out+bid+for+party+leadership&amp;rft.pages=A3&amp;rft.date=2011-05-05&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelacourt2011" class="citation news cs1">Delacourt, Susan (May 7, 2011). "Is the party over? Canada's 'natural governing party' faces difficult questions after Monday's shellacking". <i>Toronto Star</i>. p.&nbsp;IN1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest (identifier)">ProQuest</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/865089210">865089210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Is+the+party+over%3F+Canada%27s+%27natural+governing+party%27+faces+difficult+questions+after+Monday%27s+shellacking&amp;rft.pages=IN1&amp;rft.date=2011-05-07&amp;rft.aulast=Delacourt&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921151235/http://www.thespec.com/opinion/editorial/article/564463--trudeau-again">"Trudeau&nbsp;– again?"</a>. <i>Hamilton Spectator</i>. June 17, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespec.com/opinion/editorial/article/564463--trudeau-again">the original</a> on September 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Hamilton+Spectator&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+%E2%80%93+again%3F&amp;rft.date=2011-06-17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorial%2Farticle%2F564463--trudeau-again&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/justin-trudeau-pumps-up-st-john-s-liberal-fundraiser-1.1175875">"Justin Trudeau pumps up St. John's Liberal fundraiser"</a>. CBC News. May 3, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120615080523/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/story/2012/05/03/nl-justin-trudeau-fundraiser-503.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+pumps+up+St.+John%27s+Liberal+fundraiser&amp;rft.date=2012-05-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fjustin-trudeau-pumps-up-st-john-s-liberal-fundraiser-1.1175875&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141225210343/http://www.northernlife.ca/news/localNews/2012/04/17-justin-tudeau-guest-speaker-sudbury.aspx">"Trudeau to speak at local scholarship fundraiser"</a>. <i>Northern Life</i>. April 17, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northernlife.ca/news/localNews/2012/04/17-justin-tudeau-guest-speaker-sudbury.aspx">the original</a> on December 25, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Northern+Life&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+to+speak+at+local+scholarship+fundraiser&amp;rft.date=2012-04-17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northernlife.ca%2Fnews%2FlocalNews%2F2012%2F04%2F17-justin-tudeau-guest-speaker-sudbury.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806223758/http://events.liberal.ca/Event/lawrence-macaulay-fundraising-dinner-with-justin-trudeau.aspx?Lang=en">"Lawrence MacAulay Fundraising Dinner with Justin Trudeau"</a>. Liberal Party of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://events.liberal.ca/Event/lawrence-macaulay-fundraising-dinner-with-justin-trudeau.aspx?Lang=en">the original</a> on August 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lawrence+MacAulay+Fundraising+Dinner+with+Justin+Trudeau&amp;rft.pub=Liberal+Party+of+Canada&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevents.liberal.ca%2FEvent%2Flawrence-macaulay-fundraising-dinner-with-justin-trudeau.aspx%3FLang%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630014520/http://www.liberalcalgary.ca/node/153">"By-election fundraiser with Justin Trudeau"</a>. Liberal Calgary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberalcalgary.ca/node/153">the original</a> on June 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=By-election+fundraiser+with+Justin+Trudeau&amp;rft.pub=Liberal+Calgary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberalcalgary.ca%2Fnode%2F153&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-boxing-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boxing_130-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boxing_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_HiltzMichael_den_Tandt2012" class="citation news cs1">Robert Hiltz; Michael den Tandt (April 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/03/31/justin-trudeau-boxing">"Justin Trudeau scores major upset in Fight for the Cure boxing match over Conservative Senator Patrick Brazeau"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120401200713/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/03/31/justin-trudeau-boxing/">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+scores+major+upset+in+Fight+for+the+Cure+boxing+match+over+Conservative+Senator+Patrick+Brazeau&amp;rft.date=2012-04-01&amp;rft.au=Robert+Hiltz&amp;rft.au=Michael+den+Tandt&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F03%2F31%2Fjustin-trudeau-boxing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaze_Carlson2012" class="citation news cs1">Blaze Carlson, Kathryn (May 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/meet-stefania-capovilla-the-hairstylist-behind-these-parliament-hill-dos">"Meet Stefania Capovilla, the hairstylist behind these Parliament Hill 'dos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160105040359/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/meet-stefania-capovilla-the-hairstylist-behind-these-parliament-hill-dos">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Mr. Trudeau had, while sitting in her Somerset salon, lamented his inability to find a formidable Conservative opponent. Ms. Capovilla, who is a stylist for the SunNewsNetwork, recalled the conversation as she did Mr. Brazeau's make-up before an on-camera interview about aboriginal policy. She looked down, saw "those arms," and asked if he would square off against her Liberal friend.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Meet+Stefania+Capovilla%2C+the+hairstylist+behind+these+Parliament+Hill+%27dos&amp;rft.date=2012-05-09&amp;rft.aulast=Blaze+Carlson&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathryn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmeet-stefania-capovilla-the-hairstylist-behind-these-parliament-hill-dos&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CTV_boxing-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CTV_boxing_132-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSize2012" class="citation news cs1">Size, John (April 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/trudeau-declines-brazeau-boxing-rematch-as-debt-paid-1.790948">"Trudeau declines Brazeau boxing rematch as debt paid"</a>. CTV News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220215459/http://www.ctvnews.ca/trudeau-declines-brazeau-boxing-rematch-as-debt-paid-1.790948">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+declines+Brazeau+boxing+rematch+as+debt+paid&amp;rft.date=2012-04-02&amp;rft.aulast=Size&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Ftrudeau-declines-brazeau-boxing-rematch-as-debt-paid-1.790948&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426140534/http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=ac33a9de-1ebc-47c7-960a-43df367acd07">"Canadians want Trudeau as next Liberal leader"</a>. <i>Calgary Herald</i>. October 29, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=ac33a9de-1ebc-47c7-960a-43df367acd07">the original</a> on April 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Calgary+Herald&amp;rft.atitle=Canadians+want+Trudeau+as+next+Liberal+leader&amp;rft.date=2008-10-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fcalgaryherald%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3Dac33a9de-1ebc-47c7-960a-43df367acd07&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105100457/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=9b14c1bf-e87a-40a6-8053-564930d09ed9">"Canadians prefer Trudeau: Poll shows young heir is top pick to replace Dion"</a>. canada.com. October 28, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/topics/news/story.html?id=9b14c1bf-e87a-40a6-8053-564930d09ed9">the original</a> on November 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Canadians+prefer+Trudeau%3A+Poll+shows+young+heir+is+top+pick+to+replace+Dion&amp;rft.pub=canada.com&amp;rft.date=2008-10-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Ftopics%2Fnews%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D9b14c1bf-e87a-40a6-8053-564930d09ed9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116115543/http://www.paherald.sk.ca/Politics/2008-12-09/article-172596/Ignatieff-secures-Liberal-leadership-as-Rae-bows-out/1">"Ignatieff secures Liberal leadership as Rae bows out"</a>. The Canadian Press. December 9, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paherald.sk.ca/Politics/2008-12-09/article-172596/Ignatieff-secures-Liberal-leadership-as-Rae-bows-out/1">the original</a> on January 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ignatieff+secures+Liberal+leadership+as+Rae+bows+out&amp;rft.date=2008-12-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paherald.sk.ca%2FPolitics%2F2008-12-09%2Farticle-172596%2FIgnatieff-secures-Liberal-leadership-as-Rae-bows-out%2F1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberals-field-questions-about-future-leaders-1.1078041">"Liberals field questions about future leaders"</a>. CBC News. May 4, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825084032/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2011/05/04/pol-liberals-leader.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals+field+questions+about+future+leaders&amp;rft.date=2011-05-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fliberals-field-questions-about-future-leaders-1.1078041&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905135350/http://www.lfpress.com/news/decision2011/2011/05/04/18103526.html">"Trudeau undecided on Liberal leadership bid"</a>. <i>IFpress</i>. May 4, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lfpress.com/news/decision2011/2011/05/04/18103526.html">the original</a> on September 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IFpress&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+undecided+on+Liberal+leadership+bid&amp;rft.date=2011-05-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flfpress.com%2Fnews%2Fdecision2011%2F2011%2F05%2F04%2F18103526.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2013" class="citation news cs1">Hicks, Jeff (October 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.therecord.com/news-story/2588487-trudeau-rules-out-liberal-leadership-bid-in-2013">"Trudeau rules out Liberal leadership bid in 2013"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Region_Record" title="Waterloo Region Record">Waterloo Region Record</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106142858/http://www.therecord.com/news-story/2588487-trudeau-rules-out-liberal-leadership-bid-in-2013/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Waterloo+Region+Record&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+rules+out+Liberal+leadership+bid+in+2013&amp;rft.date=2013-10-12&amp;rft.aulast=Hicks&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.therecord.com%2Fnews-story%2F2588487-trudeau-rules-out-liberal-leadership-bid-in-2013&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryden2012" class="citation news cs1">Bryden, Joan (June 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/06/15/justin-trudeau-hit-with-tsunami-of-calls-to-run-for-liberals-since-bob-raes-withdrawal">"Justin Trudeau hit with 'tsunami' of calls to run for Liberals since Bob Rae's withdrawal"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120618132013/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/06/15/justin-trudeau-hit-with-tsunami-of-calls-to-run-for-liberals-since-bob-raes-withdrawal/">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+hit+with+%27tsunami%27+of+calls+to+run+for+Liberals+since+Bob+Rae%27s+withdrawal&amp;rft.date=2012-06-15&amp;rft.aulast=Bryden&amp;rft.aufirst=Joan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F06%2F15%2Fjustin-trudeau-hit-with-tsunami-of-calls-to-run-for-liberals-since-bob-raes-withdrawal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2012" class="citation news cs1">Goldstein, Lorrie (June 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/2012/06/27/were-justin-love">"We're Justin love"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Sun" title="Toronto Sun">Toronto Sun</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116110857/http://www.torontosun.com/2012/06/27/were-justin-love">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&amp;rft.atitle=We%27re+Justin+love&amp;rft.date=2012-06-27&amp;rft.aulast=Goldstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Lorrie&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2F2012%2F06%2F27%2Fwere-justin-love&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Considering_leadership_run-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Considering_leadership_run_141-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-at-stampede-mulls-liberal-leadership-run-1.1153809">"Justin Trudeau at Stampede mulls Liberal leadership run"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. June 7, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121125459/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-at-stampede-mulls-liberal-leadership-run-1.1153809">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+at+Stampede+mulls+Liberal+leadership+run&amp;rft.date=2012-06-07&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-at-stampede-mulls-liberal-leadership-run-1.1153809&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Not_committed_to_leadership_run-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Not_committed_to_leadership_run_142-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHébert,_Chantal2012" class="citation news cs1">Hébert, Chantal (May 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/05/04/hbert_is_justin_trudeau_the_liberals_salvation.html">"Hébert: Is Justin Trudeau the Liberals' salvation?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121133504/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2012/05/04/hbert_is_justin_trudeau_the_liberals_salvation.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=H%C3%A9bert%3A+Is+Justin+Trudeau+the+Liberals%27+salvation%3F&amp;rft.date=2012-05-04&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A9bert%2C+Chantal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2012%2F05%2F04%2Fhbert_is_justin_trudeau_the_liberals_salvation.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-to-run-for-liberal-leadership-1.1167760">"Justin Trudeau to run for Liberal leadership"</a>. CBC News. September 26, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928063223/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2012/09/26/justin-trudeau-liberal-leadership.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+to+run+for+Liberal+leadership&amp;rft.date=2012-09-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-to-run-for-liberal-leadership-1.1167760&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/justin-trudeau-to-seek-liberal-leadership-reports/article4568675">"Justin Trudeau to seek Liberal leadership"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. September 26, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930005644/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/justin-trudeau-to-seek-liberal-leadership-reports/article4568675/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+to+seek+Liberal+leadership&amp;rft.date=2012-09-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa-notebook%2Fjustin-trudeau-to-seek-liberal-leadership-reports%2Farticle4568675&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadia2012" class="citation news cs1">Radia, Andy (September 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/canada-politics/justin-trudeau-run-liberal-leadership-splash-no-substance-154520920.html">"Justin Trudeau to run for Liberal leadership but is he all splash and no substance?"</a>. <i>Yahoo News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929013759/http://ca.news.yahoo.com/blogs/canada-politics/justin-trudeau-run-liberal-leadership-splash-no-substance-154520920.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Yahoo+News&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+to+run+for+Liberal+leadership+but+is+he+all+splash+and+no+substance%3F&amp;rft.date=2012-09-26&amp;rft.aulast=Radia&amp;rft.aufirst=Andy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.news.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fcanada-politics%2Fjustin-trudeau-run-liberal-leadership-splash-no-substance-154520920.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaplan2012" class="citation news cs1">Caplan, Gerald (September 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/second-reading/is-justin-trudeau-really-taken-seriously-by-his-own-party/article4575515/">"Is Justin Trudeau really taken seriously by his own party?"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001034649/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/second-reading/is-justin-trudeau-really-taken-seriously-by-his-own-party/article4575515/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Justin+Trudeau+really+taken+seriously+by+his+own+party%3F&amp;rft.date=2012-09-28&amp;rft.aulast=Caplan&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerald&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsecond-reading%2Fis-justin-trudeau-really-taken-seriously-by-his-own-party%2Farticle4575515%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthiaume2012" class="citation news cs1">Berthiaume, Lee (September 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://o.canada.com/2012/09/28/0929-trudeau-looks/">"Justin Trudeau's good looks expected to cover up other weaknesses"</a>. Canada.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930033518/http://o.canada.com/2012/09/28/0929-trudeau-looks/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+good+looks+expected+to+cover+up+other+weaknesses&amp;rft.date=2012-09-28&amp;rft.aulast=Berthiaume&amp;rft.aufirst=Lee&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fo.canada.com%2F2012%2F09%2F28%2F0929-trudeau-looks%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2012" class="citation news cs1">Coyne, Andrew (September 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129202634/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/09/28/andrew-coyne-the-son-is-not-the-father-and-the-future-is-not-buried-in-the-past/">"The son is not the father and the future is not buried in the past"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/09/28/andrew-coyne-the-son-is-not-the-father-and-the-future-is-not-buried-in-the-past">the original</a> on January 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=The+son+is+not+the+father+and+the+future+is+not+buried+in+the+past&amp;rft.date=2012-09-28&amp;rft.aulast=Coyne&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffullcomment.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F09%2F28%2Fandrew-coyne-the-son-is-not-the-father-and-the-future-is-not-buried-in-the-past&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryden2012" class="citation news cs1">Bryden, Joan (September 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipolitics.ca/2012/09/26/reports-trudeau-leadership-bid-imminent">"Reports: Trudeau leadership bid imminent"</a>. The Canadian Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025300/https://ipolitics.ca/2012/09/26/reports-trudeau-leadership-bid-imminent/">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Reports%3A+Trudeau+leadership+bid+imminent&amp;rft.date=2012-09-26&amp;rft.aulast=Bryden&amp;rft.aufirst=Joan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipolitics.ca%2F2012%2F09%2F26%2Freports-trudeau-leadership-bid-imminent&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthiaume2012" class="citation news cs1">Berthiaume, Lee (September 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edmontonjournal.com/news/Trudeau+could+narrow+field+hopefuls/7309794/story.html">"Trudeau leadership bid stirs talk of Liberal 'coronation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Postmedia News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929203358/http://www.edmontonjournal.com/news/Trudeau%2Bcould%2Bnarrow%2Bfield%2Bhopefuls/7309794/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Postmedia+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+leadership+bid+stirs+talk+of+Liberal+%27coronation%27&amp;rft.date=2012-09-28&amp;rft.aulast=Berthiaume&amp;rft.aufirst=Lee&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedmontonjournal.com%2Fnews%2FTrudeau%2Bcould%2Bnarrow%2Bfield%2Bhopefuls%2F7309794%2Fstory.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2012" class="citation news cs1">MacKinnon, Leslie (October 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-seen-by-senior-liberals-as-a-risk-worth-taking-1.1127617">"Trudeau seen by senior Liberals as a risk worth taking"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001113126/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2012/09/30/pol-trudeau-leadership-liberals.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+seen+by+senior+Liberals+as+a+risk+worth+taking&amp;rft.date=2012-10-01&amp;rft.aulast=MacKinnon&amp;rft.aufirst=Leslie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-seen-by-senior-liberals-as-a-risk-worth-taking-1.1127617&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journal-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Wall_Street_Journal_152-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVieira" class="citation news cs1">Vieira, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/canadarealtime/2012/10/02/justin-trudeau-poised-to-step-into-liberal-race-in-canada/">"The Wall Street Journal&nbsp;– Justin Trudeau Poised to Step into Liberal Race in Canada"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006220441/https://blogs.wsj.com/canadarealtime/2012/10/02/justin-trudeau-poised-to-step-into-liberal-race-in-canada/">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal+%E2%80%93+Justin+Trudeau+Poised+to+Step+into+Liberal+Race+in+Canada&amp;rft.aulast=Vieira&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fcanadarealtime%2F2012%2F10%2F02%2Fjustin-trudeau-poised-to-step-into-liberal-race-in-canada%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc2013" class="citation news cs1">LeBlanc, Daniel (March 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/inside-justin-trudeaus-war-room/article9242414/?page=all">"Inside Justin Trudeau's war room"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930002337/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/inside-justin-trudeaus-war-room/article9242414/?page=all">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Inside+Justin+Trudeau%27s+war+room&amp;rft.date=2013-03-01&amp;rft.aulast=LeBlanc&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Finside-justin-trudeaus-war-room%2Farticle9242414%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/the-other-brother-sacha-the-apolitical-one-joins-justin-trudeaus-campaign-team">"The other brother: Sacha, the 'apolitical' one, joins Justin Trudeau's campaign team"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. October 22, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121029104438/http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/10/22/the-other-brother-sacha-the-apolitical-one-joins-justin-trudeaus-campaign-team/">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=The+other+brother%3A+Sacha%2C+the+%27apolitical%27+one%2C+joins+Justin+Trudeau%27s+campaign+team&amp;rft.date=2012-10-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fthe-other-brother-sacha-the-apolitical-one-joins-justin-trudeaus-campaign-team&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-alta-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alta_155-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-campaign-forced-to-address-2010-comments-on-alberta-1.1241750">"Sun commentary on Télé-Québec interview"</a>. CBC News. November 22, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102111331/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/story/2012/11/22/pol-trudeau-tele-quebec-comments-alberta-quebec.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sun+commentary+on+T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec+interview&amp;rft.date=2012-11-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-campaign-forced-to-address-2010-comments-on-alberta-1.1241750&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-alta2-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alta2_156-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2012" class="citation news cs1">Bailey, Ian (November 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-apologizes-for-saying-alberta-is-controlling-our-community/article5592936">"Globe reports on Trudeau apology"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227172130/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-apologizes-for-saying-alberta-is-controlling-our-community/article5592936/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Globe+reports+on+Trudeau+apology&amp;rft.date=2012-11-23&amp;rft.aulast=Bailey&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-apologizes-for-saying-alberta-is-controlling-our-community%2Farticle5592936&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2012" class="citation news cs1">Walton, Dawn (November 27, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tories-retain-calgary-centre-as-liberals-greens-split-vote/article5718001">"Tories retain Calgary Centre as Liberals, Greens split vote"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127164157/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/tories-retain-calgary-centre-as-liberals-greens-split-vote/article5718001/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Tories+retain+Calgary+Centre+as+Liberals%2C+Greens+split+vote&amp;rft.date=2012-11-27&amp;rft.aulast=Walton&amp;rft.aufirst=Dawn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftories-retain-calgary-centre-as-liberals-greens-split-vote%2Farticle5718001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPharland2013" class="citation news cs1">McPharland, Kelly (February 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411111706/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2013/02/14/kelly-mcparland-marc-garneau-challenges-justin-trudeau-to-take-a-stand-any-stand/">"Kelly McParland: Marc Garneau challenges Justin Trudeau to take a stand. Any stand"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2013/02/14/kelly-mcparland-marc-garneau-challenges-justin-trudeau-to-take-a-stand-any-stand/">the original</a> on April 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Kelly+McParland%3A+Marc+Garneau+challenges+Justin+Trudeau+to+take+a+stand.+Any+stand.&amp;rft.date=2013-02-14&amp;rft.aulast=McPharland&amp;rft.aufirst=Kelly&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffullcomment.nationalpost.com%2F2013%2F02%2F14%2Fkelly-mcparland-marc-garneau-challenges-justin-trudeau-to-take-a-stand-any-stand%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisser2013" class="citation news cs1">Visser, Josh (February 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/25/marc-garneau-challenges-untested-liberal-frontrunner-justin-trudeau-to-one-on-one-debate">"Marc Garneau challenges 'untested' Liberal frontrunner Justin Trudeau to one-on-one debate"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140504043645/http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/25/marc-garneau-challenges-untested-liberal-frontrunner-justin-trudeau-to-one-on-one-debate">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Marc+Garneau+challenges+%27untested%27+Liberal+frontrunner+Justin+Trudeau+to+one-on-one+debate&amp;rft.date=2013-02-25&amp;rft.aulast=Visser&amp;rft.aufirst=Josh&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2013%2F02%2F25%2Fmarc-garneau-challenges-untested-liberal-frontrunner-justin-trudeau-to-one-on-one-debate&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Murray_and_Trudeau-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_and_Trudeau_160-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMas,_Susana2013" class="citation news cs1">Mas, Susana (March 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberal-mps-murray-and-garneau-challenge-frontrunner-trudeau-1.1329327">"Liberal MPs Murray and Garneau challenge frontrunner Trudeau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121141326/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberal-mps-murray-and-garneau-challenge-frontrunner-trudeau-1.1329327">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Liberal+MPs+Murray+and+Garneau+challenge+frontrunner+Trudeau&amp;rft.date=2013-03-03&amp;rft.au=Mas%2C+Susana&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fliberal-mps-murray-and-garneau-challenge-frontrunner-trudeau-1.1329327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHebert2013" class="citation news cs1">Hebert, Chanatal (March 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/03/13/marc_garneaus_withdrawal_from_liberal_leadership_race_saves_himself_humiliation_hbert.html">"Marc Garneau's withdrawal from Liberal leadership race saves himself humiliation: Hébert"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315064132/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/03/13/marc_garneaus_withdrawal_from_liberal_leadership_race_saves_himself_humiliation_hbert.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Marc+Garneau%27s+withdrawal+from+Liberal+leadership+race+saves+himself+humiliation%3A+H%C3%A9bert&amp;rft.date=2013-03-13&amp;rft.aulast=Hebert&amp;rft.aufirst=Chanatal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2Fmarc_garneaus_withdrawal_from_liberal_leadership_race_saves_himself_humiliation_hbert.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthiaume2013" class="citation news cs1">Berthiaume, Lee (March 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/13/the-game-is-long-liberals-still-in-leadership-race-say-contest-isnt-done-quite-yet-after-marc-garneau-bows-out">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The game is long': Liberals still in leadership fight for votes after Marc Garneau bows out"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209211845/https://nationalpost.com/category/news/">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=%27The+game+is+long%27%3A+Liberals+still+in+leadership+fight+for+votes+after+Marc+Garneau+bows+out&amp;rft.date=2013-03-13&amp;rft.aulast=Berthiaume&amp;rft.aufirst=Lee&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F13%2Fthe-game-is-long-liberals-still-in-leadership-race-say-contest-isnt-done-quite-yet-after-marc-garneau-bows-out&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Berthiaume (April 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/14/justin-trudeau-elected-liberal-leader-in-landslide-victory/">"Justin Trudeau elected Liberal leader in landslide victory"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130416090044/http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/04/14/justin-trudeau-elected-liberal-leader-in-landslide-victory/">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+elected+Liberal+leader+in+landslide+victory&amp;rft.date=2013-04-14&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Berthiaume&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2013%2F04%2F14%2Fjustin-trudeau-elected-liberal-leader-in-landslide-victory%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/justin-trudeau-elected-liberal-leader-in-a-landslide/article11189244">"Justin Trudeau elected Liberal leader in a landslide"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto. April 15, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209102616/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/justin-trudeau-elected-liberal-leader-in-a-landslide/article11189244/">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+elected+Liberal+leader+in+a+landslide&amp;rft.date=2013-04-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-elected-liberal-leader-in-a-landslide%2Farticle11189244&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadianelectionatlas.blogspot.ca/2013/04/liberal-leadership-race-results-map.html">"Liberal leadership race – results map"</a>. <i>Canadian Election Atlas</i>. April 15, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930091653/http://canadianelectionatlas.blogspot.ca/2013/04/liberal-leadership-race-results-map.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Canadian+Election+Atlas&amp;rft.atitle=Liberal+leadership+race+%E2%80%93+results+map&amp;rft.date=2013-04-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadianelectionatlas.blogspot.ca%2F2013%2F04%2Fliberal-leadership-race-results-map.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/alexguibord/15169932029/">"Photo: Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau campaigns in Toronto's Trinity–Spadina riding in support of Liberal candidate Adam Vaughan"</a>. June 16, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106142854/https://www.flickr.com/photos/alexguibord/15169932029/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Photo%3A+Liberal+Leader+Justin+Trudeau+campaigns+in+Toronto%27s+Trinity%E2%80%93Spadina+riding+in+support+of+Liberal+candidate+Adam+Vaughan.&amp;rft.date=2014-06-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Falexguibord%2F15169932029%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/2013/04/16/poll-shows-justin-trudeau-liberals-far-ahead">"Poll shows Justin Trudeau Liberals far ahead 38"</a>. <i>Toronto Sun</i>. April 16, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513102358/http://www.torontosun.com/2013/04/16/poll-shows-justin-trudeau-liberals-far-ahead">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Sun&amp;rft.atitle=Poll+shows+Justin+Trudeau+Liberals+far+ahead+38&amp;rft.date=2013-04-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2F2013%2F04%2F16%2Fpoll-shows-justin-trudeau-liberals-far-ahead&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CTV News Network, "Memorial of Nelson Mandela", December 10, 2013.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2013" class="citation news cs1">McGregor, Glen (August 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://o.canada.com/news/justin-trudeau-moves-personal-investments-into-blind-trust">"Justin Trudeau voluntarily moves personal investments into blind trust, fulfilling campaign promise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026132921/http://o.canada.com/news/justin-trudeau-moves-personal-investments-into-blind-trust">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+voluntarily+moves+personal+investments+into+blind+trust%2C+fulfilling+campaign+promise&amp;rft.date=2013-08-01&amp;rft.aulast=McGregor&amp;rft.aufirst=Glen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fo.canada.com%2Fnews%2Fjustin-trudeau-moves-personal-investments-into-blind-trust&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelacourt2014" class="citation news cs1">Delacourt, Susan (February 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2014/02/07/parliament_speaking_a_language_all_its_own.html">"Parliament: Speaking a language all its own"</a>. <i>Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019065639/http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2014/02/07/parliament_speaking_a_language_all_its_own.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Parliament%3A+Speaking+a+language+all+its+own&amp;rft.date=2014-02-07&amp;rft.aulast=Delacourt&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Finsight%2F2014%2F02%2F07%2Fparliament_speaking_a_language_all_its_own.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140222035446/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2014/02/21/john-ivison-why-justin-trudeaus-new-guiding-light-could-have-a-dramatic-impact-on-canadian-public-policy/">"John Ivison: Why Justin Trudeau's new guiding light could have a dramatic impact on Canadian public policy"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. February 21, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2014/02/21/john-ivison-why-justin-trudeaus-new-guiding-light-could-have-a-dramatic-impact-on-canadian-public-policy">the original</a> on February 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=John+Ivison%3A+Why+Justin+Trudeau%27s+new+guiding+light+could+have+a+dramatic+impact+on+Canadian+public+policy&amp;rft.date=2014-02-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffullcomment.nationalpost.com%2F2014%2F02%2F21%2Fjohn-ivison-why-justin-trudeaus-new-guiding-light-could-have-a-dramatic-impact-on-canadian-public-policy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cbc.ca-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_172-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbc.ca_172-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/results-2015/">"Federal election results 2015"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 20, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022233012/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/results-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Federal+election+results+2015&amp;rft.date=2015-10-20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews2%2Finteractives%2Fresults-2015%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023060206/http://enr.elections.ca/National.aspx?lang=e">"Election Night Results – National"</a>. <i>Élections Canada</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enr.elections.ca/National.aspx?lang=e">the original</a> on October 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%C3%89lections+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=Election+Night+Results+%E2%80%93+National&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenr.elections.ca%2FNational.aspx%3Flang%3De&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation news cs1">Campbell, Bradley (October 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-10-20/stephen-harper-underestimated-justin-trudeau-it-was-mocking-way-he-did-it-cost">"Stephen Harper underestimated Justin Trudeau, but it was the mocking way he did it that cost him the election"</a>. <i>PRI</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151021203300/http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-10-20/stephen-harper-underestimated-justin-trudeau-it-was-mocking-way-he-did-it-cost">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PRI&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Harper+underestimated+Justin+Trudeau%2C+but+it+was+the+mocking+way+he+did+it+that+cost+him+the+election&amp;rft.date=2015-10-20&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bradley&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2015-10-20%2Fstephen-harper-underestimated-justin-trudeau-it-was-mocking-way-he-did-it-cost&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2015" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Graeme (October 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/graeme-hamilton-justin-trudeau-emerges-victorious-from-an-election-campaign-that-should-finally-silence-his-doubters">"Graeme Hamilton: Justin Trudeau's stunning victory for the Liberals should finally silence his doubters"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20151119122258/http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/graeme-hamilton-justin-trudeau-emerges-victorious-from-an-election-campaign-that-should-finally-silence-his-doubters">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Graeme+Hamilton%3A+Justin+Trudeau%27s+stunning+victory+for+the+Liberals+should+finally+silence+his+doubters&amp;rft.date=2015-10-20&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton&amp;rft.aufirst=Graeme&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Ffull-comment%2Fgraeme-hamilton-justin-trudeau-emerges-victorious-from-an-election-campaign-that-should-finally-silence-his-doubters&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnon2015" class="citation news cs1">Gagnon, Michelle (October 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-election-2015-justin-trudeau-michelle-gagnon-1.3259553">"Justin Trudeau's rise shows the benefits of being underestimated"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029081255/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-election-2015-justin-trudeau-michelle-gagnon-1.3259553">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+rise+shows+the+benefits+of+being+underestimated&amp;rft.date=2015-10-07&amp;rft.aulast=Gagnon&amp;rft.aufirst=Michelle&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-election-2015-justin-trudeau-michelle-gagnon-1.3259553&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/justin-trudeau-for-the-record-we-beat-fear-with-hope">"For the record: A full transcript of Justin Trudeau's speech"</a>. <i>Maclean's Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023102847/http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/justin-trudeau-for-the-record-we-beat-fear-with-hope/">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=For+the+record%3A+A+full+transcript+of+Justin+Trudeau%27s+speech&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa%2Fjustin-trudeau-for-the-record-we-beat-fear-with-hope&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/stephen-harper-resigns-as-conservative-leader-1.2617950">"Stephen Harper resigns as Conservative leader"</a>. <i>CTVNews</i>. October 19, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151020035634/http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/stephen-harper-resigns-as-conservative-leader-1.2617950">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTVNews&amp;rft.atitle=Stephen+Harper+resigns+as+Conservative+leader&amp;rft.date=2015-10-19&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fstephen-harper-resigns-as-conservative-leader-1.2617950&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell2015" class="citation web cs1">Blackwell, Tom (October 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/canadian-election-2015-liberals-jump-to-early-lead-as-polls-close-in-newfoundland-and-labrador">"Canadian election 2015 hands Justin Trudeau and the Liberals a majority government"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20151120044540/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/canadian-election-2015-liberals-jump-to-early-lead-as-polls-close-in-newfoundland-and-labrador">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Canadian+election+2015+hands+Justin+Trudeau+and+the+Liberals+a+majority+government&amp;rft.date=2015-10-20&amp;rft.aulast=Blackwell&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcanadian-politics%2Fcanadian-election-2015-liberals-jump-to-early-lead-as-polls-close-in-newfoundland-and-labrador&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-trudeau-liberal-cabinet-ministers-1.3302743">"Justin Trudeau signals new style on 1st day as Canada's 23rd prime minister"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 4, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104221759/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-trudeau-liberal-cabinet-ministers-1.3302743">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+signals+new+style+on+1st+day+as+Canada%27s+23rd+prime+minister&amp;rft.date=2015-11-04&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-trudeau-liberal-cabinet-ministers-1.3302743&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/prime-minister-justin-trudeau-on-his-cabinet-and-its-promise-to-canadians/">"Justin Trudeau on his cabinet and its promise to Canadians"</a>. <i>Maclean's</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110015306/http://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/prime-minister-justin-trudeau-on-his-cabinet-and-its-promise-to-canadians/">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+on+his+cabinet+and+its+promise+to+Canadians&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa%2Fprime-minister-justin-trudeau-on-his-cabinet-and-its-promise-to-canadians%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_BerthiaumeKathryn_May" class="citation web cs1">Lee Berthiaume; Kathryn May. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/the-long-form-census-is-back-in-time-for-2016">"The long-form census is back – with penalties still possible if you ignore it"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106131721/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/the-long-form-census-is-back-in-time-for-2016">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&amp;rft.atitle=The+long-form+census+is+back+%E2%80%93+with+penalties+still+possible+if+you+ignore+it&amp;rft.au=Lee+Berthiaume&amp;rft.au=Kathryn+May&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fottawacitizen.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fthe-long-form-census-is-back-in-time-for-2016&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/liberals-can-restore-long-form-census-for-2016-if-they-act-quickly-observers-say-1.3291284">"Liberals can restore long-form census for 2016, if they act quickly, observers say"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 28, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106071707/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/liberals-can-restore-long-form-census-for-2016-if-they-act-quickly-observers-say-1.3291284">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals+can+restore+long-form+census+for+2016%2C+if+they+act+quickly%2C+observers+say&amp;rft.date=2015-10-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwindsor%2Fliberals-can-restore-long-form-census-for-2016-if-they-act-quickly-observers-say-1.3291284&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-families-of-nova-scotia-mass-shooting-victims-want-sincere-rcmp/">"Families of Nova Scotia mass shooting victims want sincere RCMP apology, lawyer says"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. August 31, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908125338/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-families-of-nova-scotia-mass-shooting-victims-want-sincere-rcmp/">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Families+of+Nova+Scotia+mass+shooting+victims+want+sincere+RCMP+apology%2C+lawyer+says&amp;rft.date=2023-08-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-families-of-nova-scotia-mass-shooting-victims-want-sincere-rcmp%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2023" class="citation news cs1">Major, Darren (September 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/how-will-foreign-interference-inquiry-work-1.6959808">"What we know so far about the public inquiry into foreign interference"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230909095516/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/how-will-foreign-interference-inquiry-work-1.6959808">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=What+we+know+so+far+about+the+public+inquiry+into+foreign+interference&amp;rft.date=2023-09-07&amp;rft.aulast=Major&amp;rft.aufirst=Darren&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fhow-will-foreign-interference-inquiry-work-1.6959808&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trudeau-accepts-finding-of-genocide-in-mmiwg-inquiry-1.4451295">"Trudeau accepts finding of genocide in MMIWG inquiry"</a>. <i>CTV</i>. The Canadian Press. June 4, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015235941/https://bc.ctvnews.ca/trudeau-accepts-finding-of-genocide-in-mmiwg-inquiry-1.4451295">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTV&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+accepts+finding+of+genocide+in+MMIWG+inquiry&amp;rft.date=2019-06-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbc.ctvnews.ca%2Ftrudeau-accepts-finding-of-genocide-in-mmiwg-inquiry-1.4451295&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6844277/coronavirus-trudeau-stockpile-waste/">"Trudeau vows Canada's PPE stockpile policies will be overhauled to prevent waste – National | Globalnews.ca"</a>. <i>Global News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825014632/https://globalnews.ca/news/6844277/coronavirus-trudeau-stockpile-waste/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+vows+Canada%27s+PPE+stockpile+policies+will+be+overhauled+to+prevent+waste+%E2%80%93+National+%26%23124%3B+Globalnews.ca&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F6844277%2Fcoronavirus-trudeau-stockpile-waste%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2020" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Marieke (April 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-cut-number-of-stockpile-storage-locations-for-critical-medical/">"Canada cut number of stockpile storage locations for critical medical supplies by one third in past two years"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825014631/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-canada-cut-number-of-stockpile-storage-locations-for-critical-medical/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+cut+number+of+stockpile+storage+locations+for+critical+medical+supplies+by+one+third+in+past+two+years&amp;rft.date=2020-04-22&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Marieke&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-canada-cut-number-of-stockpile-storage-locations-for-critical-medical%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cffp.recherche.usherbrooke.ca/suivi-mesures-economiques-covid-19/">"Suivi des mesures économiques gouvernementales découlant de la crise de la COVID-19: Québec et Fédéral"</a>. <i>Chaire en Fiscalité et en Finances publiques</i>. <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Sherbrooke" title="Université de Sherbrooke">Université de Sherbrooke</a>. January 20, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418014012/https://cffp.recherche.usherbrooke.ca/suivi-mesures-economiques-covid-19/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chaire+en+Fiscalit%C3%A9+et+en+Finances+publiques&amp;rft.atitle=Suivi+des+mesures+%C3%A9conomiques+gouvernementales+d%C3%A9coulant+de+la+crise+de+la+COVID-19%3A+Qu%C3%A9bec+et+F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ral&amp;rft.date=2020-01-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcffp.recherche.usherbrooke.ca%2Fsuivi-mesures-economiques-covid-19%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-mbafd-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mbafd_190-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2020" class="citation news cs1">Brewster, Murray (May 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-military-seniors-1.5559558">"Armed Forces deploys almost all of its medical capacity against pandemic in Quebec nursing homes"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828165223/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-military-seniors-1.5559558">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Armed+Forces+deploys+almost+all+of+its+medical+capacity+against+pandemic+in+Quebec+nursing+homes&amp;rft.date=2020-05-07&amp;rft.aulast=Brewster&amp;rft.aufirst=Murray&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcovid19-military-seniors-1.5559558&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_191-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/services/procuring-vaccines-covid19.html">"Procuring vaccines for COVID-19"</a>. <i>aem</i>. Public Services and Procurement Canada. December 11, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217022617/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-services-procurement/services/procuring-vaccines-covid19.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=aem&amp;rft.atitle=Procuring+vaccines+for+COVID-19&amp;rft.date=2020-12-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fpublic-services-procurement%2Fservices%2Fprocuring-vaccines-covid19.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshMcArthur2021" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Marieke; McArthur, Greg (March 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-canadas-missed-shots-how-ottawas-covid-19-vaccine-promises-were-out-of/">"Canada's missed shots: How Ottawa's COVID-19 vaccine promises were out of step with reality"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825003831/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-canadas-missed-shots-how-ottawas-covid-19-vaccine-promises-were-out-of/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Canada%27s+missed+shots%3A+How+Ottawa%27s+COVID-19+vaccine+promises+were+out+of+step+with+reality&amp;rft.date=2021-03-04&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Marieke&amp;rft.au=McArthur%2C+Greg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fcanada%2Farticle-canadas-missed-shots-how-ottawas-covid-19-vaccine-promises-were-out-of%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLing2021" class="citation web cs1">Ling, Justin (May 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/where-did-canadas-vaccine-effort-actually-go-wrong/">"Where did Canada's vaccine effort actually go wrong?"</a>. <i>Macleans.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210531203953/https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/where-did-canadas-vaccine-effort-actually-go-wrong/">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Macleans.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Where+did+Canada%27s+vaccine+effort+actually+go+wrong%3F&amp;rft.date=2021-05-31&amp;rft.aulast=Ling&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fwhere-did-canadas-vaccine-effort-actually-go-wrong%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopper2021" class="citation news cs1">Hopper, Tristin (February 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/how-ottawa-utterly-botched-canadas-covid-vaccine-acquisition">"How Ottawa utterly botched Canada's COVID vaccine acquisition"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209212410/https://nationalpost.com/news/how-ottawa-utterly-botched-canadas-covid-vaccine-acquisition">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=How+Ottawa+utterly+botched+Canada%27s+COVID+vaccine+acquisition&amp;rft.date=2021-02-05&amp;rft.aulast=Hopper&amp;rft.aufirst=Tristin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-ottawa-utterly-botched-canadas-covid-vaccine-acquisition&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-aljazeera_20201127-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera_20201127_195-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/27/most-canadians-will-get-covid-19-vaccine-by-september-trudeau">"Most Canadians will get COVID-19 vaccine by September: Trudeau"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. November 27, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217122901/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/27/most-canadians-will-get-covid-19-vaccine-by-september-trudeau">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&amp;rft.atitle=Most+Canadians+will+get+COVID-19+vaccine+by+September%3A+Trudeau&amp;rft.date=2020-11-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F27%2Fmost-canadians-will-get-covid-19-vaccine-by-september-trudeau&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2021" class="citation news cs1">Newton, Paula (April 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/09/americas/canada-third-coronavirus-wave/index.html">"Canada's third wave on track to become its worst yet as hospitalizations spike"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423042748/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/09/americas/canada-third-coronavirus-wave/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=Canada%27s+third+wave+on+track+to+become+its+worst+yet+as+hospitalizations+spike&amp;rft.date=2021-04-09&amp;rft.aulast=Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=Paula&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F04%2F09%2Famericas%2Fcanada-third-coronavirus-wave%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/">"Interactive Data Visualization of COVID-19 in Canada – Public Health Infobase | Public Health Agency of Canada"</a>. <i>health-infobase.canada.ca</i>. April 19, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422111105/https://health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=health-infobase.canada.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Interactive+Data+Visualization+of+COVID-19+in+Canada+%E2%80%93+Public+Health+Infobase+%7C+Public+Health+Agency+of+Canada&amp;rft.date=2020-04-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealth-infobase.canada.ca%2Fcovid-19%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardosoLundy2021" class="citation news cs1">Cardoso, Tom; Lundy, Matt (April 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-federal-budget-2021-highlights-child-care-housing-jobs-recovery/">"Federal budget 2021 highlights: Child care, recovery benefits, OAS increases – everything you need to know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422155023/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-federal-budget-2021-highlights-child-care-housing-jobs-recovery/">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Federal+budget+2021+highlights%3A+Child+care%2C+recovery+benefits%2C+OAS+increases+%E2%80%93+everything+you+need+to+know&amp;rft.date=2021-04-19&amp;rft.aulast=Cardoso&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft.au=Lundy%2C+Matt&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-federal-budget-2021-highlights-child-care-housing-jobs-recovery%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBains2021" class="citation news cs1">Bains, Jessy (October 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/canada-recovery-benefit-crb-ending-new-one-taking-its-place-153031851.html">"The Canada Recovery Benefit is ending, with a new one taking its place"</a>. <i>Yahoo Finance Canada</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224116/https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/canada-recovery-benefit-crb-ending-new-one-taking-its-place-153031851.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Finance+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=The+Canada+Recovery+Benefit+is+ending%2C+with+a+new+one+taking+its+place&amp;rft.date=2021-10-21&amp;rft.aulast=Bains&amp;rft.aufirst=Jessy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.finance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada-recovery-benefit-crb-ending-new-one-taking-its-place-153031851.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessier2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Messier, François (December 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1849519/canada-trudeau-freeland-coronavirus-omicron-programmes-aide">"Des milliers de Canadiens de plus admissibles à une aide de 300 $ par semaine"</a>. <i>ici.radio-canada.ca</i> (in Canadian French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222170122/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1849519/canada-trudeau-freeland-coronavirus-omicron-programmes-aide">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ici.radio-canada.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Des+milliers+de+Canadiens+de+plus+admissibles+%C3%A0+une+aide+de+300+%24+par+semaine&amp;rft.date=2021-12-23&amp;rft.aulast=Messier&amp;rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F1849519%2Fcanada-trudeau-freeland-coronavirus-omicron-programmes-aide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CBC_Tasker_20220129-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_Tasker_20220129_201-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2022" class="citation news cs1">Tasker, John Paul (January 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/truck-convoy-protest-some-key-players-1.6332312">"Thousands opposed to COVID-19 rules converge on Parliament Hill"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131234305/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/truck-convoy-protest-some-key-players-1.6332312">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC&amp;rft.atitle=Thousands+opposed+to+COVID-19+rules+converge+on+Parliament+Hill&amp;rft.date=2022-01-29&amp;rft.aulast=Tasker&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftruck-convoy-protest-some-key-players-1.6332312&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/covid-19-freedom-convoy-2022-news">"Freedom Convoy 2022 live updates: Trudeau relocated due to security concerns"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. January 29, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209212412/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/covid-19-freedom-convoy-2022-news">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Freedom+Convoy+2022+live+updates%3A+Trudeau+relocated+due+to+security+concerns&amp;rft.date=2022-01-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcovid-19-freedom-convoy-2022-news&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-theguardian_Cecco_20220128-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_Cecco_20220128_203-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2022" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (January 28, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/28/canada-truckers-covid-vaccine-mandate-protest-government">"Canada truckers' vaccine protest spirals into calls to repeal all public health rules"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202012650/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/28/canada-truckers-covid-vaccine-mandate-protest-government">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+truckers%27+vaccine+protest+spirals+into+calls+to+repeal+all+public+health+rules&amp;rft.date=2022-01-28&amp;rft.issn=0261-3077&amp;rft.aulast=Cecco&amp;rft.aufirst=Leyland&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjan%2F28%2Fcanada-truckers-covid-vaccine-mandate-protest-government&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Insult-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Insult_204-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60202050">"Freedom Convoy: Trudeau calls trucker protest an 'insult to truth'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. January 31, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302133758/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-60202050">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Freedom+Convoy%3A+Trudeau+calls+trucker+protest+an+%27insult+to+truth%27&amp;rft.date=2022-01-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-60202050&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/03/world/trudeau-military-response-not-cards-covid-protest/">"Military response not in cards for COVID protest, Trudeau says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. February 3, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220206234128/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/02/03/world/trudeau-military-response-not-cards-covid-protest/">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&amp;rft.atitle=Military+response+not+in+cards+for+COVID+protest%2C+Trudeau+says&amp;rft.date=2022-02-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2022%2F02%2F03%2Fworld%2Ftrudeau-military-response-not-cards-covid-protest%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsorioSchererChiacu2022" class="citation news cs1">Osorio, Carlos; Scherer, Steve; Chiacu, Doina (February 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-protests-enter-third-week-sophisticated-demonstrators-dig-2022-02-11/">"Trudeau promises Biden 'quick action' against protesters blocking U.S.-Canada bridge"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211230754/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-protests-enter-third-week-sophisticated-demonstrators-dig-2022-02-11/">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+promises+Biden+%27quick+action%27+against+protesters+blocking+U.S.-Canada+bridge&amp;rft.date=2022-02-11&amp;rft.aulast=Osorio&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos&amp;rft.au=Scherer%2C+Steve&amp;rft.au=Chiacu%2C+Doina&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcanada-protests-enter-third-week-sophisticated-demonstrators-dig-2022-02-11%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstorBilefskyPorter2022" class="citation news cs1">Astor, Maggie; Bilefsky, Dan; Porter, Catherine (February 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/11/world/canada-trucker-protest">"Trudeau warns protesters of 'increasingly robust police intervention.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211152800/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/11/world/canada-trucker-protest">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+warns+protesters+of+%27increasingly+robust+police+intervention.%27&amp;rft.date=2022-02-11&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Astor&amp;rft.aufirst=Maggie&amp;rft.au=Bilefsky%2C+Dan&amp;rft.au=Porter%2C+Catherine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flive%2F2022%2F02%2F11%2Fworld%2Fcanada-trucker-protest&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8617952/canada-convoy-blockade-military-response/">"Trudeau invokes Emergencies Act for 1st time to aid convoy blockade response – National | Globalnews.ca"</a>. <i>Global News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214153308/https://globalnews.ca/news/8617952/canada-convoy-blockade-military-response/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+invokes+Emergencies+Act+for+1st+time+to+aid+convoy+blockade+response+%E2%80%93+National+%7C+Globalnews.ca&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F8617952%2Fcanada-convoy-blockade-military-response%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoisvert2022" class="citation news cs1">Boisvert, Nick (February 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-event-feb23-1.6361847">"Trudeau ends use of Emergencies Act, says 'situation is no longer an emergency'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223211417/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-event-feb23-1.6361847">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+ends+use+of+Emergencies+Act%2C+says+%27situation+is+no+longer+an+emergency%27&amp;rft.date=2022-02-23&amp;rft.aulast=Boisvert&amp;rft.aufirst=Nick&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-event-feb23-1.6361847&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsman2022" class="citation web cs1">Osman, Laura (February 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cp24.com/news/trudeau-says-emergencies-act-powers-can-now-be-revoked-as-crisis-calms-1.5793077">"Trudeau says Emergencies Act powers can now be revoked as crisis calms"</a>. <i>CP24</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412053108/https://www.cp24.com/news/trudeau-says-emergencies-act-powers-can-now-be-revoked-as-crisis-calms-1.5793077">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CP24&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+says+Emergencies+Act+powers+can+now+be+revoked+as+crisis+calms&amp;rft.date=2022-02-23&amp;rft.aulast=Osman&amp;rft.aufirst=Laura&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cp24.com%2Fnews%2Ftrudeau-says-emergencies-act-powers-can-now-be-revoked-as-crisis-calms-1.5793077&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/poec-report-released-friday-1.6750919">"Catharine Tunney, "Federal government met the threshold to invoke Emergencies Act: Rouleau", <i>CBC News</i>, Feb 17, 2023"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218031022/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/poec-report-released-friday-1.6750919">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Catharine+Tunney%2C+%22Federal+government+met+the+threshold+to+invoke+Emergencies+Act%3A+Rouleau%22%2C+CBC+News%2C+Feb+17%2C+2023.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpoec-report-released-friday-1.6750919&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dyk2024" class="citation web cs1">Van Dyk, Spencer (January 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/federal-court-rules-emergencies-act-invocation-not-justified-1.6738624">"Federal court rules Emergencies Act invocation 'not justified'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CTV</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123183301/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/federal-court-rules-emergencies-act-invocation-not-justified-1.6738624">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTV&amp;rft.atitle=Federal+court+rules+Emergencies+Act+invocation+%27not+justified%27&amp;rft.date=2024-01-23&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Dyk&amp;rft.aufirst=Spencer&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal-court-rules-emergencies-act-invocation-not-justified-1.6738624&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunney2024" class="citation web cs1">Tunney, Catharine (January 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies-act-federal-court-1.7091891">"Ottawa's use of Emergencies Act against convoy protests was unreasonable, violated Charter, court rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123200540/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/emergencies-act-federal-court-1.7091891">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Ottawa%27s+use+of+Emergencies+Act+against+convoy+protests+was+unreasonable%2C+violated+Charter%2C+court+rules&amp;rft.date=2024-01-23&amp;rft.aulast=Tunney&amp;rft.aufirst=Catharine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Femergencies-act-federal-court-1.7091891&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/election-campaign-starts-today-1.5277657">"It's official, Canadians: the 2019 federal election campaign is underway"</a>. cbc.ca. September 11, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111185038/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/election-campaign-starts-today-1.5277657">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=It%27s+official%2C+Canadians%3A+the+2019+federal+election+campaign+is+underway&amp;rft.date=2019-09-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felection-campaign-starts-today-1.5277657&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TVAdeb-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TVAdeb_215-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2019" class="citation news cs1">Tasker, John Paul (September 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/french-language-tva-trudeau-1.5273089">"French-language TVA debate to go ahead after Trudeau agrees to participate"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906230856/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/french-language-tva-trudeau-1.5273089">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=French-language+TVA+debate+to+go+ahead+after+Trudeau+agrees+to+participate&amp;rft.date=2019-09-06&amp;rft.aulast=Tasker&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ffrench-language-tva-trudeau-1.5273089&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Snub-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snub_216-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2019" class="citation news cs1">Cochrane, David (September 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberals-snub-debates-commision-1.5272277">"Trudeau snubs Munk, Maclean's/Citytv debates but will attend commission debates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906012705/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/liberals-snub-debates-commision-1.5272277">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+snubs+Munk%2C+Maclean%27s%2FCitytv+debates+but+will+attend+commission+debates&amp;rft.date=2019-09-05&amp;rft.aulast=Cochrane&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fliberals-snub-debates-commision-1.5272277&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://election.ctvnews.ca/munk-debates-cancels-foreign-policy-event-because-trudeau-won-t-attend-1.4607537">"Munk Debates cancels foreign-policy event because Trudeau won't attend"</a>. <i>Federal Election 2019</i>. September 24, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924143359/https://election.ctvnews.ca/munk-debates-cancels-foreign-policy-event-because-trudeau-won-t-attend-1.4607537">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Federal+Election+2019&amp;rft.atitle=Munk+Debates+cancels+foreign-policy+event+because+Trudeau+won%27t+attend&amp;rft.date=2019-09-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felection.ctvnews.ca%2Fmunk-debates-cancels-foreign-policy-event-because-trudeau-won-t-attend-1.4607537&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-new-blackface-video-surfaces-a-day-after-trudeau-apologizes-for-two/">"Trudeau apologizes again for wearing blackface, cannot say how many times he wore racist makeup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319204758/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-new-blackface-video-surfaces-a-day-after-trudeau-apologizes-for-two/">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+apologizes+again+for+wearing+blackface%2C+cannot+say+how+many+times+he+wore+racist+makeup&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-new-blackface-video-surfaces-a-day-after-trudeau-apologizes-for-two%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5680759/justin-trudeau-brownface-photo/">"Justin Trudeau Wore Brownface at 2001 'Arabian Nights' Party While He Taught at a Private School"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015102135/https://time.com/5680759/justin-trudeau-brownface-photo/">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+Wore+Brownface+at+2001+%27Arabian+Nights%27+Party+While+He+Taught+at+a+Private+School&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5680759%2Fjustin-trudeau-brownface-photo%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5680868/justin-trudeau-brownface-photo-apology/">"Justin Trudeau Admits to Also Wearing Blackface 'Makeup' in High School Following TIME Report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919091640/https://time.com/5680868/justin-trudeau-brownface-photo-apology/">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Time&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+Admits+to+Also+Wearing+Blackface+%27Makeup%27+in+High+School+Following+TIME+Report&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5680868%2Fjustin-trudeau-brownface-photo-apology%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonSubramaniam2019" class="citation news cs1">Dawson, Tyler; Subramaniam, Vanmala (September 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/election-2019/yearbook-photo-surfaces-of-trudeau-wearing-brownface-costume-in-2001">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I'm really sorry': Justin Trudeau admits wearing brownface at 2001 costume party | National Post"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505101037/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/election-2019/yearbook-photo-surfaces-of-trudeau-wearing-brownface-costume-in-2001">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=%27I%27m+really+sorry%27%3A+Justin+Trudeau+admits+wearing+brownface+at+2001+costume+party+%26%23124%3B+National+Post&amp;rft.date=2019-09-19&amp;rft.aulast=Dawson&amp;rft.aufirst=Tyler&amp;rft.au=Subramaniam%2C+Vanmala&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felection-2019%2Fyearbook-photo-surfaces-of-trudeau-wearing-brownface-costume-in-2001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/5922861/justin-trudeau-brownface-video/">"EXCLUSIVE: Video shows Trudeau in blackface in 3rd instance of racist makeup"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015133053/https://globalnews.ca/news/5922861/justin-trudeau-brownface-video/">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+Video+shows+Trudeau+in+blackface+in+3rd+instance+of+racist+makeup&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F5922861%2Fjustin-trudeau-brownface-video%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/5922861/justin-trudeau-brownface-video/">"EXCLUSIVE: Video shows Trudeau in blackface in 3rd instance of racist makeup"</a>. <i>Global News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015133053/https://globalnews.ca/news/5922861/justin-trudeau-brownface-video/">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=EXCLUSIVE%3A+Video+shows+Trudeau+in+blackface+in+3rd+instance+of+racist+makeup&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F5922861%2Fjustin-trudeau-brownface-video%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2019" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (September 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/19/justin-trudeau-wearing-blackface-details-emerge-third-incident">"Trudeau says he can't recall how many times he wore blackface makeup"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015222314/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/19/justin-trudeau-wearing-blackface-details-emerge-third-incident">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+says+he+can%27t+recall+how+many+times+he+wore+blackface+makeup&amp;rft.date=2019-09-20&amp;rft.aulast=Cecco&amp;rft.aufirst=Leyland&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fsep%2F19%2Fjustin-trudeau-wearing-blackface-details-emerge-third-incident&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/justin-trudeaus-incredibly-forgiving-base-of-believers/">"Justin Trudeau's incredibly forgiving base of believers – Macleans.ca"</a>. <i>www.macleans.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017154415/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/justin-trudeaus-incredibly-forgiving-base-of-believers/">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.macleans.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+incredibly+forgiving+base+of+believers+%E2%80%93+Macleans.ca&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeaus-incredibly-forgiving-base-of-believers%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2019" class="citation news cs1">Gardiner, Aidan (September 19, 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/reader-center/trudeau-blackface-brownface-voters.html">"Canadians Ask if They Can Forgive Trudeau"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190919221303/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/19/reader-center/trudeau-blackface-brownface-voters.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Canadians+Ask+if+They+Can+Forgive+Trudeau&amp;rft.date=2019-09-19&amp;rft.aulast=Gardiner&amp;rft.aufirst=Aidan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F09%2F19%2Freader-center%2Ftrudeau-blackface-brownface-voters.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHébert2019" class="citation news cs1">Hébert, Chantal (September 23, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/politics/political-opinion/2019/09/23/trudeaus-blackface-apology-seems-to-be-readily-accepted-in-quebec.html">"Trudeau's apology for blackface photos seems to be readily accepted in Quebec | The Star"</a>. <i>The Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023090425/https://www.thestar.com/politics/political-opinion/2019/09/23/trudeaus-blackface-apology-seems-to-be-readily-accepted-in-quebec.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%27s+apology+for+blackface+photos+seems+to+be+readily+accepted+in+Quebec+%26%23124%3B+The+Star&amp;rft.date=2019-09-23&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%A9bert&amp;rft.aufirst=Chantal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fpolitics%2Fpolitical-opinion%2F2019%2F09%2F23%2Ftrudeaus-blackface-apology-seems-to-be-readily-accepted-in-quebec.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHébert2019" class="citation news cs1">Hébert, Chantal (September 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/9612880-chantal-h-bert-quebec-voters-appear-to-have-forgiven-trudeau-for-his-blackface-follies/">"Opinion | Chantal Hébert: Quebec voters appear to have forgiven Trudeau for his blackface follies"</a>. <i>The Hamilton Spectator</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017154406/https://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/9612880-chantal-h-bert-quebec-voters-appear-to-have-forgiven-trudeau-for-his-blackface-follies/">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span> – via www.thespec.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&amp;rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+Chantal+H%C3%A9bert%3A+Quebec+voters+appear+to+have+forgiven+Trudeau+for+his+blackface+follies&amp;rft.date=2019-09-24&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%A9bert&amp;rft.aufirst=Chantal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fopinion-story%2F9612880-chantal-h-bert-quebec-voters-appear-to-have-forgiven-trudeau-for-his-blackface-follies%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontpetit2019" class="citation news cs1">Montpetit, Jonathan (September 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-reaction-trudeau-brownface-1.5289508">"In Quebec, Trudeau's opponents and supporters shrug off blackface controversy"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920173456/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/quebec-reaction-trudeau-brownface-1.5289508">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=In+Quebec%2C+Trudeau%27s+opponents+and+supporters+shrug+off+blackface+controversy&amp;rft.date=2019-09-19&amp;rft.aulast=Montpetit&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmontreal%2Fquebec-reaction-trudeau-brownface-1.5289508&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeith2019" class="citation web cs1">Feith, Jesse (September 20, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montrealgazette.com/news/trudeaus-record-on-race-shouldnt-be-overlooked-community-groups-say">"Trudeau's record on race shouldn't be overlooked, community groups say"</a>. <i>Montreal Gazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927011552/https://montrealgazette.com/news/trudeaus-record-on-race-shouldnt-be-overlooked-community-groups-say">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Montreal+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%27s+record+on+race+shouldn%27t+be+overlooked%2C+community+groups+say&amp;rft.date=2019-09-20&amp;rft.aulast=Feith&amp;rft.aufirst=Jesse&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontrealgazette.com%2Fnews%2Ftrudeaus-record-on-race-shouldnt-be-overlooked-community-groups-say&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNenshi2019" class="citation news cs1">Nenshi, Naheed (September 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/21/im-calgarys-muslim-mayor-we-can-learn-trudeaus-brownface-moment/">"Perspective | I'm Calgary's Muslim mayor. We can learn from Trudeau's 'brownface' moment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924062351/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/21/im-calgarys-muslim-mayor-we-can-learn-trudeaus-brownface-moment/">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Perspective+%7C+I%27m+Calgary%27s+Muslim+mayor.+We+can+learn+from+Trudeau%27s+%27brownface%27+moment.&amp;rft.date=2019-09-21&amp;rft.issn=0190-8286&amp;rft.aulast=Nenshi&amp;rft.aufirst=Naheed&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2019%2F09%2F21%2Fim-calgarys-muslim-mayor-we-can-learn-trudeaus-brownface-moment%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2019/09/25/putting-trudeaus-past-vs-present-into-perspective.html">"Trudeau's past vs. Scheer's present | The Star"</a>. <i>The Toronto Star</i>. September 25, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927011554/https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/2019/09/25/putting-trudeaus-past-vs-present-into-perspective.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%27s+past+vs.+Scheer%27s+present+%7C+The+Star&amp;rft.date=2019-09-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fopinion%2Fcontributors%2F2019%2F09%2F25%2Fputting-trudeaus-past-vs-present-into-perspective.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontosun.com/news/national/absolutely-deplorable-officials-react-on-social-media-to-trudeaus-blackface-photos">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'ABSOLUTELY DEPLORABLE': Officials react on social media to Trudeau's blackface photos | Toronto Sun"</a>. September 19, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129192112/https://torontosun.com/news/national/absolutely-deplorable-officials-react-on-social-media-to-trudeaus-blackface-photos">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27ABSOLUTELY+DEPLORABLE%27%3A+Officials+react+on+social+media+to+Trudeau%27s+blackface+photos+%26%23124%3B+Toronto+Sun&amp;rft.date=2019-09-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontosun.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fabsolutely-deplorable-officials-react-on-social-media-to-trudeaus-blackface-photos&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Silva2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Da_Silva" title="Chantal Da Silva">Da Silva, Chantal</a> (October 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/justin-trudeau-canadian-election-minority-government-donald-trump-1466845">"Justin Trudeau wins minority government—what does this mean for America?"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406174906/https://www.newsweek.com/justin-trudeau-canadian-election-minority-government-donald-trump-1466845">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+wins+minority+government%E2%80%94what+does+this+mean+for+America%3F&amp;rft.date=2019-10-22&amp;rft.aulast=Da+Silva&amp;rft.aufirst=Chantal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fjustin-trudeau-canadian-election-minority-government-donald-trump-1466845&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/6071193/justin-trudeau-minority-government-plan/">"Trudeau says no plans to form a coalition, will push ahead on Trans Mountain"</a>. <i>Global News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406173403/https://globalnews.ca/news/6071193/justin-trudeau-minority-government-plan/">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+says+no+plans+to+form+a+coalition%2C+will+push+ahead+on+Trans+Mountain&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F6071193%2Fjustin-trudeau-minority-government-plan%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-toronto-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toronto_236-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-election-results-1.5330105">"Ontario and Quebec keep Liberals in power and Conservatives out"</a>. cbc.ca. October 22, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406194923/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/grenier-election-results-1.5330105">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Ontario+and+Quebec+keep+Liberals+in+power+and+Conservatives+out&amp;rft.date=2019-10-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fgrenier-election-results-1.5330105&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiello2019" class="citation web cs1">Aiello, Rachel (October 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://election.ctvnews.ca/historic-opportunity-opposition-leaders-take-stock-after-liberal-minority-win-1.4649796">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Historic opportunity': Opposition leaders take stock after Liberal minority win"</a>. <i>Federal Election 2019</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731183032/https://election.ctvnews.ca/historic-opportunity-opposition-leaders-take-stock-after-liberal-minority-win-1.4649796">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Federal+Election+2019&amp;rft.atitle=%27Historic+opportunity%27%3A+Opposition+leaders+take+stock+after+Liberal+minority+win&amp;rft.date=2019-10-22&amp;rft.aulast=Aiello&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felection.ctvnews.ca%2Fhistoric-opportunity-opposition-leaders-take-stock-after-liberal-minority-win-1.4649796&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ctv081521-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ctv081521_238-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiello2021" class="citation news cs1">Aiello, Rachel (August 15, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/federal-election-2021/trudeau-calls-federal-election-voters-to-go-to-the-polls-sept-20-1.5547815">"Trudeau calls federal election, voters to go to the polls Sept. 20"</a>. <i>CTV News</i>. Bell Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815154520/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/federal-election-2021/trudeau-calls-federal-election-voters-to-go-to-the-polls-sept-20-1.5547815">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CTV+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+calls+federal+election%2C+voters+to+go+to+the+polls+Sept.+20&amp;rft.date=2021-08-15&amp;rft.aulast=Aiello&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal-election-2021%2Ftrudeau-calls-federal-election-voters-to-go-to-the-polls-sept-20-1.5547815&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toronto.citynews.ca/2021/08/23/canada-afghanistan-rescue-flights/">"Canada 'working tirelessly' to evacuate citizens from Kabul – CityNews Toronto"</a>. <i>toronto.citynews.ca</i>. August 23, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825004823/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2021/08/23/canada-afghanistan-rescue-flights/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=toronto.citynews.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+%27working+tirelessly%27+to+evacuate+citizens+from+Kabul+%E2%80%93+CityNews+Toronto&amp;rft.date=2021-08-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoronto.citynews.ca%2F2021%2F08%2F23%2Fcanada-afghanistan-rescue-flights%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazerolleRieti" class="citation news cs1">Mazerolle, John; Rieti, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-votes-2021-election-night-highlights-1.6177106">"Federal election latest updates"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303012643/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-votes-2021-election-night-highlights-1.6177106">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Federal+election+latest+updates&amp;rft.aulast=Mazerolle&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Rieti%2C+John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-votes-2021-election-night-highlights-1.6177106&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hopper2-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hopper2_241-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopper2021" class="citation news cs1">Hopper, Tristan (September 22, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/election-2021/first-reading-the-least-popular-canadian-government-ever-elected">"First Reading: The Least Popular Canadian Government Ever Elected"</a>. <i>National Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=First+Reading%3A+The+Least+Popular+Canadian+Government+Ever+Elected&amp;rft.date=2021-09-22&amp;rft.aulast=Hopper&amp;rft.aufirst=Tristan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Felection-2021%2Ffirst-reading-the-least-popular-canadian-government-ever-elected&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_242-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_242-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/liberals-deal-with-ndp-will-keep-trudeau-minority-in-power-for-3-more-years-1.5829116">"Liberals' deal with NDP will keep Trudeau minority in power for 3 more years"</a>. <i>CTVNews</i>. March 22, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301060047/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/liberals-deal-with-ndp-will-keep-trudeau-minority-in-power-for-3-more-years-1.5829116">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTVNews&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals%27+deal+with+NDP+will+keep+Trudeau+minority+in+power+for+3+more+years&amp;rft.date=2022-03-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fliberals-deal-with-ndp-will-keep-trudeau-minority-in-power-for-3-more-years-1.5829116&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ndp-liberal-pharmacare-singh-trudeau-1.7109692">"NDP threatens stalling tactics, end of agreement with Liberals over slow pace of pharmacare talks"</a>. February 9, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301060047/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/ndp-liberal-pharmacare-singh-trudeau-1.7109692">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=NDP+threatens+stalling+tactics%2C+end+of+agreement+with+Liberals+over+slow+pace+of+pharmacare+talks&amp;rft.date=2024-02-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fndp-liberal-pharmacare-singh-trudeau-1.7109692&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/liberals-and-ndp-reach-deal-on-pharmacare-1.6781041">"Liberals and NDP reach deal on pharmacare"</a>. <i>CTVNews</i>. February 23, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301060158/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/liberals-and-ndp-reach-deal-on-pharmacare-1.6781041">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTVNews&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals+and+NDP+reach+deal+on+pharmacare&amp;rft.date=2024-02-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fliberals-and-ndp-reach-deal-on-pharmacare-1.6781041&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimonjic" class="citation web cs1">Zimonjic, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-ndp-ending-agreement-1.7312910">"The NDP is ending its governance agreement with the Liberals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240904194031/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/jagmeet-singh-ndp-ending-agreement-1.7312910">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=The+NDP+is+ending+its+governance+agreement+with+the+Liberals&amp;rft.aulast=Zimonjic&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjagmeet-singh-ndp-ending-agreement-1.7312910&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/canada-trudeau-election-ndp-support-agreement-7904127fd99bdc2b087b66b3c2025622">"Canadian opposition party ends support agreement with Prime Minister Trudeau's Liberals"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. September 5, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906190928/https://apnews.com/article/canada-trudeau-election-ndp-support-agreement-7904127fd99bdc2b087b66b3c2025622">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=AP+News&amp;rft.atitle=Canadian+opposition+party+ends+support+agreement+with+Prime+Minister+Trudeau%27s+Liberals&amp;rft.date=2024-09-05&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcanada-trudeau-election-ndp-support-agreement-7904127fd99bdc2b087b66b3c2025622&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2n00e3z87o">"Canada's NDP pulls support for Trudeau's Liberals"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240906190928/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2n00e3z87o">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&amp;rft.atitle=Canada%27s+NDP+pulls+support+for+Trudeau%27s+Liberals&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcm2n00e3z87o&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c93pg0gnkvxo">"Canada's Trudeau survives no-confidence vote in parliament"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. September 25, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Trudeau+survives+no-confidence+vote+in+parliament&amp;rft.date=2024-09-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc93pg0gnkvxo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38083733">"Trudeau government faces 'cash-for-access' criticism"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. November 23, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323054112/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38083733">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+government+faces+%27cash-for-access%27+criticism&amp;rft.date=2016-11-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-38083733&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-defends-cash-for-access-fundraising/article32523956/">"Trudeau defends cash-for-access fundraising"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814074509/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-defends-cash-for-access-fundraising/article32523956/">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+defends+cash-for-access+fundraising&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-defends-cash-for-access-fundraising%2Farticle32523956%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_251-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_251-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2017" class="citation news cs1">Schwartz, Zane (April 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/justin-trudeau-cleared-in-cash-for-access-investigation-by-ethics-commissioner">"PM no longer under investigation for cash-for-access fundraisers, but ethics commissioner won't say why"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209211808/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/justin-trudeau-cleared-in-cash-for-access-investigation-by-ethics-commissioner">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=PM+no+longer+under+investigation+for+cash-for-access+fundraisers%2C+but+ethics+commissioner+won%27t+say+why&amp;rft.date=2017-04-27&amp;rft.aulast=Schwartz&amp;rft.aufirst=Zane&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-cleared-in-cash-for-access-investigation-by-ethics-commissioner&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/on-cash-for-access-justin-trudeau-picks-up-where-kathleen-wynne-left-off/article32988739/">"Globe editorial: Justin Trudeau didn't invent cash-for-access, but he can end it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. November 22, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814064432/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/on-cash-for-access-justin-trudeau-picks-up-where-kathleen-wynne-left-off/article32988739/">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Globe+editorial%3A+Justin+Trudeau+didn%27t+invent+cash-for-access%2C+but+he+can+end+it&amp;rft.date=2016-11-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fon-cash-for-access-justin-trudeau-picks-up-where-kathleen-wynne-left-off%2Farticle32988739%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-cash-for-access-fundraisers-changes/article33788333/">"Trudeau to end controversial cash-for-access fundraisers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. January 27, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814074510/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-cash-for-access-fundraisers-changes/article33788333/">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+to+end+controversial+cash-for-access+fundraisers&amp;rft.date=2017-01-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-cash-for-access-fundraisers-changes%2Farticle33788333%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-veconomist-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-veconomist_254-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21730205-canadas-liberal-government-starting-make-mistakes-and-suffer-mishaps-justin-trudeaus">"Justin Trudeau's flying unicorn hits a storm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. October 12, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014115635/https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21730205-canadas-liberal-government-starting-make-mistakes-and-suffer-mishaps-justin-trudeaus">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Economist&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+flying+unicorn+hits+a+storm&amp;rft.date=2017-10-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2F21730205-canadas-liberal-government-starting-make-mistakes-and-suffer-mishaps-justin-trudeaus&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117134836/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN15029P">"Canada's Trudeau faces ethics probe over Bahamas trip"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. January 16, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKBN15029P">the original</a> on January 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Trudeau+faces+ethics+probe+over+Bahamas+trip&amp;rft.date=2017-01-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidCAKBN15029P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-ethics-aga-khan-1.4458220">"Trudeau 'sorry' for violating conflict laws with visits to Aga Khan's island"</a>. CBC News. December 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222163414/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-ethics-aga-khan-1.4458220">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+%27sorry%27+for+violating+conflict+laws+with+visits+to+Aga+Khan%27s+island&amp;rft.date=2017-12-20&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-ethics-aga-khan-1.4458220&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2017" class="citation news cs1">Press, Jordan (December 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespec.com/news-story/8017361-trudeau-becomes-first-prime-minister-found-in-violation-of-ethics-law/">"Trudeau becomes first prime minister found in violation of ethics law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hamilton_Spectator" title="The Hamilton Spectator">The Hamilton Spectator</a></i>. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232416/https://www.thespec.com/news-story/8017361-trudeau-becomes-first-prime-minister-found-in-violation-of-ethics-law/">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+becomes+first+prime+minister+found+in+violation+of+ethics+law&amp;rft.date=2017-12-21&amp;rft.aulast=Press&amp;rft.aufirst=Jordan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews-story%2F8017361-trudeau-becomes-first-prime-minister-found-in-violation-of-ethics-law%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFife2022" class="citation news cs1">Fife, Robert (April 25, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-newly-released-documents-show-rcmp-considered-whether-to-charge-justin/">"Trudeau faces backlash in House over inquiry into Aga Khan trip"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522053721/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-newly-released-documents-show-rcmp-considered-whether-to-charge-justin/">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+faces+backlash+in+House+over+inquiry+into+Aga+Khan+trip&amp;rft.date=2022-04-25&amp;rft.aulast=Fife&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-newly-released-documents-show-rcmp-considered-whether-to-charge-justin%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonda_MacCharles2018" class="citation news cs1">Tonda MacCharles (February 26, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/02/26/who-is-jaspal-atwal-man-at-centre-of-controversy-over-trudeaus-india-trip-remains-a-political-mystery.html">"Who is Jaspal Atwal? Man at centre of controversy over Trudeau's India trip remains a political mystery"</a>. <i>The Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304130014/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2018/02/26/who-is-jaspal-atwal-man-at-centre-of-controversy-over-trudeaus-india-trip-remains-a-political-mystery.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Who+is+Jaspal+Atwal%3F+Man+at+centre+of+controversy+over+Trudeau%27s+India+trip+remains+a+political+mystery&amp;rft.date=2018-02-26&amp;rft.au=Tonda+MacCharles&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2018%2F02%2F26%2Fwho-is-jaspal-atwal-man-at-centre-of-controversy-over-trudeaus-india-trip-remains-a-political-mystery.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Cochrane2018" class="citation news cs1">David Cochrane (February 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-india-atwal-controversy-1.4546502">"Trudeau's India visit marred by invite of B.C. man convicted of attempted murder"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306135616/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-india-atwal-controversy-1.4546502">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%27s+India+visit+marred+by+invite+of+B.C.+man+convicted+of+attempted+murder&amp;rft.date=2018-02-22&amp;rft.au=David+Cochrane&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-india-atwal-controversy-1.4546502&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Connolly2018" class="citation news cs1">Amanda Connolly (March 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/4058984/justin-trudeau-india-trip-ipsos-poll/">"Justin Trudeau would lose if an election were held tomorrow, India trip a symptom of shift in mood: Ipsos poll"</a>. Global News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180304080225/https://globalnews.ca/news/4058984/justin-trudeau-india-trip-ipsos-poll/">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+would+lose+if+an+election+were+held+tomorrow%2C+India+trip+a+symptom+of+shift+in+mood%3A+Ipsos+poll&amp;rft.date=2018-03-03&amp;rft.au=Amanda+Connolly&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F4058984%2Fjustin-trudeau-india-trip-ipsos-poll%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex_Murphy2018" class="citation news cs1">Rex Murphy (March 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/opinion/rex-murphy-perhaps-justin-trudeaus-india-trip-could-have-been-salvaged-with-some-elephants">"Rex Murphy: Perhaps Justin Trudeau's India trip could have been salvaged with some elephants?"</a>. <i>The National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505101048/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/rex-murphy-perhaps-justin-trudeaus-india-trip-could-have-been-salvaged-with-some-elephants">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Rex+Murphy%3A+Perhaps+Justin+Trudeau%27s+India+trip+could+have+been+salvaged+with+some+elephants%3F&amp;rft.date=2018-03-02&amp;rft.au=Rex+Murphy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fopinion%2Frex-murphy-perhaps-justin-trudeaus-india-trip-could-have-been-salvaged-with-some-elephants&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation news cs1">Thompson, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-snc-lavalin-fraud-corruption-1.5009578">"Trudeau under fire over claim he pressured justice minister to intervene in SNC-Lavalin fraud case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208011452/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-snc-lavalin-fraud-corruption-1.5009578">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+under+fire+over+claim+he+pressured+justice+minister+to+intervene+in+SNC-Lavalin+fraud+case&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-snc-lavalin-fraud-corruption-1.5009578&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer-committee-snc-lavalin-1.5011161">"Jody Wilson-Raybould says she's bound by 'solicitor-client privilege', won't comment on SNC-Lavalin scandal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208205912/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/scheer-committee-snc-lavalin-1.5011161">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Jody+Wilson-Raybould+says+she%27s+bound+by+%27solicitor-client+privilege%27%2C+won%27t+comment+on+SNC-Lavalin+scandal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fscheer-committee-snc-lavalin-1.5011161&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiello2019" class="citation web cs1">Aiello, Rachel (February 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm-waives-attorney-client-privilege-in-snc-lavalin-affair-1.4311440">"PM waives attorney-client privilege in SNC-Lavalin affair"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CTV_News" title="CTV News">CTV News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425141152/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm-waives-attorney-client-privilege-in-snc-lavalin-affair-1.4311440">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTV+News&amp;rft.atitle=PM+waives+attorney-client+privilege+in+SNC-Lavalin+affair&amp;rft.date=2019-02-25&amp;rft.aulast=Aiello&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fpm-waives-attorney-client-privilege-in-snc-lavalin-affair-1.4311440&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/trudeau-welcomes-ethics-commissioner-probe-of-alleged-pmo-interference-in-snc-lavalin-case-1.4292014">"Trudeau 'welcomes' ethics commissioner probe of alleged PMO interference in SNC-Lavalin case"</a>. <i>CTV News</i>. February 11, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218050903/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/trudeau-welcomes-ethics-commissioner-probe-of-alleged-pmo-interference-in-snc-lavalin-case-1.4292014">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTV+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+%27welcomes%27+ethics+commissioner+probe+of+alleged+PMO+interference+in+SNC-Lavalin+case&amp;rft.date=2019-02-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-welcomes-ethics-commissioner-probe-of-alleged-pmo-interference-in-snc-lavalin-case-1.4292014&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-from-the-comments-youre-a-model-for-all-canadian-elected-officials/">"From the comments: 'You're a model for all Canadian elected officials.' Readers react to resignation of Jody Wilson-Raybould"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218020325/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-from-the-comments-youre-a-model-for-all-canadian-elected-officials/">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=From+the+comments%3A+%27You%27re+a+model+for+all+Canadian+elected+officials.%27+Readers+react+to+resignation+of+Jody+Wilson-Raybould&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-from-the-comments-youre-a-model-for-all-canadian-elected-officials%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Post2019" class="citation cs2">National Post (February 21, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXoffOVdd8U"><i>Michael Wernick speaks to justice committee</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/tXoffOVdd8U">archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Michael+Wernick+speaks+to+justice+committee&amp;rft.date=2019-02-21&amp;rft.au=National+Post&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtXoffOVdd8U&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampion-SmithBoutilierBallingall2019" class="citation news cs1">Campion-Smith, Bruce; Boutilier, Alex; Ballingall, Alex (February 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2019/02/21/no-inappropriate-pressure-on-jody-wilson-raybould-in-snc-lavalin-affair-top-civil-servant-says.html">"No 'inappropriate pressure' on Jody Wilson-Raybould in SNC-Lavalin affair, top civil servant says – The Star"</a>. <i>The Toronto Star</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307053937/https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/2019/02/21/no-inappropriate-pressure-on-jody-wilson-raybould-in-snc-lavalin-affair-top-civil-servant-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=No+%27inappropriate+pressure%27+on+Jody+Wilson-Raybould+in+SNC-Lavalin+affair%2C+top+civil+servant+says+%E2%80%93+The+Star&amp;rft.date=2019-02-21&amp;rft.aulast=Campion-Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce&amp;rft.au=Boutilier%2C+Alex&amp;rft.au=Ballingall%2C+Alex&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2F2019%2F02%2F21%2Fno-inappropriate-pressure-on-jody-wilson-raybould-in-snc-lavalin-affair-top-civil-servant-says.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_270-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker,_John_Paul2019" class="citation news cs1">Tasker, John Paul (February 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/key-moments-jody-wilson-raybould-snc-lavalin-scandal-1.5036629">"Key moments from Jody Wilson-Raybould's SNC-Lavalin testimony"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190308152039/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/key-moments-jody-wilson-raybould-snc-lavalin-scandal-1.5036629">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Key+moments+from+Jody+Wilson-Raybould%27s+SNC-Lavalin+testimony&amp;rft.date=2019-02-28&amp;rft.au=Tasker%2C+John+Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fkey-moments-jody-wilson-raybould-snc-lavalin-scandal-1.5036629&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/wilson-raybould-committee-documents-audio-1.5077533">"Read and listen to Jody Wilson-Raybould's latest SNC-Lavalin evidence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424081706/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/wilson-raybould-committee-documents-audio-1.5077533">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Read+and+listen+to+Jody+Wilson-Raybould%27s+latest+SNC-Lavalin+evidence&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fwilson-raybould-committee-documents-audio-1.5077533&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2019" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Marieke (March 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipolitics.ca/2019/03/19/liberals-shut-down-snc-lavalin-investigation-at-committee/">"Liberals shut down SNC-Lavalin investigation at committee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IPolitics" title="IPolitics">iPolitics</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320120407/https://ipolitics.ca/2019/03/19/liberals-shut-down-snc-lavalin-investigation-at-committee/">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=iPolitics&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals+shut+down+SNC-Lavalin+investigation+at+committee&amp;rft.date=2019-03-19&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Marieke&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipolitics.ca%2F2019%2F03%2F19%2Fliberals-shut-down-snc-lavalin-investigation-at-committee%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191007012206/http://ciec-ccie.parl.gc.ca/EN/ReportsAndPublications/Pages/TrudeauIIReport.aspx">"Trudeau Report"</a>. Parliament of Canada. September 16, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciec-ccie.parl.gc.ca/EN/ReportsAndPublications/Pages/TrudeauIIReport.aspx">the original</a> on October 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trudeau+Report&amp;rft.pub=Parliament+of+Canada&amp;rft.date=2019-09-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciec-ccie.parl.gc.ca%2FEN%2FReportsAndPublications%2FPages%2FTrudeauIIReport.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830232431/http://ciec-ccie.parl.gc.ca/EN/InformationFor/Pages/NRTrudeauII.aspx">"Contravention of section 9 of the Conflict of Interest Act found in report released by Commissioner Dion"</a>. Parliament of Canada. August 14, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciec-ccie.parl.gc.ca/EN/InformationFor/Pages/NRTrudeauII.aspx">the original</a> on August 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Contravention+of+section+9+of+the+Conflict+of+Interest+Act+found+in+report+released+by+Commissioner+Dion&amp;rft.pub=Parliament+of+Canada&amp;rft.date=2019-08-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciec-ccie.parl.gc.ca%2FEN%2FInformationFor%2FPages%2FNRTrudeauII.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/trudeau-breached-federal-ethics-rules-in-snc-lavalin-affair-ethics-commissioner/">"Trudeau breached federal ethics rules in SNC-Lavalin affair: ethics commissioner"</a>. Mclean's. August 14, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004072308/https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/trudeau-breached-federal-ethics-rules-in-snc-lavalin-affair-ethics-commissioner/">Archived</a> from the original on October 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trudeau+breached+federal+ethics+rules+in+SNC-Lavalin+affair%3A+ethics+commissioner&amp;rft.pub=Mclean%27s&amp;rft.date=2019-08-14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fottawa%2Ftrudeau-breached-federal-ethics-rules-in-snc-lavalin-affair-ethics-commissioner%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisKapelos2019" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Kathleen; Kapelos, Vassy (August 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/wilson-raybould-rcmp-snc-lavalin-1.5250225">"Wilson-Raybould now says she was contacted by RCMP over SNC-Lavalin affair"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929005528/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/wilson-raybould-rcmp-snc-lavalin-1.5250225">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Wilson-Raybould+now+says+she+was+contacted+by+RCMP+over+SNC-Lavalin+affair&amp;rft.date=2019-08-16&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen&amp;rft.au=Kapelos%2C+Vassy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fwilson-raybould-rcmp-snc-lavalin-1.5250225&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite-Crummey2019" class="citation news cs1">White-Crummey, Arthur (August 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/national/scheer-blasts-trudeau-in-regina-on-day-of-damning-snc-lavalin-report/wcm/cd57ea61-0280-4568-b029-e7de1d8987e9">"Scheer blasts Trudeau on day of damning SNC-Lavalin report"</a>. <i>The National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505101037/https://nationalpost.com/news/national/scheer-blasts-trudeau-in-regina-on-day-of-damning-snc-lavalin-report">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Scheer+blasts+Trudeau+on+day+of+damning+SNC-Lavalin+report&amp;rft.date=2019-08-14&amp;rft.aulast=White-Crummey&amp;rft.aufirst=Arthur&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fscheer-blasts-trudeau-in-regina-on-day-of-damning-snc-lavalin-report%2Fwcm%2Fcd57ea61-0280-4568-b029-e7de1d8987e9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimonjic2020" class="citation news cs1">Zimonjic, Peter (July 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/wecharity-trudeau-mario-dion-probe-1.5637195">"Ethics watchdog launches probe of Trudeau over choice of WE Charity to run $900M student grant program"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703221230/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/wecharity-trudeau-mario-dion-probe-1.5637195">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Ethics+watchdog+launches+probe+of+Trudeau+over+choice+of+WE+Charity+to+run+%24900M+student+grant+program&amp;rft.date=2020-07-03&amp;rft.aulast=Zimonjic&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fwecharity-trudeau-mario-dion-probe-1.5637195&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2020" class="citation news cs1">Breen, Kerri (July 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/7137411/ethics-commissioner-trudeau-we-charity">"Ethics commissioner launches investigation into Trudeau, $900M WE Charity contract"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703220621/https://globalnews.ca/news/7137411/ethics-commissioner-trudeau-we-charity/">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=Ethics+commissioner+launches+investigation+into+Trudeau%2C+%24900M+WE+Charity+contract&amp;rft.date=2020-07-03&amp;rft.aulast=Breen&amp;rft.aufirst=Kerri&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F7137411%2Fethics-commissioner-trudeau-we-charity&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tasker1-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tasker1_280-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2020" class="citation news cs1">Tasker, John Paul (July 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/we-charity-student-grant-program-1.5636332">"Federal government, WE Charity agree to part ways on summer student grant program"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703221229/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/we-charity-student-grant-program-1.5636332">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Federal+government%2C+WE+Charity+agree+to+part+ways+on+summer+student+grant+program&amp;rft.date=2020-07-03&amp;rft.aulast=Tasker&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fwe-charity-student-grant-program-1.5636332&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore2020" class="citation web cs1">Gilmore, Rachel (July 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm-trudeau-s-mother-brother-and-wife-were-paid-to-speak-at-we-charity-events-1.5017697">"PM Trudeau's mother, brother and wife were paid to speak at WE Charity events"</a>. <i>CTVNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718173258/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/pm-trudeau-s-mother-brother-and-wife-were-paid-to-speak-at-we-charity-events-1.5017697">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTVNews&amp;rft.atitle=PM+Trudeau%27s+mother%2C+brother+and+wife+were+paid+to+speak+at+WE+Charity+events&amp;rft.date=2020-07-09&amp;rft.aulast=Gilmore&amp;rft.aufirst=Rachel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Fpm-trudeau-s-mother-brother-and-wife-were-paid-to-speak-at-we-charity-events-1.5017697&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshCurry2020" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Marieke; Curry, Bill (July 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-prime-ministers-mother-brother-paid-to-speak-at-we-charity-events/">"Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's wife, mother and brother paid to speak at WE Charity events"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819065306/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-prime-ministers-mother-brother-paid-to-speak-at-we-charity-events/">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Justin+Trudeau%27s+wife%2C+mother+and+brother+paid+to+speak+at+WE+Charity+events&amp;rft.date=2020-07-09&amp;rft.aulast=Walsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Marieke&amp;rft.au=Curry%2C+Bill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-prime-ministers-mother-brother-paid-to-speak-at-we-charity-events%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2020" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Catherine (July 13, 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/13/world/canada/trudeau-we-charity-apology.html">"Speaking on Charity Scandal, Trudeau Adopts a Now-Familiar Tone of Contrition"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714015032/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/13/world/canada/trudeau-we-charity-apology.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Speaking+on+Charity+Scandal%2C+Trudeau+Adopts+a+Now-Familiar+Tone+of+Contrition&amp;rft.date=2020-07-13&amp;rft.aulast=Porter&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F13%2Fworld%2Fcanada%2Ftrudeau-we-charity-apology.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNardi2020" class="citation news cs1">Nardi, Christopher (July 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/breaking-ethics-commissioner-extends-we-charity-investigation-to-finance-minister-bill-morneau">"Ethics commissioner launches WE Charity investigation into Finance Minister Bill Morneau"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209212446/https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/breaking-ethics-commissioner-extends-we-charity-investigation-to-finance-minister-bill-morneau">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Ethics+commissioner+launches+WE+Charity+investigation+into+Finance+Minister+Bill+Morneau&amp;rft.date=2020-07-16&amp;rft.aulast=Nardi&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fbreaking-ethics-commissioner-extends-we-charity-investigation-to-finance-minister-bill-morneau&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Tunney2021" class="citation news cs1">Catherine Tunney (May 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/we-charity-ethics-report-trudeau-morneau-1.6024982">"Trudeau cleared in WE Charity scandal but former finance minister broke conflict law, says ethics watchdog"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712220756/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/we-charity-ethics-report-trudeau-morneau-1.6024982">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+cleared+in+WE+Charity+scandal+but+former+finance+minister+broke+conflict+law%2C+says+ethics+watchdog&amp;rft.date=2021-05-13&amp;rft.au=Catherine+Tunney&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fwe-charity-ethics-report-trudeau-morneau-1.6024982&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonokoski2020" class="citation web cs1">Bonokoski, Mark (September 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/bonokoski-liberals-favourite-debt-to-gdp-tool-now-totally-useless">"BONOKOSKI: Liberals' favourite debt-to-GDP tool now totally useless"</a>. <i>torontosun</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130233107/https://torontosun.com/opinion/columnists/bonokoski-liberals-favourite-debt-to-gdp-tool-now-totally-useless">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=torontosun&amp;rft.atitle=BONOKOSKI%3A+Liberals%27+favourite+debt-to-GDP+tool+now+totally+useless&amp;rft.date=2020-09-17&amp;rft.aulast=Bonokoski&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontosun.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fbonokoski-liberals-favourite-debt-to-gdp-tool-now-totally-useless&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuprecht2020" class="citation news cs1">Leuprecht, Christian (December 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/opinion-deficit-debt-spending-pandemic-canada-1.5813479">"Liberal government is placing a daring fiscal bet with its massive deficit spending plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414062506/https://www.cbc.ca/news/opinion/opinion-deficit-debt-spending-pandemic-canada-1.5813479">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Liberal+government+is+placing+a+daring+fiscal+bet+with+its+massive+deficit+spending+plan&amp;rft.date=2020-12-01&amp;rft.aulast=Leuprecht&amp;rft.aufirst=Christian&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fopinion-deficit-debt-spending-pandemic-canada-1.5813479&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HeatherSaul-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeatherSaul_288-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul2015" class="citation news cs1">Saul, Heather (October 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/justin-trudeau-the-self-declared-feminist-and-pro-choice-prime-minister-of-canada-who-wants-to-a6700976.html">"Justin Trudeau: The rise of the feminist and pro-choice Canadian Prime Minister who wants to legalise marijuana 'right away'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033911/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/justin-trudeau-the-self-declared-feminist-and-pro-choice-prime-minister-of-canada-who-wants-to-a6700976.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau%3A+The+rise+of+the+feminist+and+pro-choice+Canadian+Prime+Minister+who+wants+to+legalise+marijuana+%27right+away%27&amp;rft.date=2015-10-20&amp;rft.aulast=Saul&amp;rft.aufirst=Heather&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fjustin-trudeau-the-self-declared-feminist-and-pro-choice-prime-minister-of-canada-who-wants-to-a6700976.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2022" class="citation news cs1">Keith, Morgan (January 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/following-unanimous-parliamentary-approval-in-2021-conversion-therapy-is-now-illegal-in-canada/ar-AASyFoT">"Following unanimous parliamentary approval in 2021, conversion therapy is now illegal in Canada"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118224735/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/following-unanimous-parliamentary-approval-in-2021-conversion-therapy-is-now-illegal-in-canada/ar-AASyFoT">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Following+unanimous+parliamentary+approval+in+2021%2C+conversion+therapy+is+now+illegal+in+Canada&amp;rft.date=2022-01-08&amp;rft.aulast=Keith&amp;rft.aufirst=Morgan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fmoney%2Fother%2Ffollowing-unanimous-parliamentary-approval-in-2021-conversion-therapy-is-now-illegal-in-canada%2Far-AASyFoT&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Syrians-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Syrians_290-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-syria-refugees-settlement-groups-1.3291959">"Justin Trudeau's promise to take 25,000 Syrian refugees this year 'problematic'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. October 28, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413090016/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-syria-refugees-settlement-groups-1.3291959">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+promise+to+take+25%2C000+Syrian+refugees+this+year+%27problematic%27&amp;rft.date=2015-10-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-syria-refugees-settlement-groups-1.3291959&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Immigrants2018-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Immigrants2018_291-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_HarrisChris_HallPeter_Zimonjic2017" class="citation news cs1">Kathleen Harris; Chris Hall; Peter Zimonjic (November 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/immigration-canada-2018-1.4371146">"Canada to admit nearly 1 million immigrants over next 3 years"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191118155849/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/immigration-canada-2018-1.4371146">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+to+admit+nearly+1+million+immigrants+over+next+3+years&amp;rft.date=2017-11-01&amp;rft.au=Kathleen+Harris&amp;rft.au=Chris+Hall&amp;rft.au=Peter+Zimonjic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fimmigration-canada-2018-1.4371146&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230322/dq230322f-eng.htm">"The Daily — Canada's population estimates: Record-high population growth in 2022"</a>. March 22, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240601103953/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/230322/dq230322f-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Daily+%E2%80%94+Canada%27s+population+estimates%3A+Record-high+population+growth+in+2022&amp;rft.date=2023-03-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fdaily-quotidien%2F230322%2Fdq230322f-eng.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-record-population-growth-1.7063692">"Statistics Canada reports record population growth, more than 430,000 in Q3"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Statistics+Canada+reports+record+population+growth%2C+more+than+430%2C000+in+Q3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-record-population-growth-1.7063692&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-294" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/10218390/immigration-housing-canada-ircc/">"Ottawa warned about impact of high immigration on housing in 2022: Documents - National | Globalnews.ca"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531174232/https://globalnews.ca/news/10218390/immigration-housing-canada-ircc/">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ottawa+warned+about+impact+of+high+immigration+on+housing+in+2022%3A+Documents+-+National+%26%23124%3B+Globalnews.ca&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F10218390%2Fimmigration-housing-canada-ircc%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-295" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialpost.com/real-estate/justin-trudeau-home-prices-too-high">"Justin Trudeau says home prices have climbed 'far too high' | Financial Post"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240211131922/https://financialpost.com/real-estate/justin-trudeau-home-prices-too-high">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Justin+Trudeau+says+home+prices+have+climbed+%27far+too+high%27+%26%23124%3B+Financial+Post&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialpost.com%2Freal-estate%2Fjustin-trudeau-home-prices-too-high&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-296" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/10531736/trudeau-housing-prices-affordability/#:~:text=Pasalis%20said%20the%20notion%20that,a%20long%20time%20to%20achieve.&amp;text=%E2%80%9CIf%20prices%20don%27t%20appreciate,But%20it%27s%20very%20unlikely.%E2%80%9D">"Trudeau wants to maintain home prices while pushing affordability. Is it possible? - National | Globalnews.ca"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531174231/https://globalnews.ca/news/10531736/trudeau-housing-prices-affordability/#:~:text=Pasalis%20said%20the%20notion%20that,a%20long%20time%20to%20achieve.&amp;text=%E2%80%9CIf%20prices%20don%27t%20appreciate,But%20it%27s%20very%20unlikely.%E2%80%9D">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trudeau+wants+to+maintain+home+prices+while+pushing+affordability.+Is+it+possible%3F+-+National+%26%23124%3B+Globalnews.ca&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F10531736%2Ftrudeau-housing-prices-affordability%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DPasalis%2520said%2520the%2520notion%2520that%2Ca%2520long%2520time%2520to%2520achieve.%26text%3D%25E2%2580%259CIf%2520prices%2520don%2527t%2520appreciate%2CBut%2520it%2527s%2520very%2520unlikely.%25E2%2580%259D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarlo2021" class="citation report cs1">Sarlo, Christopher A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/does-the-canada-child-benefit-actually-reduce-child-poverty.pdf">Does the Canada Child Benefit Actually Reduce Child Poverty?</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Fraser Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Does+the+Canada+Child+Benefit+Actually+Reduce+Child+Poverty%3F&amp;rft.pub=Fraser+Institute&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft.aulast=Sarlo&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraserinstitute.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdoes-the-canada-child-benefit-actually-reduce-child-poverty.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmunk2023" class="citation news cs1">Schmunk, Rhianna (October 25, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/food-bank-use-highest-in-canadian-history-hunger-count-2023-report-1.7006464">"As cost of living soars, millions of Canadians are turning to food banks"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=As+cost+of+living+soars%2C+millions+of+Canadians+are+turning+to+food+banks&amp;rft.date=2023-10-25&amp;rft.aulast=Schmunk&amp;rft.aufirst=Rhianna&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Ffood-bank-use-highest-in-canadian-history-hunger-count-2023-report-1.7006464&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CBC-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_299-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2016" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Kathleen (April 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-physician-assisted-death-law-1.3535193">"Doctor-assisted dying bill restricted to adults facing 'foreseeable' death"</a>. CBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170530013742/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-physician-assisted-death-law-1.3535193">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Doctor-assisted+dying+bill+restricted+to+adults+facing+%27foreseeable%27+death&amp;rft.date=2016-04-14&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-physician-assisted-death-law-1.3535193&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WEED-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WEED_300-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasker2018" class="citation news cs1">Tasker, John Paul (June 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cannabis-pot-legalization-bill-1.4713839">"Trudeau says pot will be legal as of Oct. 17, 2018"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621014418/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/cannabis-pot-legalization-bill-1.4713839">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau+says+pot+will+be+legal+as+of+Oct.+17%2C+2018&amp;rft.date=2018-06-20&amp;rft.aulast=Tasker&amp;rft.aufirst=John+Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcannabis-pot-legalization-bill-1.4713839&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-301" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjunggren2021" class="citation web cs1">Ljunggren, David (April 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-put-up-c30-bln-long-awaited-national-childcare-program-2021-04-19/">"Canada to put up C$30 billion for long-awaited national childcare program"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414065147/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-put-up-c30-bln-long-awaited-national-childcare-program-2021-04-19/">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+to+put+up+C%2430+billion+for+long-awaited+national+childcare+program&amp;rft.date=2021-04-19&amp;rft.aulast=Ljunggren&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcanada-put-up-c30-bln-long-awaited-national-childcare-program-2021-04-19%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-immigration-500000-2025-1.6636661">"Ottawa reveals plan to welcome 500,000 immigrants per year by 2025"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. November 1, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218030634/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-immigration-500000-2025-1.6636661">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Ottawa+reveals+plan+to+welcome+500%2C000+immigrants+per+year+by+2025&amp;rft.date=2022-11-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-immigration-500000-2025-1.6636661&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LucasPowers-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LucasPowers_303-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2019" class="citation news cs1">Powers, Lucas (September 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-climate-change-2030-fact-check-1.5295961">"Trudeau's claim that Canada is 'on track' to meet 2030 climate target is misleading"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506181210/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-climate-change-2030-fact-check-1.5295961">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%27s+claim+that+Canada+is+%27on+track%27+to+meet+2030+climate+target+is+misleading&amp;rft.date=2019-09-25&amp;rft.aulast=Powers&amp;rft.aufirst=Lucas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-climate-change-2030-fact-check-1.5295961&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-iec-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iec_304-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.financialpost.com/technology/innovation-energy-canada-leads-the-way-in-carbon-capture-as-more-governments-put-a-price-on-co2">"Innovation Energy: Canada leads the way in carbon capture as more governments put a price on CO<sub>2</sub>"</a>. Financial Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc. July 17, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127022604/https://business.financialpost.com/technology/innovation-energy-canada-leads-the-way-in-carbon-capture-as-more-governments-put-a-price-on-co2">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Innovation+Energy%3A+Canada+leads+the+way+in+carbon+capture+as+more+governments+put+a+price+on+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&amp;rft.date=2019-07-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2Ftechnology%2Finnovation-energy-canada-leads-the-way-in-carbon-capture-as-more-governments-put-a-price-on-co2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lake-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lake_305-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2018" class="citation web cs1">Lake, Holly (November 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipolitics.ca/2018/11/09/environment-and-economy-face-off-in-battle-over-marine-protection-bill/">"Environment and economy face off in battle over marine-protection bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IPolitics" title="IPolitics">iPolitics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601171527/https://ipolitics.ca/2018/11/09/environment-and-economy-face-off-in-battle-over-marine-protection-bill/">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Environment+and+economy+face+off+in+battle+over+marine-protection+bill&amp;rft.pub=iPolitics&amp;rft.date=2018-11-09&amp;rft.aulast=Lake&amp;rft.aufirst=Holly&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipolitics.ca%2F2018%2F11%2F09%2Fenvironment-and-economy-face-off-in-battle-over-marine-protection-bill%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hypocrisy-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hypocrisy_306-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2019" class="citation web cs1">Rodriguez, Jeremiah (June 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/pile-of-hypocrisy-trudeau-called-out-for-single-use-plastic-forks-in-photo-1.4481728">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Pile of hypocrisy': Trudeau called out for single-use plastic forks in photo"</a>. <i>CTVNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418140602/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/pile-of-hypocrisy-trudeau-called-out-for-single-use-plastic-forks-in-photo-1.4481728">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CTVNews&amp;rft.atitle=%27Pile+of+hypocrisy%27%3A+Trudeau+called+out+for+single-use+plastic+forks+in+photo&amp;rft.date=2019-06-25&amp;rft.aulast=Rodriguez&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fpile-of-hypocrisy-trudeau-called-out-for-single-use-plastic-forks-in-photo-1.4481728&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JoshKElliott-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JoshKElliott_307-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosh_K.2019" class="citation news cs1">Josh K., Elliott (June 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/5416659/what-is-bill-c69-pipelines/">"Why critics fear Bill C-69 will be a 'pipeline killer'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Global News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418101247/https://globalnews.ca/news/5416659/what-is-bill-c69-pipelines/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=Why+critics+fear+Bill+C-69+will+be+a+%27pipeline+killer%27&amp;rft.date=2019-06-21&amp;rft.aulast=Josh+K.&amp;rft.aufirst=Elliott&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F5416659%2Fwhat-is-bill-c69-pipelines%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewburger2022" class="citation news cs1">Newburger, Emma (June 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/21/canada-is-banning-single-use-plastics-by-the-end-of-the-year-.html">"Canada is banning single-use plastics, including grocery bags and straws"</a>. CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418151812/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/21/canada-is-banning-single-use-plastics-by-the-end-of-the-year-.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+is+banning+single-use+plastics%2C+including+grocery+bags+and+straws&amp;rft.date=2022-06-21&amp;rft.aulast=Newburger&amp;rft.aufirst=Emma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2022%2F06%2F21%2Fcanada-is-banning-single-use-plastics-by-the-end-of-the-year-.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Swooning-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swooning_309-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKibben2017" class="citation news cs1">McKibben, Bill (April 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/17/stop-swooning-justin-trudeau-man-disaster-planet">"Stop swooning over Justin Trudeau. The man is a disaster for the planet – Bill McKibben"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418101247/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/17/stop-swooning-justin-trudeau-man-disaster-planet">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2019</span> – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Stop+swooning+over+Justin+Trudeau.+The+man+is+a+disaster+for+the+planet+%E2%80%93+Bill+McKibben&amp;rft.date=2017-04-17&amp;rft.aulast=McKibben&amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fapr%2F17%2Fstop-swooning-justin-trudeau-man-disaster-planet&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-dangers-of-trudeaus-postnational-canada">"The dangers of Trudeau's 'postnational' Canada"</a>. <i>Vancouversun.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521093417/https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-dangers-of-trudeaus-postnational-canada">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Vancouversun.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+dangers+of+Trudeau%27s+%27postnational%27+Canada&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2Fnews%2Fstaff-blogs%2Fthe-dangers-of-trudeaus-postnational-canada&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMas2015" class="citation news cs1">Mas, Susana (November 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-formally-commits-to-lifting-visa-requirement-for-mexicans-1.3323013">"Justin Trudeau formally commits to lifting visa requirement for Mexicans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+formally+commits+to+lifting+visa+requirement+for+Mexicans&amp;rft.date=2015-11-17&amp;rft.aulast=Mas&amp;rft.aufirst=Susana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-formally-commits-to-lifting-visa-requirement-for-mexicans-1.3323013&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/politics/canada-to-reinstate-visas-for-mexican-nationals-after-spike-in-asylum-claims-report/article_a3f1e341-5c8d-551c-82d8-752226d87d7e.html">"Canada to reinstate visas for Mexican nationals after spike in asylum claims: Report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+to+reinstate+visas+for+Mexican+nationals+after+spike+in+asylum+claims%3A+Report&amp;rft.date=2024-02-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-to-reinstate-visas-for-mexican-nationals-after-spike-in-asylum-claims-report%2Farticle_a3f1e341-5c8d-551c-82d8-752226d87d7e.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-313" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/trudeau-tweet-caused-influx-of-refugee-inquiries-confusion-within-government-emails-reveal">"Trudeau tweet caused influx of refugee inquiries, confusion within government, emails reveal | National Post"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Trudeau+tweet+caused+influx+of+refugee+inquiries%2C+confusion+within+government%2C+emails+reveal+%26%23124%3B+National+Post&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-tweet-caused-influx-of-refugee-inquiries-confusion-within-government-emails-reveal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-314" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9481335/asylum-seekers-cross-irregularly-canada/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Roxham Road! 60 dollars!': Here's how asylum seekers cross irregularly into Canada | Globalnews.ca"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27Roxham+Road%21+60+dollars%21%27%3A+Here%27s+how+asylum+seekers+cross+irregularly+into+Canada+%26%23124%3B+Globalnews.ca&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9481335%2Fasylum-seekers-cross-irregularly-canada%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/canada-u-s-deal-asylum-seeker-explained">"Canada, U.S. reach deal to stop asylum seekers at unofficial crossings | National Post"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Canada%2C+U.S.+reach+deal+to+stop+asylum+seekers+at+unofficial+crossings+%26%23124%3B+National+Post&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-u-s-deal-asylum-seeker-explained&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/airports-see-surge-in-asylum-claims-after-border-visa-requirement-changes-1.6617239#:~:text=From%20January%20through%20September%202023%2C%20the%20Canada%20Border,in%20total%2C%20were%20made%20at%20airports%20in%20Quebec">"Airports see surge in asylum claims after border, visa requirement changes"</a>. October 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Airports+see+surge+in+asylum+claims+after+border%2C+visa+requirement+changes&amp;rft.date=2023-10-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fairports-see-surge-in-asylum-claims-after-border-visa-requirement-changes-1.6617239%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFrom%2520January%2520through%2520September%25202023%252C%2520the%2520Canada%2520Border%2Cin%2520total%252C%2520were%2520made%2520at%2520airports%2520in%2520Quebec&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/c0827cb5451c412f93c84816c4d7d7f5/">"Obama, Trudeau show like-minded values in White House visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. March 10, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627032201/https://apnews.com/article/c0827cb5451c412f93c84816c4d7d7f5/">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Obama%2C+Trudeau+show+like-minded+values+in+White+House+visit&amp;rft.pub=Associated+Press&amp;rft.date=2016-03-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fc0827cb5451c412f93c84816c4d7d7f5%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2015" class="citation news cs1">Harris, Kathleen (November 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-keystone-pipeline-trudeau-obama-1.3307458">"Justin Trudeau 'disappointed' with U.S. rejection of Keystone XL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218004444/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-keystone-pipeline-trudeau-obama-1.3307458">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+%27disappointed%27+with+U.S.+rejection+of+Keystone+XL&amp;rft.date=2015-11-06&amp;rft.aulast=Harris&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanada-keystone-pipeline-trudeau-obama-1.3307458&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Iraq/Syria_trainers,_aid-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iraq/Syria_trainers,_aid_319-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/11/13/end-combat-mission-in-iraq-and-syria-trudeau-orders-defence-minister.html">"End combat mission in Iraq and Syria, Trudeau orders defence minister"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. November 13, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151114132621/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/11/13/end-combat-mission-in-iraq-and-syria-trudeau-orders-defence-minister.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&amp;rft.atitle=End+combat+mission+in+Iraq+and+Syria%2C+Trudeau+orders+defence+minister&amp;rft.date=2015-11-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2F2015%2F11%2F13%2Fend-combat-mission-in-iraq-and-syria-trudeau-orders-defence-minister.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-revisedgoal-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revisedgoal_320-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarbert2016" class="citation news cs1">Carbert, Michelle (February 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/liberals-revised-goal-met-as-25000th-syrian-refugee-arrives-in-canada/article28944527/">"Liberals' revised goal met as 25,000th Syrian refugee arrives in Canada"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303090537/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/liberals-revised-goal-met-as-25000th-syrian-refugee-arrives-in-canada/article28944527/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals%27+revised+goal+met+as+25%2C000th+Syrian+refugee+arrives+in+Canada&amp;rft.date=2016-02-28&amp;rft.aulast=Carbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Michelle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fliberals-revised-goal-met-as-25000th-syrian-refugee-arrives-in-canada%2Farticle28944527%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clearit.ca/canadian-customs-broker-blog/cusma-trade-deal/">"CUSMA: What The New Trade Deal Means For Canadians |"</a>. <i>clearit.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421183537/https://clearit.ca/canadian-customs-broker-blog/cusma-trade-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=clearit.ca&amp;rft.atitle=CUSMA%3A+What+The+New+Trade+Deal+Means+For+Canadians+%7C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclearit.ca%2Fcanadian-customs-broker-blog%2Fcusma-trade-deal%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Canada_ratification-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canada_ratification_322-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-usmca-canada/canadian-parliament-rushes-through-ratification-of-usmca-trade-pact-idUSKBN2102I5">"Canadian Parliament rushes through ratification of USMCA trade pact"</a>. Reuters. March 13, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126025217/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-usmca-canada/canadian-parliament-rushes-through-ratification-of-usmca-trade-pact-idUSKBN2102I5">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Canadian+Parliament+rushes+through+ratification+of+USMCA+trade+pact&amp;rft.pub=Reuters&amp;rft.date=2020-03-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-trade-usmca-canada%2Fcanadian-parliament-rushes-through-ratification-of-usmca-trade-pact-idUSKBN2102I5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Wolfe229-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe229_323-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Wolfe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1318475/the-full-list-of-229-us-products-targeted-by-canadas-retaliatory-tariffs/">The full list of 229 US products targeted by Canada's retaliatory tariffs</a>, <i>Quartz</i> (June 29, 2018).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-324" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz2018" class="citation news cs1">Horowitz, Julia (December 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/05/tech/huawei-cfo-arrested-canada/index.html">"Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou arrested in Canada, faces extradition to United States"</a>. <i>CNN Business</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119001051/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/05/tech/huawei-cfo-arrested-canada/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN+Business&amp;rft.atitle=Huawei+CFO+Meng+Wanzhou+arrested+in+Canada%2C+faces+extradition+to+United+States&amp;rft.date=2018-12-06&amp;rft.aulast=Horowitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Julia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F12%2F05%2Ftech%2Fhuawei-cfo-arrested-canada%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-325" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernándezPorter2020" class="citation news cs1">Hernández, Javier C.; Porter, Catherine (June 19, 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/19/world/asia/china-canada-kovrig-spavor.html">"China Indicts 2 Canadians on Spying Charges, Escalating Dispute"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619050602/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/19/world/asia/china-canada-kovrig-spavor.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=China+Indicts+2+Canadians+on+Spying+Charges%2C+Escalating+Dispute&amp;rft.date=2020-06-19&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&amp;rft.aufirst=Javier+C.&amp;rft.au=Porter%2C+Catherine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F19%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-canada-kovrig-spavor.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-326" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/8428073/dominic-barton-steps-down-ottawa-pressure-biden-administration/">"Canada's ambassador to China steps down as Ottawa faces pressure from Biden administration - National | Globalnews.ca"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Canada%27s+ambassador+to+China+steps+down+as+Ottawa+faces+pressure+from+Biden+administration+-+National+%26%23124%3B+Globalnews.ca&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F8428073%2Fdominic-barton-steps-down-ottawa-pressure-biden-administration%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-327" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2021" class="citation web cs1">Webster, David (September 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/meng-for-the-two-michaels-lessons-for-the-world-from-the-china-canada-prisoner-swap-168737">"Meng for the two Michaels: Lessons for the world from the China-Canada prisoner swap"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&amp;rft.atitle=Meng+for+the+two+Michaels%3A+Lessons+for+the+world+from+the+China-Canada+prisoner+swap&amp;rft.date=2021-09-26&amp;rft.aulast=Webster&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmeng-for-the-two-michaels-lessons-for-the-world-from-the-china-canada-prisoner-swap-168737&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2024" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (March 7, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/07/michael-spavor-settlement-canada?ref=upstract.com">"Canada reaches settlement with Michael Spavor over detention in China"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+reaches+settlement+with+Michael+Spavor+over+detention+in+China&amp;rft.date=2024-03-07&amp;rft.aulast=Cecco&amp;rft.aufirst=Leyland&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fmar%2F07%2Fmichael-spavor-settlement-canada%3Fref%3Dupstract.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/completely-unacceptable-pm-decries-lack-of-transparency-around-trials-of-spavor-and-kovrig-1.5353981">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Completely unacceptable': PM decries lack of transparency around trials of Spavor and Kovrig"</a>. March 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%27Completely+unacceptable%27%3A+PM+decries+lack+of+transparency+around+trials+of+Spavor+and+Kovrig&amp;rft.date=2021-03-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fcanada%2Fcompletely-unacceptable-pm-decries-lack-of-transparency-around-trials-of-spavor-and-kovrig-1.5353981&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_330-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCecco2020" class="citation news cs1">Cecco, Leyland (June 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/09/canada-doubles-weapons-sales-to-saudi-arabia-despite-moratorium">"Canada doubles weapons sales to Saudi Arabia despite moratorium"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+doubles+weapons+sales+to+Saudi+Arabia+despite+moratorium&amp;rft.date=2020-06-09&amp;rft.issn=0261-3077&amp;rft.aulast=Cecco&amp;rft.aufirst=Leyland&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F09%2Fcanada-doubles-weapons-sales-to-saudi-arabia-despite-moratorium&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunney2023" class="citation news cs1">Tunney, Catherine (September 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/nijjar-india-protection-rcmp-1.6971558">"Questions mount about security precautions for Nijjar after India's government linked to killing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Questions+mount+about+security+precautions+for+Nijjar+after+India%27s+government+linked+to+killing&amp;rft.date=2023-09-19&amp;rft.aulast=Tunney&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fnijjar-india-protection-rcmp-1.6971558&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/18/canada-loses-bid-un-security-council-seat-justin-trudeau">"Canada's failed UN security council bid exposes Trudeau's 'dilettante' foreign policy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London, United Kingdom. June 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Canada%27s+failed+UN+security+council+bid+exposes+Trudeau%27s+%27dilettante%27+foreign+policy&amp;rft.date=2020-06-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fjun%2F18%2Fcanada-loses-bid-un-security-council-seat-justin-trudeau&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2023" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Michael (October 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/trudeau-poilievre-condemn-hamas-attack-on-israel-1.6593134">"Trudeau, Poilievre condemn Hamas attack on Israel"</a>. CTV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007163710/https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/trudeau-poilievre-condemn-hamas-attack-on-israel-1.6593134">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Trudeau%2C+Poilievre+condemn+Hamas+attack+on+Israel&amp;rft.date=2023-10-07&amp;rft.aulast=Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fpolitics%2Ftrudeau-poilievre-condemn-hamas-attack-on-israel-1.6593134&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-liberals-caucus-israel-hamas-war/">"Liberals remain divided after Trudeau's call for 'humanitarian pauses' in Israel-Hamas war"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. October 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=Liberals+remain+divided+after+Trudeau%27s+call+for+%27humanitarian+pauses%27+in+Israel-Hamas+war&amp;rft.date=2023-10-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-liberals-caucus-israel-hamas-war%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-335" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/statements/2023/12/12/joint-statement-prime-ministers-australia-canada-and-new-zealand">"Joint Statement by the Prime Ministers of Australia, Canada and New Zealand"</a>. <i>Prime Minister of Canada</i>. December 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Prime+Minister+of+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=Joint+Statement+by+the+Prime+Ministers+of+Australia%2C+Canada+and+New+Zealand&amp;rft.date=2023-12-12&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pm.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fstatements%2F2023%2F12%2F12%2Fjoint-statement-prime-ministers-australia-canada-and-new-zealand&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-GM_Family_Album-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GM_Family_Album_336-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnett,_Evan2015" class="citation news cs1">Annett, Evan (October 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/justin-trudeau-and-sophie-gregoire-required-reading-on-the-firstfamily/article26950165">"JUSTIN AND SOPHIE: THE FAMILY ALBUM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122055943/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/justin-trudeau-and-sophie-gregoire-required-reading-on-the-firstfamily/article26950165/">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=JUSTIN+AND+SOPHIE%3A+THE+FAMILY+ALBUM&amp;rft.date=2015-10-30&amp;rft.au=Annett%2C+Evan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-and-sophie-gregoire-required-reading-on-the-firstfamily%2Farticle26950165&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cbc2005-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc2005_337-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/justin-trudeau-weds-1.554781">"Justin Trudeau weds"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. May 30, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523050836/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2005/05/28/trudeau-nuptials050528.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+weds&amp;rft.date=2005-05-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fjustin-trudeau-weds-1.554781&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-338" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/02/28/justin-trudeau-sophie-gregoire-baby_n_4858959.html">"Justin Trudeau's A Dad.. Again"</a>. <i>HuffPost Canada</i>. February 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=HuffPost+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+A+Dad..+Again&amp;rft.date=2014-02-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.ca%2F2014%2F02%2F28%2Fjustin-trudeau-sophie-gregoire-baby_n_4858959.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2013_Move-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2013_Move_339-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2013_Move_339-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2013" class="citation news cs1">McGregor, Glen (August 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/justin-trudeau-moves-family-to-his-childhood-stomping-grounds-in-ottawa">"Justin Trudeau moves family to his childhood stomping grounds in Ottawa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160105040314/http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/justin-trudeau-moves-family-to-his-childhood-stomping-grounds-in-ottawa">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+moves+family+to+his+childhood+stomping+grounds+in+Ottawa&amp;rft.date=2013-08-09&amp;rft.aulast=McGregor&amp;rft.aufirst=Glen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-moves-family-to-his-childhood-stomping-grounds-in-ottawa&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/break-in-at-justin-trudeaus-home-the-latest-in-long-line-of-security-breaches-involving-canadian-politicians">"Break-in at Justin Trudeau's home the latest in long-line of security breaches involving Canadian politicians"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. August 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Break-in+at+Justin+Trudeau%27s+home+the+latest+in+long-line+of+security+breaches+involving+Canadian+politicians&amp;rft.date=2014-08-18&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbreak-in-at-justin-trudeaus-home-the-latest-in-long-line-of-security-breaches-involving-canadian-politicians&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Rideau_Cottage-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rideau_Cottage_341-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.torontosun.com/2015/10/26/justin-trudeau-and-family-to-live-in-rideau-cottage-not-24-sussex">"Justin Trudeau and family to live in Rideau Cottage, not 24 Sussex"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Sun" title="Ottawa Sun">Ottawa Sun</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a>. October 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Sun&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+and+family+to+live+in+Rideau+Cottage%2C+not+24+Sussex&amp;rft.date=2015-10-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.torontosun.com%2F2015%2F10%2F26%2Fjustin-trudeau-and-family-to-live-in-rideau-cottage-not-24-sussex&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-342" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoutilier2023" class="citation news cs1">Boutilier, Alex (August 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9872372/justin-trudeau-separation-sophie-gregoire-trudeau/">"Justin Trudeau and Sophie Gregoire Trudeau announce separation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Global+News&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+and+Sophie+Gregoire+Trudeau+announce+separation&amp;rft.date=2023-08-02&amp;rft.aulast=Boutilier&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9872372%2Fjustin-trudeau-separation-sophie-gregoire-trudeau%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canada-pm-trudeau-says-focusing-kids-future-after-separation-wife-2023-08-21/">"Canada PM Trudeau says focusing on kids and future after separation from wife"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. August 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=Canada+PM+Trudeau+says+focusing+on+kids+and+future+after+separation+from+wife&amp;rft.date=2023-08-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fcanada-pm-trudeau-says-focusing-kids-future-after-separation-wife-2023-08-21%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Memoir-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Memoir_344-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMas2014" class="citation news cs1">Mas, Susana (October 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-memoir-7-surprising-revelations-from-common-ground-1.2805502">"Justin Trudeau memoir: 7 surprising revelations from Common Ground"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022182156/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-memoir-7-surprising-revelations-from-common-ground-1.2805502">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+memoir%3A+7+surprising+revelations+from+Common+Ground&amp;rft.date=2014-10-20&amp;rft.aulast=Mas&amp;rft.aufirst=Susana&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-memoir-7-surprising-revelations-from-common-ground-1.2805502&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerfler2012" class="citation book cs1">Derfler, Leslie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8c1F0yMcqQC&amp;pg=PA185"><i>Political Resurrection in the Twentieth Century: The Fall and Rise of Political Leaders</i></a>. Springer. p.&nbsp;185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137027863" title="Special:BookSources/9781137027863"><bdi>9781137027863</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Political+Resurrection+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Political+Leaders&amp;rft.pages=185&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9781137027863&amp;rft.aulast=Derfler&amp;rft.aufirst=Leslie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8c1F0yMcqQC%26pg%3DPA185&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Longhurst-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longhurst_346-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longhurst_346-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longhurst_346-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLonghurst" class="citation news cs1">Longhurst, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/life/faith/pms-faith-has-evolved-with-age-348375211.html">"PM's faith has evolved with age – Trudeau's beliefs in social justice, abortion rights attract some, alienate others"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Free_Press" title="Winnipeg Free Press">Winnipeg Free Press</a></i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124123301/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/life/faith/pms-faith-has-evolved-with-age-348375211.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Winnipeg+Free+Press&amp;rft.atitle=PM%27s+faith+has+evolved+with+age+%E2%80%93+Trudeau%27s+beliefs+in+social+justice%2C+abortion+rights+attract+some%2C+alienate+others&amp;rft.aulast=Longhurst&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winnipegfreepress.com%2Farts-and-life%2Flife%2Ffaith%2Fpms-faith-has-evolved-with-age-348375211.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-upset-tory-mp-questioned-his-faith-1.1017541">"Justin Trudeau upset Tory MP questioned his faith"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. November 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Justin+Trudeau+upset+Tory+MP+questioned+his+faith&amp;rft.date=2011-11-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjustin-trudeau-upset-tory-mp-questioned-his-faith-1.1017541&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Office_of_the_Secretary_to_the_Governor2018" class="citation web cs1">The Office of the Secretary to the Governor (June 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=1298&amp;t=13&amp;ln=Trudeau">"The Diamond Jubilee Medal awarded to Justin Trudeau, M.P."</a> <i>Website of the Governor General of Canada</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Website+of+the+Governor+General+of+Canada&amp;rft.atitle=The+Diamond+Jubilee+Medal+awarded+to+Justin+Trudeau%2C+M.P.&amp;rft.date=2018-06-11&amp;rft.au=The+Office+of+the+Secretary+to+the+Governor&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgg.ca%2Fhonour.aspx%3Fid%3D1298%26t%3D13%26ln%3DTrudeau&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-349" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=17300#comp">"Profile"</a>. <i>lop.parl.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=lop.parl.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Profile&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flop.parl.ca%2Fsites%2FParlInfo%2Fdefault%2Fen_CA%2FPeople%2FProfile%3FpersonId%3D17300%23comp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-350" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2017/canadian-pm-trudeau-receives-honorary-degree">"Canadian PM Justin Trudeau receives honorary degree"</a>. <i>The University of Edinburgh</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Edinburgh&amp;rft.atitle=Canadian+PM+Justin+Trudeau+receives+honorary+degree&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ed.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2Fcanadian-pm-trudeau-receives-honorary-degree&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal_News2017" class="citation cs2">Global News (July 5, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=veMI-Xw0ji8"><i>Justin Trudeau receives honourary [sic] degree from University of Edinburgh</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/veMI-Xw0ji8">archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Justin+Trudeau+receives+honourary+%5Bsic%5D+degree+from+University+of+Edinburgh&amp;rft.date=2017-07-05&amp;rft.au=Global+News&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DveMI-Xw0ji8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBC_News2018" class="citation cs2">CBC News (May 16, 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs6jok1vplA"><i>Justin Trudeau's full commencement speech to NYU graduates</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Vs6jok1vplA">archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Justin+Trudeau%27s+full+commencement+speech+to+NYU+graduates&amp;rft.date=2018-05-16&amp;rft.au=CBC+News&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVs6jok1vplA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyu.edu/life/events-traditions/commencement/all-university-commencement/honorary-degrees-speakers.html">"2018 Honorees, Honorary Degrees &amp; Speakers"</a>. <i>www.nyu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.nyu.edu&amp;rft.atitle=2018+Honorees%2C+Honorary+Degrees+%26+Speakers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyu.edu%2Flife%2Fevents-traditions%2Fcommencement%2Fall-university-commencement%2Fhonorary-degrees-speakers.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of books about prime ministers of Canada">List of books about prime ministers of Canada</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiscahie2019" class="citation journal cs1">Biscahie, Thibault (November 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uclpress.co.uk/ljcs/article/id/2347/">"Beyond the Mosaic: Justin Trudeau and the Postnational Chimera"</a>. <i>London Journal of Canadian Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14324%2F111.444.ljcs.2019v34.003">10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2019v34.003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-0928">2397-0928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=London+Journal+of+Canadian+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Mosaic%3A+Justin+Trudeau+and+the+Postnational+Chimera&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.date=2019-11-14&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14324%2F111.444.ljcs.2019v34.003&amp;rft.issn=2397-0928&amp;rft.aulast=Biscahie&amp;rft.aufirst=Thibault&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uclpress.co.uk%2Fljcs%2Farticle%2Fid%2F2347%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bosworth, Yulia (January 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02722011.2019.1570954">"The "Bad" French of Justin Trudeau: When Language, Ideology, and Politics Collide"</a>. <i>American Review of Canadian Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 5–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02722011.2019.1570954">10.1080/02722011.2019.1570954</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-2011">0272-2011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Review+of+Canadian+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=The+%22Bad%22+French+of+Justin+Trudeau%3A+When+Language%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Politics+Collide&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5-24&amp;rft.date=2019-01-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02722011.2019.1570954&amp;rft.issn=0272-2011&amp;rft.aulast=Bosworth&amp;rft.aufirst=Yulia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F02722011.2019.1570954&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeGravelleScottoStewart2017" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Harold D.; Gravelle, Timothy B.; Scotto, Thomas J.; Stewart, Marianne C.; Reifler, Jason (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1049096517000452/type/journal_article">"Like Father, Like Son: Justin Trudeau and Valence Voting in Canada's 2015 Federal Election"</a>. <i>PS: Political Science &amp; Politics</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 701–707. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1049096517000452">10.1017/S1049096517000452</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F28588">10871/28588</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1049-0965">1049-0965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PS%3A+Political+Science+%26+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Like+Father%2C+Like+Son%3A+Justin+Trudeau+and+Valence+Voting+in+Canada%27s+2015+Federal+Election&amp;rft.volume=50&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=701-707&amp;rft.date=2017-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F28588&amp;rft.issn=1049-0965&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1049096517000452&amp;rft.aulast=Clarke&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold+D.&amp;rft.au=Gravelle%2C+Timothy+B.&amp;rft.au=Scotto%2C+Thomas+J.&amp;rft.au=Stewart%2C+Marianne+C.&amp;rft.au=Reifler%2C+Jason&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS1049096517000452%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulon2019" class="citation book cs1">Coulon, Jocelyn (May 27, 2019). <i>Canada is Not Back: How Justin Trudeau is in over his head on foreign policy</i>. Translated by Tombs, George. Lorimer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4594-1334-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4594-1334-4"><bdi>978-1-4594-1334-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Canada+is+Not+Back%3A+How+Justin+Trudeau+is+in+over+his+head+on+foreign+policy&amp;rft.pub=Lorimer&amp;rft.date=2019-05-27&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4594-1334-4&amp;rft.aulast=Coulon&amp;rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngler2020" class="citation book cs1">Engler, Yves (2020). <i>House of mirrors: Justin Trudeau's foreign policy</i>. Montreal Chicago London: Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-749-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55164-749-4"><bdi>978-1-55164-749-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=House+of+mirrors%3A+Justin+Trudeau%27s+foreign+policy&amp;rft.place=Montreal+Chicago+London&amp;rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55164-749-4&amp;rft.aulast=Engler&amp;rft.aufirst=Yves&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlay2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Findlay, Tammy (March 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/ijcs.60.x.40">"Intersectionalities of Opportunism: Justin Trudeau and the Politics of "Diversity"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>International Journal of Canadian Studies</i> (in French). <b>60</b>: 40–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fijcs.60.x.40">10.3138/ijcs.60.x.40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1180-3991">1180-3991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Canadian+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Intersectionalities+of+Opportunism%3A+Justin+Trudeau+and+the+Politics+of+%22Diversity%22&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.pages=40-59&amp;rft.date=2022-03-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fijcs.60.x.40&amp;rft.issn=1180-3991&amp;rft.aulast=Findlay&amp;rft.aufirst=Tammy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futpjournals.press%2Fdoi%2F10.3138%2Fijcs.60.x.40&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillmerLagassé2018" class="citation book cs1">Hillmer, Norman; Lagassé, Philippe, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-73860-4"><i>Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy</i></a>. Canada and International Affairs. Cham: Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73860-4">10.1007/978-3-319-73860-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73859-8"><bdi>978-3-319-73859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Justin+Trudeau+and+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&amp;rft.place=Cham&amp;rft.series=Canada+and+International+Affairs&amp;rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-73860-4&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-73859-8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-73860-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasztenna2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kasztenna, Katarzyna (Kasia) (November 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wally.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/default/article/view/14">"Framing the pandemic in the political discourse of Justin Trudeau and Donald Trump: A reconnaissance"</a>. <i>Working Papers in Applied Linguistics and Linguistics at York</i>. <b>2</b>: 29–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25071%2F2564-2855.14">10.25071/2564-2855.14</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2564-2855">2564-2855</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ORCID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ORCID (identifier)">ORCID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-8467">0000-0003-2887-8467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Working+Papers+in+Applied+Linguistics+and+Linguistics+at+York&amp;rft.atitle=Framing+the+pandemic+in+the+political+discourse+of+Justin+Trudeau+and+Donald+Trump%3A+A+reconnaissance&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=29-50&amp;rft.date=2022-11-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25071%2F2564-2855.14&amp;rft.issn=2564-2855&amp;rft.aulast=Kasztenna&amp;rft.aufirst=Katarzyna+%28Kasia%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwally.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Fdefault%2Farticle%2Fview%2F14&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalancetteRaynauld2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lalancette, Mireille; Raynauld, Vincent (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002764217744838">"The Power of Political Image: Justin Trudeau, Instagram, and Celebrity Politics"</a>. <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i>. <b>63</b> (7): 888–924. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764217744838">10.1177/0002764217744838</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7642">0002-7642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Political+Image%3A+Justin+Trudeau%2C+Instagram%2C+and+Celebrity+Politics&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=888-924&amp;rft.date=2019-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764217744838&amp;rft.issn=0002-7642&amp;rft.aulast=Lalancette&amp;rft.aufirst=Mireille&amp;rft.au=Raynauld%2C+Vincent&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764217744838&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalancetteSmall2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lalancette, Mireille; Small, Tamara A. (July 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22230%2Fcjc.2020v45n2a3445">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Justin Trudeau—I Don't Know Her": An Analysis of Leadership Memes of Justin Trudeau"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Communication</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 305–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22230%2Fcjc.2020v45n2a3445">10.22230/cjc.2020v45n2a3445</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0705-3657">0705-3657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Communication&amp;rft.atitle=%22Justin+Trudeau%E2%80%94I+Don%27t+Know+Her%22%3A+An+Analysis+of+Leadership+Memes+of+Justin+Trudeau&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=305-325&amp;rft.date=2020-07-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22230%2Fcjc.2020v45n2a3445&amp;rft.issn=0705-3657&amp;rft.aulast=Lalancette&amp;rft.aufirst=Mireille&amp;rft.au=Small%2C+Tamara+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.22230%252Fcjc.2020v45n2a3445&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLees-MarshmentMalik2023" class="citation book cs1">Lees-Marshment, Jennifer; Malik, Salma (2023). Gillies, Jamie; Raynauld, Vincent; Turcotte, André (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-34404-6_2"><i>Political Branding in a Crisis and the Shifting Strategies of the Trudeau 2021 Campaign</i></a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp.&nbsp;9–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-34404-6_2">10.1007/978-3-031-34404-6_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-34403-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-34403-9"><bdi>978-3-031-34403-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Political+Branding+in+a+Crisis+and+the+Shifting+Strategies+of+the+Trudeau+2021+Campaign&amp;rft.place=Cham&amp;rft.pages=9-23&amp;rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-34404-6_2&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-031-34403-9&amp;rft.aulast=Lees-Marshment&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer&amp;rft.au=Malik%2C+Salma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-34404-6_2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lim, Preston (January 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11926422.2019.1641118">"Sino-Canadian relations in the age of Justin Trudeau"</a>. <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 25–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11926422.2019.1641118">10.1080/11926422.2019.1641118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1192-6422">1192-6422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Canadian+Foreign+Policy+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Sino-Canadian+relations+in+the+age+of+Justin+Trudeau&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=25-40&amp;rft.date=2020-01-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11926422.2019.1641118&amp;rft.issn=1192-6422&amp;rft.aulast=Lim&amp;rft.aufirst=Preston&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F11926422.2019.1641118&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarland2018" class="citation journal cs1">Marland, Alex (May 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11926422.2018.1461665">"The brand image of Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in international context"</a>. <i>Canadian Foreign Policy Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 139–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11926422.2018.1461665">10.1080/11926422.2018.1461665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1192-6422">1192-6422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Canadian+Foreign+Policy+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=The+brand+image+of+Canadian+Prime+Minister+Justin+Trudeau+in+international+context&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=139-144&amp;rft.date=2018-05-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11926422.2018.1461665&amp;rft.issn=1192-6422&amp;rft.aulast=Marland&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F11926422.2018.1461665&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemillardBertrandFisher2019" class="citation book cs1">Remillard, Chaseten; Bertrand, Lindsey M.; Fisher, Alina (December 9, 2019). Davis, Richard; Taras, David (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429880339/chapters/10.4324/9780429466007-5"><i>The Visually Viral Prime Minister</i></a> (1&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. pp.&nbsp;63–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429466007-5">10.4324/9780429466007-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46600-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-46600-7"><bdi>978-0-429-46600-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Visually+Viral+Prime+Minister&amp;rft.pages=63-75&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2019-12-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429466007-5&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-429-46600-7&amp;rft.aulast=Remillard&amp;rft.aufirst=Chaseten&amp;rft.au=Bertrand%2C+Lindsey+M.&amp;rft.au=Fisher%2C+Alina&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9780429880339%2Fchapters%2F10.4324%2F9780429466007-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWherry2019" class="citation book cs1">Wherry, Aaron (2019). <i>Promise and peril: Justin Trudeau in power</i> (1&nbsp;ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-5827-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4434-5827-6"><bdi>978-1-4434-5827-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Promise+and+peril%3A+Justin+Trudeau+in+power&amp;rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+Ltd&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4434-5827-6&amp;rft.aulast=Wherry&amp;rft.aufirst=Aaron&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2016" class="citation book cs1">Young, Huguette (July 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S6vrCgAAQBAJ"><i>Justin Trudeau: The Natural Heir</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3573-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-3573-6"><bdi>978-1-4597-3573-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Justin+Trudeau%3A+The+Natural+Heir&amp;rft.pub=Dundurn&amp;rft.date=2016-07-23&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4597-3573-6&amp;rft.aulast=Young&amp;rft.aufirst=Huguette&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS6vrCgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJustin+Trudeau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13">
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">34</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player audio mw-file-element" style="width:200px;"><audio id="mwe_player_1_placeholder" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2070" data-mwtitle="Justin_Trudeau_Recorded_by_Viktor_O_Ledenyov.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" playsinline="" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1"></audio><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_Recorded_by_Viktor_O_Ledenyov.ogg" title="Play audio" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon notheme"></span></a><span class="mw-tmh-duration mw-tmh-label"><span class="sr-only">Duration: 34 minutes and 30 seconds.</span><span aria-hidden="true">34:30</span></span></span></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><noscript><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 34px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" data-width="45" data-height="34" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Justin_Trudeau_Recorded_by_Viktor_O_Ledenyov.ogg" title="File:Justin Trudeau Recorded by Viktor O Ledenyov.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 22&nbsp;February&nbsp;2016<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016-02-22</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a>&nbsp;· <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
<div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both">
<b>Justin Trudeau</b>  at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>
<div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content">
<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Justin_Trudeau" class="extiw" title="c:category:Justin Trudeau">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/category:Justin_Trudeau" class="extiw" title="n:category:Justin Trudeau">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" class="extiw" title="q:Justin Trudeau">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3099714" class="extiw" title="d:Q3099714">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pm.gc.ca/">Official website</a></span></span></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt">
</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=17300">Justin Trudeau – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>
<!-- 
NewPP limit report
Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐64476968cd‐lbv5h
Cached time: 20241102062529
Cache expiry: 2592000
Reduced expiry: false
Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc]
CPU time usage: 4.405 seconds
Real time usage: 5.703 seconds
Preprocessor visited node count: 39186/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 1471100/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 289636/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 25/100
Expensive parser function count: 30/500
Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20
Unstrip post‐expand size: 1498241/5000000 bytes
Lua time usage: 2.646/10.000 seconds
Lua memory usage: 32130018/52428800 bytes
Lua Profile:
    ?                                                                520 ms       18.2%
    MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate      400 ms       14.0%
    dataWrapper <mw.lua:672>                                         260 ms        9.1%
    recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45>                                   220 ms        7.7%
    MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction      200 ms        7.0%
    MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub      160 ms        5.6%
    MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::plain       80 ms        2.8%
    (for generator) <mw.lua:684>                                      80 ms        2.8%
    MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode       60 ms        2.1%
    MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::sub       60 ms        2.1%
    [others]                                                         820 ms       28.7%
Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400
-->
<!--
Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)
100.00% 4451.791      1 -total
 35.99% 1602.148      2 Template:Reflist
 30.38% 1352.374      2 Template:Navboxes
 22.81% 1015.601    234 Template:Cite_news
 12.81%  570.266      1 Template:Infobox_officeholder
  7.90%  351.650      1 Template:Current_heads_of_government
  7.30%  325.056      1 Template:Current_NATO_leaders
  7.23%  321.735      1 Template:Military_navigation
  6.43%  286.435     82 Template:Cite_web
  5.79%  257.668      1 Template:Commonwealth_heads_of_government
-->

<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:451733-0!canonical and timestamp 20241102062529 and revision id 1254282678. Rendering was triggered because: page-view
 -->
</section></div>
<!-- MobileFormatter took 0.100 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript>
<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Trudeau&amp;oldid=1254282678">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Trudeau&amp;oldid=1254282678</a>"</div></div>
				
			</div>
			<div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions">
			</div>
		</main>
		<footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo">
		  <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Trudeau&amp;action=history">
  	<div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content">
  		 <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span>
 
  		<span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="ITBF" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730273940">
  				<span>Last edited on 30 October 2024, at 07:39</span>
  		</span>
  		 <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span>
 
  	</div>
  </a>
	<div class="post-content footer-content">
			<div id="mw-data-after-content">
	<div class="read-more-container"></div>
</div>

			<div id="p-lang">
	    <h4>Languages</h4>
	    <section>
	        <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul>
	        <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="جاستن ترودو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاستن ترودو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castin_Tr%C3%BCdo" title="Castin Trüdo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Castin Trüdo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="جاستين ترودو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاستين ترودو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B" title="জাস্টিন ট্রুডো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাস্টিন ট্রুডো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Джасцін Трудо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джасцін Трудо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="जस्टिन ट्रूडो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जस्टिन ट्रूडो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Джъстин Трюдо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джъстин Трюдо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8E" title="Τζάστιν Τρυντώ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζάστιν Τρυντώ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="جاستین ترودو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاستین ترودو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B" title="જસ્ટિન ટ્રુડો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જસ્ટિન ટ્રુડો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A5%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%B1_%ED%8A%B8%EB%A4%BC%EB%8F%84" title="쥐스탱 트뤼도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쥐스탱 트뤼도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%B8" title="Ջասթին Թրյուդո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջասթին Թրյուդո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="जस्टिन ट्रूडो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जस्टिन ट्रूडो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="ג'סטין טרודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'סטין טרודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="ჯასტინ ტრიუდო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯასტინ ტრიუდო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iustinus_Trudeau" title="Iustinus Trudeau – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iustinus Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDist%C4%93ns_Trido" title="Žistēns Trido – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žistēns Trido" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B" title="ജസ്റ്റിൻ ട്രൂഡോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജസ്റ്റിൻ ട്രൂഡോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B" title="जस्टिन त्रूदो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जस्टिन त्रूदो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D" title="ჯასტინ ტრიუდო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯასტინ ტრიუდო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="جاستن ترودو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاستن ترودو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="جاستین ترودو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جاستین ترودو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Жастин Трюдо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жастин Трюдо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျက်စတင် ထရူးဒိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျက်စတင် ထရူးဒိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="जस्टिन ट्रुडो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जस्टिन ट्रुडो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC" title="ジャスティン・トルドー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャスティン・トルドー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B" title="ਜਸਟਿਨ ਟਰੂਡੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਸਟਿਨ ਟਰੂਡੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88" title="جسٹن ٹروڈو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جسٹن ٹروڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="جاستن ترودو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاستن ترودو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Трюдо, Джастин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трюдо, Джастин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%88" title="جەستن تروودۆو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەستن تروودۆو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Џастин Трудо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џастин Трудо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="ஜஸ்டின் துரூடோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜஸ்டின் துரூடோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D2%AF%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Җастин Трүдо – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җастин Трүдо" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="จัสติน ทรูโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จัสติน ทรูโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Джастін Трюдо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джастін Трюдо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88" title="جسٹن ٹروڈو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جسٹن ٹروڈو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%9A" title="贾斯廷·特鲁多 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贾斯廷·特鲁多" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90" title="זשוסטען טרודא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשוסטען טרודא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%9A" title="朱斯坦·杜魯多 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朱斯坦·杜魯多" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEast%C4%97ns_Trudo" title="Džastėns Trudo – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džastėns Trudo" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%9A" title="賈斯汀·杜魯多 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="賈斯汀·杜魯多" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Justin Trudeau" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li></ul>
	    </section>
	</div>	<div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;">

</div>
			<ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated">
	<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 07:39<span class="anonymous-show">&nbsp;(UTC)</span>.</li>
	<li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li>
</ul>

			<ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated">
	<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li>
	<li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Trudeau&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li>
<li style="display: none;"><a href="#">Edit preview settings</a></li></ul>

			</div>
		</footer>
			</div>
</div>
<div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>
<!-- v:8.3.1 -->
<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-64476968cd-lbv5h","wgBackendResponseTime":6073,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.405","walltime":"5.703","ppvisitednodes":{"value":39186,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1471100,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":289636,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1498241,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4451.791      1 -total"," 35.99% 1602.148      2 Template:Reflist"," 30.38% 1352.374      2 Template:Navboxes"," 22.81% 1015.601    234 Template:Cite_news"," 12.81%  570.266      1 Template:Infobox_officeholder","  7.90%  351.650      1 Template:Current_heads_of_government","  7.30%  325.056      1 Template:Current_NATO_leaders","  7.23%  321.735      1 Template:Military_navigation","  6.43%  286.435     82 Template:Cite_web","  5.79%  257.668      1 Template:Commonwealth_heads_of_government"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.646","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":32130018,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","18.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","400","14.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","9.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","2.8"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","80","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.1"],["[others]","820","28.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-64476968cd-lbv5h","timestamp":"20241102062529","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script>
<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Justin_Trudeau","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3099714","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3099714","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-02T06:23:48Z","dateModified":"2024-10-30T07:39:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/32\/Prime_Minister_Trudeau%27s_message_on_Christmas_2023_%280m29s%29_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Prime Minister of Canada since 2015"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script>

<div id="mw-teleport-target"></div></body></html>