https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

스캔 ID:: 6072f4ac-21ad-458e-a291-7379cee4d94c완료
제출된 URL:: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water
보고서 완료:: 2024년 11월 2일 11:12:50
링크 · 898개 결과

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링크	텍스트
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water	Afrikaans
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser	Alemannisch
https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83	አማርኛ
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A6ter	Ænglisc
https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D3%A1%D1%8B	Аԥсшәа
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1	العربية
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augua	Aragonés
https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90	ܐܪܡܝܐ
https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80	Արեւմտահայերէն
https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A2	Armãneashti
JavaScript 변수 · 34개 결과

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mw	object
콘솔 로그 메시지 · 7개 결과

웹 콘솔에 기록된 메시지
유형	카테고리	로그
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span>
					<span>Aquatic life forms</span>
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				<span>Effects on human civilization</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span>
					<span>Health and pollution</span>
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					<span>Human uses</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span>
					<span>Agriculture</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span>
					<span>As a scientific standard</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span>
					<span>For drinking</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span>
					<span>Washing</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.5</span>
					<span>Transportation</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.6</span>
					<span>Chemical uses</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.7</span>
					<span>Heat exchange</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.8</span>
					<span>Fire considerations</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.9</span>
					<span>Recreation</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.10</span>
					<span>Water industry</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.11</span>
					<span>Industrial applications</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.12</span>
					<span>Food processing</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.13</span>
					<span>Medical use</span>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>
				<span>Distribution in nature</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>
					<span>In the universe</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span>
					<span>Water vapor</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span>
					<span>Liquid water</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span>
					<span>Water ice</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span>
					<span>Exotic forms</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span>
					<span>Water and planetary habitability</span>
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				<span>Law, politics, and crisis</span>
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				<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>
				<span>In culture</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span>
					<span>Religion</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span>
					<span>Philosophy</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span>
					<span>Folklore</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span>
					<span>Art and activism</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span>
					<span>Dihydrogen monoxide parody</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span>
					<span>Music</span>
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				<span>See also</span>
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				<span>Notes</span>
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				<span>References</span>
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					<span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span>
					<span>Works cited</span>
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				<span>Further reading</span>
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				<span>External links</span>
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					<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Water</span></h1>
							
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				<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%83" title="ውሃ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ውሃ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A6ter" title="Wæter – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wæter" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D3%A1%D1%8B" title="Аӡы – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аӡы" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="ماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augua" title="Augua – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Augua" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܡܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ջուր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ջուր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A2" title="Apâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Apâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="পানী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Agua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipi" title="Nipi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Nipi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पानी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y" title="Y – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Y" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Лъим – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лъим" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma" title="Uma – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Uma" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su" title="Su – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Su" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88" title="سو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toya" title="Toya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Toya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji" title="Ji – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ji" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu" title="Banyu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Banyu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi" title="Chúi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu" title="Banyu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Banyu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Һыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вада – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पानी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tubig" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wota" title="Wota – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Wota" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wossa" title="Wossa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wossa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dour" title="Dour – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dour" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уһан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уһан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Шыв – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шыв" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tubig" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5nom" title="Hånom – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Hånom" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwa" title="Agwa – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Agwa" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvura" title="Mvura – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mvura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Acqua" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%B5r" title="Dŵr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dŵr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vand" title="Vand – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1hci" title="Čáhci – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Čáhci" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ފެން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފެން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3" title="Tó – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3da" title="Wóda – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wóda" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF" title="पानि – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पानि" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C" title="Νερό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νερό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Ведь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ведь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvo" title="Akvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Agua" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur" title="Ur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="آب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paani" title="Paani – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paani" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatn" title="Vatn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vatn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau" title="Eau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetter" title="Wetter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wetter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndiyam" title="Ndiyam – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ndiyam" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghe" title="Aghe – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Aghe" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisce" title="Uisce – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uisce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushtey" title="Ushtey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ushtey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisge" title="Uisge – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uisge" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Auga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хий – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maa%C4%A9" title="Maaĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Maaĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88" title="آو – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آو" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AB%80" title="પાણી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પાણી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="उदक – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उदक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAi" title="Súi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Súi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwa" title="Ruwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ruwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ջուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="जल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda" title="Woda – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Woda" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquo" title="Aquo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aquo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmiri" title="Mmiri – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danum" title="Danum – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Danum" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%92%AA%E1%96%85" title="ᐃᒪᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᒪᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Дон – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanzi" title="Amanzi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Amanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanzi" title="Amanzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Amanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatn" title="Vatn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vatn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acqua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu" title="Banyu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Banyu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%A9m" title="Lɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ನೀರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೀರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danum" title="Danum – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Danum" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="წყალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A0_%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="پونؠ یا آب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پونؠ یا آب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title="Су – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Су" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowr" title="Dowr – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dowr" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazi" title="Amazi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Amazi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji" title="Maji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maza" title="Maza – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Maza" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlo" title="Dlo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dlo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilo" title="Dilo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dilo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av" title="Av – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Av" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83" title="Суу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ga" title="Èga – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Èga" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua" title="Agua – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Agua" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ນ້ໍາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນ້ໍາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudi%C5%86s" title="Iudiņs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Iudiņs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasser" title="Waasser – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Waasser" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4" title="Яд – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Яд" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanduo" title="Vanduo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vanduo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86goa" title="Ægoa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ægoa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1i" title="Mái – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mái" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acua" title="Acua – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Acua" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezi" title="Vezi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vezi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djacu" title="djacu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djacu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazzi" title="Amazzi – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Amazzi" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua" title="Aqua – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aqua" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADz" title="Víz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Víz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पानी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano" title="Rano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ജലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai" title="Wai – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wai" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="पाणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="წყარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წყარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88" title="ئو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ئو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯏꯁꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯁꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aia" title="Aia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABi" title="Cūi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cūi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga" title="Auga – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Auga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Ведь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ведь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81" title="Ус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1" title="ရေ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl" title="Atl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Atl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai" title="Wai – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wai" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woater" title="Woater – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Woater" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%93%83%E1%90%B2%E1%94%BE" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᓃᐲᔾ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᓃᐲᔾ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पानी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83" title="लः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Acqua" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8C" title="ߖߌ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8" title="Хи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeder" title="Weeder – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weeder" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worta" title="Worta – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Worta" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vann" title="Vann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatn" title="Vatn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vatn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieau" title="Ieau – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ieau" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aiga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3" title="ଜଳ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishaan" title="Bishaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bishaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv" title="Suv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanum" title="Nanum – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Nanum" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C" title="پاݨی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاݨی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awa" title="Awa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Awa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="اوبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waata" title="Waata – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Waata" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80" title="ទឹក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទឹក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieu" title="Ieu – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ieu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva" title="Eva – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eva" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wara" title="Wara – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Wara" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda" title="Woda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Woda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gua" title="Água – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suw" title="Suw – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Suw" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv" title="Suv – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Suv" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasser" title="Wasser – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wasser" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku" title="Yaku – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83" title="Уу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/nanum" title="nanum – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="nanum" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai" title="Vai – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Vai" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="जलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C" title="ᱫᱟᱜ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱟᱜ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C" title="پاݨی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پاݨی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba" title="Aba – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watter" title="Watter – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Watter" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qsiya" title="Qsiya – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Qsiya" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woater" title="Woater – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Woater" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metsi" title="Metsi – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Metsi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uji" title="Uji – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uji" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_(v%C3%ACppita)" title="Acqua (vìppita) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Acqua (vìppita)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="ජලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A" title="پاڻي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پاڻي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda" title="Woda – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Woda" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyo" title="Biyo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Biyo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88" title="ئاو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voda" title="Voda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Voda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai" title="Cai – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cai" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatten" title="Vatten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vatten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tubig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நீர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman" title="Aman – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman" title="Aman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83" title="Су – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Су" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၼမ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼမ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99sya" title="’sya – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="’sya" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="నీరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="น้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piu" title="Piu – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piu" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1" title="Об – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Об" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vai" title="Vai – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Vai" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B9" title="ᎠᎹ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎹ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahpe" title="Mahpe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೀರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೀರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su" title="Su – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Su" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suw" title="Suw – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Suw" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsuo" title="Nsuo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nsuo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="A̱sa̱khwot – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83" title="Ву – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ву" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Вода – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87" title="سۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raemx" title="Raemx – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Raemx" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cua" title="Àcua – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Àcua" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezi" title="Vezi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vezi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vat" title="Vat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vesi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiwe_(tchimeye)" title="Aiwe (tchimeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aiwe (tchimeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woater" title="Woater – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Woater" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubig" title="Tubig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tubig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndox" title="Ndox – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ndox" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati" title="Mati – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mati" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="וואסער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואסער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omi" title="Omi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Omi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awe" title="Awe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Awe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondou" title="Ondou – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ondou" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A8r" title="Aèr – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Aèr" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C9%94" title="Koɔ – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Koɔ" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagaare</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waig" title="Waig – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Waig" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACn" title="Sìn – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Sìn" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai" title="Ai – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ai" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwai" title="Uwai – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Uwai" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵎⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li>
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						<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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					<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound with formula H₂O</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Water_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Water (disambiguation)">Water (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"H2O" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/H2O_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="H2O (disambiguation)">H2O (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p>



<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style>
</p>
<table class="infobox ib-chembox">
<caption>Water
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H2O_2D_labelled.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The water molecule has this basic geometric structure"><img alt="The water molecule has this basic geometric structure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/H2O_2D_labelled.svg/150px-H2O_2D_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/H2O_2D_labelled.svg/225px-H2O_2D_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/H2O_2D_labelled.svg/300px-H2O_2D_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="350"></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center">
<table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water-3D-balls-A.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Water-3D-balls-A.png/100px-Water-3D-balls-A.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Water-3D-balls-A.png/150px-Water-3D-balls-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Water-3D-balls-A.png/200px-Water-3D-balls-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="722"></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model of a water molecule</figcaption></figure>
</td>
<td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_molecule_3D.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space filling model of a water molecule"><img alt="Space filling model of a water molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/100px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/150px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/200px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="515"></a><figcaption>Space filling model of a water molecule</figcaption></figure><div style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Oxygen, O</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Hydrogen, H</div></div>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A drop of water falling towards water in a glass"><img alt="A drop of water falling towards water in a glass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg/264px-2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg/396px-2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg/528px-2006-02-13_Drop_before_impact.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="752"></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names
</th></tr>


<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">Preferred IUPAC name</a>
<div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Water</div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a>
<div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Oxidane (not in common use)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighFavreMetanomski199899_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighFavreMetanomski199899-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names
<div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hydrogen oxide</li><li>Hydrogen hydroxide (HH or HOH)</li><li>Hydroxylic acid</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrogen monoxide">Dihydrogen monoxide</a> (DHMO) (parody name<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li><li>Dihydrogen oxide</li><li>Hydric acid</li><li>Hydrohydroxic acid</li><li>Hydroxic acid</li><li>Hydroxoic acid</li><li>Hydrol<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>μ-Oxidodihydrogen</li><li>κ<sup>1</sup>-Hydroxylhydrogen(0)</li><li>Aqua</li><li>Neutral liquid</li><li>Oxygen dihydride (may be considered incorrect)</li></ul></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers
</th></tr>

<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7732-18-5">7732-18-5</a></span><sup>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div>
</td>
<td>3587155
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=15377">CHEBI:15377</a></span><sup>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/ChEMBL1098659">ChEMBL1098659</a></span><sup>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.937.html">937</a></span><sup>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09145">DB09145</a></span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.902">100.028.902</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>231-791-2</li></ul></div>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div>
</td>
<td>117
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C00001">C00001</a></span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/962">962</a></span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ZC0110000</li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/059QF0KO0R">059QF0KO0R</a></span><sup>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6026296">DTXSID6026296</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></span></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0px; word-break: break-all; display: none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/H2O/h1H2<sup>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:&nbsp;XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N<sup>&nbsp;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button>
<div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div>
<ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0px; word-break: break-all; display: none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O</div></li></ul>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div>
</td>
<td><span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> 
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a>
</td>
<td>18.01528(33) g/mol   
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Appearance
</td>
<td>Almost colorless or white crystalline solid, almost colorless liquid, with a <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">hint of blue</a>, colorless gas<sup id="cite_ref-Braun_1993_612_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braun_1993_612-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a>
</td>
<td>Odorless
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Liquid (1 atm, <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">VSMOW</a>):</li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002999842829999999♠"></span>0.999<span style="margin-left:.25em;">842</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">83</span>(84)&nbsp;g/mL</span> at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002273149999999999♠"></span>0&nbsp;°C</span><sup id="cite_ref-Tanaka_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002999974950000000♠"></span>0.999<span style="margin-left:.25em;">974</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">95</span>(84)&nbsp;g/mL</span> at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002277133034999999♠"></span>3.983<span style="margin-left:.25em;">035</span>(670)&nbsp;°C</span> (temperature of maximum density, often 4 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-Tanaka_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002997047020000000♠"></span>0.997<span style="margin-left:.25em;">047</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">02</span>(83)&nbsp;g/mL</span> at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002298150000000000♠"></span>25&nbsp;°C</span><sup id="cite_ref-Tanaka_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanaka-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002961887909999999♠"></span>0.961<span style="margin-left:.25em;">887</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">91</span>(96)&nbsp;g/mL</span> at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002368150000000000♠"></span>95&nbsp;°C</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Solid:</li><li>0.9167 g/mL at 0 °C<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide2003Properties_of_Ice_and_Supercooled_Water_in_Section_6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Properties_of_Ice_and_Supercooled_Water_in_Section_6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a>
</td>
<td>0.00&nbsp;°C (32.00&nbsp;°F; 273.15&nbsp;K) <sup id="cite_ref-VSMOW_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSMOW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a>
</td>
<td>99.98&nbsp;°C (211.96&nbsp;°F; 373.13&nbsp;K)<sup id="cite_ref-nist_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VSMOW_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSMOW-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a>
</td>
<td>Poorly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">haloalkanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliphatic">aliphatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> hydrocarbons, <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ethers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chemister_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemister-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br> Improved solubility in <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohols">alcohols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketones" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketones">ketones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amines">amines</a>. <br> Miscible with <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propanol" title="Propanol">propanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">isopropanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,4-dioxane" class="mw-redirect" title="1,4-dioxane">1,4-dioxane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">tetrahydrofuran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfolane" title="Sulfolane">sulfolane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethylformamide" title="Dimethylformamide">dimethylformamide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyethane" title="Dimethoxyethane">dimethoxyethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">dimethyl sulfoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">acetonitrile</a>. <br> Partially miscible with <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl ethyl ketone">methyl ethyl ketone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">dichloromethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a>.
</td></tr>








<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a>
</td>
<td>3.1690 kilopascals or 0.031276&nbsp;atm at 25&nbsp;°C<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide2003Vapor_Pressure_of_Water_From_0_to_370&amp;nbsp;°C_in_Sec._6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Vapor_Pressure_of_Water_From_0_to_370&amp;nbsp;°C_in_Sec._6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>)
</td>
<td>13.995<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide2003Chapter_8:_Dissociation_Constants_of_Inorganic_Acids_and_Bases_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Chapter_8:_Dissociation_Constants_of_Inorganic_Acids_and_Bases-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeingärtner_et_al.201613_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingärtner_et_al.201613-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Basicity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>b</sub>)
</td>
<td>13.995
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a> H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> (pK<sub>a</sub> = 0)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">Conjugate base</a>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">Hydroxide</a> OH<sup>–</sup> (pK<sub>b</sub> = 0)
</td></tr>








<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a>
</td>
<td>0.6065 W/(m·K)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div>
</td>
<td>1.3330 (20&nbsp;°C)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide20038—Concentrative_Properties_of_Aqueous_Solutions:_Density,_Refractive_Index,_Freezing_Point_Depression,_and_Viscosity_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20038—Concentrative_Properties_of_Aqueous_Solutions:_Density,_Refractive_Index,_Freezing_Point_Depression,_and_Viscosity-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a>
</td>
<td>0.890 mPa·s (0.890 <a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">cP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide20036.186_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20036.186-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Hexagonal</a>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">Point group</a></div>
</td>
<td>C<sub>2v</sub>
</td></tr>




<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></div>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bent_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent (chemistry)">Bent</a>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div>
</td>
<td>1.8546 <a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">D</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide20039—Dipole_Moments_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20039—Dipole_Moments-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">Heat capacity</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>C</i>)</span></div>
</td>
<td>75.385 ± 0.05&nbsp;J/(mol·K)<sup id="cite_ref-nist_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar<br>entropy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>S</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div>
</td>
<td>69.95 ± 0.03&nbsp;J/(mol·K)<sup id="cite_ref-nist_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br>formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div>
</td>
<td>−285.83 ± 0.04&nbsp;kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-chemister_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemister-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nist_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy#Standard_energy_change_of_formation" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>G</i><sup>⦵</sup>)</span></div>
</td>
<td>−237.24&nbsp;kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-chemister_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chemister-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></b> (OHS/OSH):
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main hazards</div>
</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a><br><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a> (as snow)<br><a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">Water intoxication</a>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire&nbsp;diamond)
</td>
<td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines">
<div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"></span><map name="ImageMap_fbee98d65da2341e"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue">
<a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red">
<a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow">
<a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div></div></div></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a>
</td>
<td>Non-flammable
</td></tr>





<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS)
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labchem.com/tools/msds/msds/LC26750.pdf">SDS</a>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">anions</a></div>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">Hydrogen selenide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride">Hydrogen telluride</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polonide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen polonide">Hydrogen polonide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a></div>
</td>
<td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li></ul></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Supplementary data page
</th></tr>


<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Water (data page)</a>
</td></tr>

<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25&nbsp;°C [77&nbsp;°F], 100&nbsp;kPa).</div>
<div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span>&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&amp;rev1=477162647&amp;page2=Water">verify</a></span>&nbsp;(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a>&nbsp;<sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup>&nbsp;?)
</div></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div>
</td></tr>

</tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div>
<p><b>Water</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>. It is a transparent, tasteless, odorless,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">nearly colorless</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substance</a>. It is the main constituent of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). It is vital for all known forms of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, despite not providing <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> or organic <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>. Its chemical formula, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, indicates that each of its <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> contains one <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, connected by <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In liquid form, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> is also called "water" at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>.
</p><p>Because Earth's environment is relatively close to water's <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a>, water exists on Earth as a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It forms <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a> consist of suspended droplets of water and <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, its solid state. When finely divided, <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> ice may precipitate in the form of <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>. The gaseous state of water is <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>.
</p><p>Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, with seas and oceans making up most of the water volume (about 96.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-WSS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small portions of water occur as <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> (1.7%), in the <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ice_caps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice caps">ice caps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> (1.7%), and in the air as <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a>, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).<sup id="cite_ref-b1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water moves continually through the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>), <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a>, precipitation, and <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, usually reaching the sea.
</p><p>Water plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a>. Approximately 70% of the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">fresh water</a> used by humans <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">goes to agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baroni2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baroni2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishing in <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> bodies has been, and continues to be, a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">transported by boats</a> through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating in industry and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances, both mineral and organic; as such, it is widely used in industrial processes and in cooking and washing. Water, ice, and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</a>, pleasure boating, <a href="/wiki/Boat_racing" title="Boat racing">boat racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">sport fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>.
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>
<p>The word <i>water</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <b><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wæter</i></span></b>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">watar</i></span> (source also of <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">watar</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> <span title="Old Frisian-language text"><i lang="ofs">wetir</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">water</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">wazzar</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wasser</i></span>, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">vatn</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language romanization"><i lang="got-Latn">wato</i></span>)), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">wod-or</i></span>, suffixed form of root <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">wed-</i></span> (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">water</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wet</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a>, through the Indo-European root, with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ύδωρ</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ýdor</i></span>; from Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὕδωρ</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hýdōr</i></span>), whence English <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">hydro-</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">вода́</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">vodá</i></span>), <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">uisce</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">ujë</i></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth#History_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin of water on Earth §&nbsp;History of water on Earth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water#History" title="Properties of water">Properties of water §&nbsp;History</a></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Earth">On Earth</h3></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth#History_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin of water on Earth § History of water on Earth</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origin_of_water_on_Earth&amp;action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p>One factor in estimating when water appeared on Earth is that water is continually being lost to space. H<sub>2</sub>O molecules in the atmosphere are broken up by <a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">photolysis</a>, and the resulting free <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms can sometimes <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">escape</a> Earth's gravitational pull. When the Earth was younger and less <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">massive</a>, water would have been lost to space more easily. Lighter elements like hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> are expected to leak from the atmosphere continually, but <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">isotopic ratios</a> of heavier <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a> in the modern atmosphere suggest that even the heavier elements in the early atmosphere were subject to significant losses.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> is useful for calculations of water loss over time. Not only is it a noble gas (and therefore is not removed from the atmosphere through chemical reactions with other elements), but comparisons between the abundances of its nine stable isotopes in the modern atmosphere reveal that the Earth lost at least one ocean of water early in its history, between the <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> eons.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What does an ocean of water lost mean here? (October 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Any water on Earth during the latter part of its accretion would have been disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">Moon-forming impact</a> (~4.5 billion years ago), which likely vaporized much of Earth's crust and <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a> and created a rock-vapor atmosphere around the young planet.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rock vapor would have condensed within two thousand years, leaving behind hot volatiles which probably resulted in a majority <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> atmosphere with hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a>. Afterward, liquid water oceans may have existed despite the surface temperature of 230&nbsp;°C (446&nbsp;°F) due to the increased atmospheric pressure of the CO<sub>2</sub> atmosphere. As the cooling continued, most CO<sub>2</sub> was removed from the atmosphere by <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> and dissolution in ocean water, but levels oscillated wildly as new surface and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> cycles appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/220px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/330px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/440px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="1111"></a><figcaption>This pillow basalt on the seafloor near Hawaii was formed when magma extruded underwater. Other, much older pillow basalt formations provide evidence for large bodies of water long ago in Earth's history.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Geological evidence also helps constrain the time frame for liquid water existing on Earth. A sample of pillow basalt (a type of rock formed during an underwater eruption) was recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Isua_Greenstone_Belt" title="Isua Greenstone Belt">Isua Greenstone Belt</a> and provides evidence that water existed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Nuvvuagittuq_Greenstone_Belt" title="Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt">Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt</a>, Quebec, Canada, rocks dated at 3.8 billion years old by one study<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4.28 billion years old by another<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> show evidence of the presence of water at these ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If oceans existed earlier than this, any geological evidence has yet to be discovered (which may be because such potential evidence has been destroyed by geological processes like <a href="/wiki/Crustal_recycling" title="Crustal recycling">crustal recycling</a>). More recently, in August 2020, researchers reported that sufficient water to fill the oceans may have always been on the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Earth#Formation" title="Earth">planet's formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200828_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200828-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827wu_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827wu-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827aa_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827aa-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
Unlike rocks, minerals called <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircons</a> are highly resistant to weathering and geological processes and so are used to understand conditions on the very early Earth. Mineralogical evidence from zircons has shown that liquid water and an atmosphere must have existed 4.404 ± 0.008 billion years ago, very soon after the formation of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_Wilde3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_Wilde3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presents somewhat of a paradox, as the <a href="/wiki/Cool_early_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cool early Earth">cool early Earth</a> hypothesis suggests temperatures were cold enough to freeze water between about 4.4 billion and 4.0 billion years ago. Other studies of zircons found in Australian Hadean rock point to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> as early as 4 billion years ago. If true, that implies that rather than a hot, <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">molten</a> surface and an atmosphere full of carbon dioxide, early Earth's surface was much as it is today (in terms of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a>). The action of plate tectonics traps vast amounts of CO<sub>2</sub>, thereby reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effects</a>, leading to a much cooler surface temperature and the formation of solid rock and liquid water.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties of water</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Water (data page)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Water model</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_molecule_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_molecule_%281%29.svg/220px-Water_molecule_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_molecule_%281%29.svg/330px-Water_molecule_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Water_molecule_%281%29.svg/440px-Water_molecule_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="400"></a><figcaption>A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Water (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a> it is a <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">tasteless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odorless</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, nearly <a href="/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">colorless</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">hint of blue</a>. The simplest <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">hydrogen chalcogenide</a>, it is by far the most studied chemical compound and is sometimes described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve more substances than any other liquid,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is poor at dissolving nonpolar substances.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows it to be the "<a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> of life":<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, water as found in nature almost always includes various dissolved substances, and special steps are required to obtain chemically <a href="/wiki/Pure_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure water">pure water</a>. Water is the only common substance to exist as a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, liquid, and <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> in normal terrestrial conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Matter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/220px-States_of_Matter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/330px-States_of_Matter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/States_of_Matter.svg/440px-States_of_Matter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="310"></a><figcaption>The three common states of matter</figcaption></figure>
<p>Along with <i>oxidane</i>, <i>water</i> is one of the two official names for the chemical compound <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is also the liquid phase of <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-pubchem_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pubchem-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two common <a href="/wiki/States_of_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="States of matter">states of matter</a> of water are the solid phase, <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>, and the gaseous phase, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>. The addition or removal of heat can cause <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a> (water to ice), <a href="/wiki/Melting" title="Melting">melting</a> (ice to water), <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporization</a> (water to vapor), <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> (vapor to water), <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> (ice to vapor) and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)" title="Deposition (phase transition)">deposition</a> (vapor to ice).<sup id="cite_ref-Belnay_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belnay-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Density">Density</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frost_weathering" title="Frost weathering">Frost weathering</a></div>
<p>Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a> as it freezes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1&nbsp;atm pressure, it reaches its maximum density of 999.972&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup> (62.4262&nbsp;lb/cu&nbsp;ft) at 3.98&nbsp;°C (39.16&nbsp;°F), or almost 1,000&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup> (62.43&nbsp;lb/cu&nbsp;ft) at almost 4&nbsp;°C (39&nbsp;°F).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatureWaterStructure_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureWaterStructure-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The density of ice is 917&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup> (57.25&nbsp;lb/cu&nbsp;ft), an expansion of 9%.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expansion can exert enormous pressure, bursting pipes and cracking rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In a lake or ocean, water at 4&nbsp;°C (39&nbsp;°F) sinks to the bottom, and ice forms on the surface, floating on the liquid water. This ice insulates the water below, preventing it from freezing solid. Without this protection, most aquatic organisms residing in lakes would perish during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetism">Magnetism</h4></div>
<p>Water is a <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> material.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2010_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2010-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though interaction is weak, with superconducting magnets it can attain a notable interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen-2010_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen-2010-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phase_transitions">Phase transitions</h4></div>
<p>At a pressure of one <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a> (atm), ice melts or water freezes (solidifies) at 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F) and water boils or vapor condenses at 100&nbsp;°C (212&nbsp;°F). However, even below the boiling point, water can change to vapor at its surface by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> (vaporization throughout the liquid is known as <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a>). Sublimation and deposition also occur on surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Belnay_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belnay-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> is deposited on cold surfaces while <a href="/wiki/Snowflake" title="Snowflake">snowflakes</a> form by deposition on an aerosol particle or ice nucleus.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process of <a href="/wiki/Freeze-drying" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze-drying">freeze-drying</a>, a food is frozen and then stored at low pressure so the ice on its surface sublimates.<sup id="cite_ref-FreezeDrying_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreezeDrying-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The melting and boiling points depend on pressure. A good approximation for the rate of change of the melting temperature with pressure is given by the <a href="/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" title="Clausius–Clapeyron relation">Clausius–Clapeyron relation</a>:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dP}}={\frac {T\left(v_{\text{L}}-v_{\text{S}}\right)}{L_{\text{f}}}}}">
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    <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dP}}={\frac {T\left(v_{\text{L}}-v_{\text{S}}\right)}{L_{\text{f}}}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c98f631ceff162aba820c2e0db685fdb54c0c000" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.066ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dT}{dP}}={\frac {T\left(v_{\text{L}}-v_{\text{S}}\right)}{L_{\text{f}}}}}"></span>
</p><p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{\text{L}}}">
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</math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/064c791dfa8796c6e27c056bf8a2103836de1ebd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.427ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{\text{f}}}"></span> is the molar <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">latent heat</a> of melting. In most substances, the volume increases when melting occurs, so the melting temperature increases with pressure. However, because ice is less dense than water, the melting temperature decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In glaciers, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_melting_point" title="Pressure melting point">pressure melting</a> can occur under sufficiently thick volumes of ice, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_lake" title="Subglacial lake">subglacial lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Clausius-Clapeyron relation also applies to the boiling point, but with the liquid/gas transition the vapor phase has a much lower density than the liquid phase, so the boiling point increases with pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water can remain in a liquid state at high temperatures in the deep ocean or underground. For example, temperatures exceed 205&nbsp;°C (401&nbsp;°F) in <a href="/wiki/Old_Faithful" title="Old Faithful">Old Faithful</a>, a geyser in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>, the temperature can exceed 400&nbsp;°C (752&nbsp;°F).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, the boiling point of water is 100&nbsp;°C (212&nbsp;°F). As atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude, the boiling point decreases by 1&nbsp;°C every 274&nbsp;meters. <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cooking" title="High-altitude cooking">High-altitude cooking</a> takes longer than sea-level cooking. For example, at 1,524 metres (5,000&nbsp;ft), cooking time must be increased by a fourth to achieve the desired result.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, a <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooker" title="Pressure cooker">pressure cooker</a> can be used to decrease cooking times by raising the boiling temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a vacuum, water will boil at room temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Triple_and_critical_points">Triple and critical points</h4></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phase_diagram_of_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Phase_diagram_of_water.svg/220px-Phase_diagram_of_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Phase_diagram_of_water.svg/330px-Phase_diagram_of_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Phase_diagram_of_water.svg/440px-Phase_diagram_of_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="427"></a><figcaption>Phase diagram of water</figcaption></figure>
<p>On a pressure/temperature <a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">phase diagram</a> (see figure), there are curves separating solid from vapor, vapor from liquid, and liquid from solid. These meet at a single point called the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a>, where all three phases can coexist. The triple point is at a temperature of 273.16&nbsp;K (0.01&nbsp;°C; 32.02&nbsp;°F) and a pressure of 611.657 pascals (0.00604&nbsp;atm; 0.0887&nbsp;psi);<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the lowest pressure at which liquid water can exist. <a href="/wiki/2019_revision_of_the_SI" title="2019 revision of the SI">Until 2019</a>, the triple point was used to define the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin temperature scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brochure9_2019_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brochure9_2019-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The water/vapor phase curve terminates at 647.096&nbsp;K (373.946&nbsp;°C; 705.103&nbsp;°F) and 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1&nbsp;psi; 217.75&nbsp;atm).<sup id="cite_ref-IAPWS95_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAPWS95-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">critical point</a>. At higher temperatures and pressures the liquid and vapor phases form a continuous phase called a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a>. It can be gradually compressed or expanded between gas-like and liquid-like densities; its properties (which are quite different from those of ambient water) are sensitive to density. For example, for suitable pressures and temperatures it can <a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">mix freely</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nonpolar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpolar molecule">nonpolar compounds</a>, including most <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a>. This makes it useful in a variety of applications including high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a> and as an ecologically benign solvent or <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a> in chemical reactions involving organic compounds. In Earth's mantle, it acts as a solvent during mineral formation, dissolution and deposition.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phases_of_ice_and_water">Phases of ice and water</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></div>
<p>The normal form of ice on the surface of Earth is <a href="/wiki/Ice_Ih" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Ih">ice I<sub>h</sub></a>, a phase that forms crystals with <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">hexagonal symmetry</a>. Another with <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic crystalline symmetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_Ic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Ic">ice I<sub>c</sub></a>, can occur in the upper atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the pressure increases, ice forms other <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structures</a>. As of 2024, twenty have been experimentally confirmed and several more are predicted theoretically.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eighteenth form of ice, <a href="/wiki/Ice_XVIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice XVIII">ice XVIII</a>, a face-centred-cubic, superionic ice phase, was discovered when a droplet of water was subject to a shock wave that raised the water's pressure to millions of atmospheres and its temperature to thousands of degrees, resulting in a structure of rigid oxygen atoms in which hydrogen atoms flowed freely.<sup id="cite_ref-Sokol2021_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sokol2021-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Millotetal2019_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millotetal2019-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When sandwiched between layers of <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>, ice forms a square lattice.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The details of the chemical nature of liquid water are not well understood; some theories suggest that its unusual behavior is due to the existence of two liquid states.<sup id="cite_ref-NatureWaterStructure_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureWaterStructure-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taste_and_odor">Taste and odor</h3></div>
<p>Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> have specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28553944_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28553944-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emo_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emo-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and frogs are known to be able to smell it.<sup id="cite_ref-frog_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frog-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, water from ordinary sources (including <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a>) usually has many dissolved substances that may give it varying tastes and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the <a href="/wiki/Potability" class="mw-redirect" title="Potability">potability</a> of water in order to avoid water that is too salty or <a href="/wiki/Putrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Putrid">putrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-candau_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-candau-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_and_appearance">Color and appearance</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water" title="Electromagnetic absorption by water">Electromagnetic absorption by water</a></div>
<p>Pure water is <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visibly</a> blue due to <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_absorption_by_water" title="Electromagnetic absorption by water">absorption</a> of light in the region c. 600–800&nbsp;nm.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The color can be easily observed in a glass of tap-water placed against a pure white background, in daylight. The principal absorption bands responsible for the color are <a href="/wiki/Overtone_band" title="Overtone band">overtones</a> of the O–H stretching <a href="/wiki/Molecular_vibration" title="Molecular vibration">vibrations</a>. The apparent intensity of the color increases with the depth of the water column, following <a href="/wiki/Beer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer's law">Beer's law</a>. This also applies, for example, with a swimming pool when the light source is sunlight reflected from the pool's white tiles.
</p><p>In nature, the color may also be modified from blue to green due to the presence of suspended solids or algae.
</p><p>In industry, <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared_spectroscopy" title="Near-infrared spectroscopy">near-infrared spectroscopy</a> is used with aqueous solutions as the greater intensity of the lower overtones of water means that glass <a href="/wiki/Cuvette" title="Cuvette">cuvettes</a> with short path-length may be employed. To observe the fundamental stretching absorption spectrum of water or of an aqueous solution in the region around 3,500&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup> (2.85&nbsp;μm)<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a path length of about 25&nbsp;μm is needed. Also, the cuvette must be both transparent around 3500&nbsp;cm<sup>−1</sup> and insoluble in water; <a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">calcium fluoride</a> is one material that is in common use for the cuvette windows with aqueous solutions.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman-active</a> fundamental vibrations may be observed with, for example, a 1&nbsp;cm sample cell.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> organisms can live in water up to hundreds of meters deep, because <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> can reach them.
Practically no sunlight reaches the parts of the oceans below 1,000 metres (3,300&nbsp;ft) of depth.
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of liquid water (1.333 at 20&nbsp;°C (68&nbsp;°F)) is much higher than that of air (1.0), similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, but lower than those of <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> (1.473), <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> (1.501), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> (1.627), and common types of glass (1.4 to 1.6). The refraction index of ice (1.31) is lower than that of liquid water.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_polarity">Molecular polarity</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png/220px-Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png/330px-Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png/440px-Tetrahedral_Structure_of_Water.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="448"></a><figcaption>Tetrahedral structure of water</figcaption></figure>
<p>In a water molecule, the hydrogen atoms form a 104.5° angle with the oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms are close to two corners of a tetrahedron centered on the oxygen. At the other two corners are <i><a href="/wiki/Lone_pairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone pairs">lone pairs</a></i> of valence electrons that do not participate in the bonding. In a perfect tetrahedron, the atoms would form a 109.5° angle, but the repulsion between the lone pairs is greater than the repulsion between the hydrogen atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The O–H bond length is about 0.096&nbsp;nm.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Other substances have a tetrahedral molecular structure, for example <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>S</span>). However, oxygen is more <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegative</a> than most other elements, so the oxygen atom has a negative partial charge while the hydrogen atoms are partially positively charged. Along with the bent structure, this gives the molecule an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical dipole moment">electrical dipole moment</a> and it is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Polar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar molecule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Water is a good polar <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>, dissolving many <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> organic molecules such as sugars and simple alcohols such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. Water also dissolves many gases, such as oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>—the latter giving the fizz of <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonated</a> beverages, <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wines</a> and beers. In addition, many substances in living organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, are dissolved in water. The interactions between water and the subunits of these biomacromolecules shape <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein folding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Base_pairing" class="mw-redirect" title="Base pairing">DNA base pairing</a>, and other phenomena crucial to life (<a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect" title="Hydrophobic effect">hydrophobic effect</a>).
</p><p>Many organic substances (such as <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">fats and oils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkanes">alkanes</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a>, that is, insoluble in water. Many inorganic substances are insoluble too, including most metal <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrogen_bonding">Hydrogen bonding</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bonding_of_water" title="Chemical bonding of water">Chemical bonding of water</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/220px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/330px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg/440px-3D_model_hydrogen_bonds_in_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="397"></a><figcaption>Model of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> (1) between molecules of water</figcaption></figure>
<p>Because of its polarity, a molecule of water in the liquid or solid state can form up to four <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonds">hydrogen bonds</a> with neighboring molecules. Hydrogen bonds are about ten times as strong as the <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">Van der Waals force</a> that attracts molecules to each other in most liquids. This is the reason why the melting and boiling points of water are much higher than those of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">other analogous compounds</a> like hydrogen sulfide. They also explain its exceptionally high <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</a> (about 4.2 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/(g·K)), <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of fusion">heat of fusion</a> (about 333 J/g), <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of vaporization">heat of vaporization</a> (<span class="nowrap">2257 J/g</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> (between 0.561 and 0.679 W/(m·K)). These properties make water more effective at moderating Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, by storing heat and transporting it between the oceans and the atmosphere. The hydrogen bonds of water are around 23 kJ/mol (compared to a covalent O-H bond at 492 kJ/mol). Of this, it is estimated that 90% is attributable to electrostatics, while the remaining 10% is partially covalent.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>These bonds are the cause of water's high <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and capillary forces. The <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a> refers to the tendency of water to move up a narrow tube against the force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. This property is relied upon by all <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, such as trees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg/310px-Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg/465px-Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg/620px-Heat_capacity_of_water_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="696"></a><figcaption>Specific heat capacity of water<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-ionization">Self-ionization</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water">Self-ionization of water</a></div>
<p>Water is a weak solution of hydronium hydroxide—there is an equilibrium <span class="nowrap"><span class="chemf nowrap">2H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span> ⇌ <span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">OH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span></span>, in combination with solvation of the resulting <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> ions.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_conductivity_and_electrolysis">Electrical conductivity and electrolysis</h3></div>
<p>Pure water has a low <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, which increases with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolution</a> of a small amount of ionic material such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">common salt</a>.
</p><p>Liquid water can be split into the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> hydrogen and oxygen by passing an electric current through it—a process called <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolysis</a>. The decomposition requires more energy input than the <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_formation" title="Standard enthalpy of formation">heat released by the inverse process</a> (285.8 kJ/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a>, or 15.9 MJ/kg).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_properties">Mechanical properties</h3></div>
<p>Liquid water can be assumed to be incompressible for most purposes: its compressibility ranges from 4.4 to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990510000000000000♠"></span>5.1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup>&nbsp;Pa<sup>−1</sup></span> in ordinary conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in oceans at 4&nbsp;km depth, where the pressure is 400 atm, water suffers only a 1.8% decrease in volume.<sup id="cite_ref-nave_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nave-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> of water is about 10<sup>−3</sup> Pa·<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a> or 0.01 <a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a> at 20&nbsp;°C (68&nbsp;°F), and the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> in liquid water ranges between 1,400 and 1,540 metres per second (4,600 and 5,100&nbsp;ft/s) depending on temperature. Sound travels long distances in water with little <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuation</a>, especially at low frequencies (roughly 0.03 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a>/km for 1 k<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>), a property that is exploited by <a href="/wiki/Cetaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetaceans">cetaceans</a> and humans for communication and environment sensing (<a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NPLcalc_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPLcalc-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactivity">Reactivity</h3></div>
<p>Metallic elements which are more <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electropositive</a> than hydrogen, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth metals">alkaline earth metals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">cesium</a> displace hydrogen from water, forming <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxides</a> and releasing hydrogen. At high temperatures, carbon reacts with steam to form <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and hydrogen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_Earth_2">On Earth</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a></div>
<p>Hydrology is the study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth. The study of the distribution of water is <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrography</a>. The study of the distribution and movement of <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">hydrogeology</a>, of glaciers is <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciology</a>, of inland waters is <a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">limnology</a> and distribution of oceans is <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a>. Ecological processes with hydrology are in the focus of <a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">ecohydrology</a>.
</p><p>The collective mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet is called the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>. Earth's approximate water volume (the total water supply of the world) is 1.386&nbsp;billion cubic kilometres (333&nbsp;million cubic miles).<sup id="cite_ref-b1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Liquid water is found in <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">bodies of water</a>, such as an ocean, sea, lake, river, stream, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a>, pond, or <a href="/wiki/Puddle" title="Puddle">puddle</a>. The majority of water on Earth is <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>. Water is also present in the atmosphere in solid, liquid, and vapor states. It also exists as groundwater in <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>.
</p><p>Water is important in many geological processes. Groundwater is present in most <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocks</a>, and the pressure of this groundwater affects patterns of <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a>. Water in the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> is responsible for the melt that produces <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zones</a>. On the surface of the Earth, water is important in both chemical and physical <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> processes. Water, and to a lesser but still significant extent, ice, are also responsible for a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a> that occurs on the surface of the earth. <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a> of transported sediment forms many types of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, which make up the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">geologic record</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Earth">Earth history</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_cycle">Water cycle</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_cycle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/220px-Water_cycle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/330px-Water_cycle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Water_cycle.png/440px-Water_cycle.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="589"></a><figcaption>Water cycle</figcaption></figure>
<p>The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) is the continuous exchange of water within the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Earth_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> water, <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>, groundwater, and plants.
</p><p>Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the <i>water cycle</i> consisting of the following transfer processes:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> from oceans and other water bodies into the air and <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpiration</a> from land plants and animals into the air.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a>, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (water)">runoff</a> from the land usually reaching the sea.</li></ul>
<p>Most water vapors found mostly in the ocean returns to it, but winds carry water vapor over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea, about 47&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Metric_tonne_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonne unit">Tt</a> per year while evaporation and transpiration happening in land masses also contribute another 72&nbsp;Tt per year. Precipitation, at a rate of 119 Tt per year over land, has several forms: most commonly rain, snow, and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>, with some contribution from <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dew is small drops of water that are condensed when a high density of water vapor meets a cool surface. Dew usually forms in the morning when the temperature is the lowest, just before sunrise and when the temperature of the earth's surface starts to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Condensed water in the air may also <a href="/wiki/Refract" class="mw-redirect" title="Refract">refract</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbows</a>.
</p><p>Water runoff often collects over <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a> flowing into rivers. Through <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, runoff shapes the environment creating river <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">deltas</a> which provide rich soil and level ground for the establishment of population centers. A flood occurs when an area of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water which occurs when a river overflows its banks or a storm surge happens. On the other hand, drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation either due to its topography or due to its location in terms of <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_resources">Water resources</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Water resources</a></div>
<p>Water resources are <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> of water that are potentially useful for humans,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example as a source of drinking <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> or <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> water. Water occurs as both "stocks" and "flows". Water can be stored as lakes, water vapor, groundwater or aquifers, and ice and snow. Of the total volume of global freshwater, an estimated 69 percent is stored in glaciers and permanent snow cover; 30 percent is in groundwater; and the remaining 1 percent in lakes, rivers, the atmosphere, and biota.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of time water remains in storage is highly variable: some aquifers consist of water stored over thousands of years but lake volumes may fluctuate on a seasonal basis, decreasing during dry periods and increasing during wet ones. A substantial fraction of the water supply for some regions consists of water extracted from water stored in stocks, and when withdrawals exceed recharge, stocks decrease. By some estimates, as much as 30 percent of total water used for irrigation comes from unsustainable withdrawals of groundwater, causing <a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">groundwater depletion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seawater_and_tides">Seawater and tides</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">Tides</a></div>
<p>Seawater contains about 3.5% <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> on average, plus smaller amounts of other substances. The physical properties of seawater differ from <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> in some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature (about −1.9&nbsp;°C (28.6&nbsp;°F)) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing. The salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to 4.0% in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. (The <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, known for its ultra-high salinity levels of between 30 and 40%, is really a <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lake</a>.)
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a> are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea levels caused by the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a> of the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of the marine and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as tidal streams. The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with the <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">effects of Earth rotation</a> and the local <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a>. The strip of seashore that is submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> at high tide and low tide</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High tide"><img alt="High tide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/120px-Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/180px-Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg/240px-Bay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">High tide</div>
		</li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low tide"><img alt="Low tide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/120px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/180px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg/240px-Bay_of_Fundy_Low_Tide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">Low tide</div>
		</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_life">Effects on life</h2></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg/170px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg/255px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg/340px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1900"></a><figcaption>Overview of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> <span style="color:green;">(green)</span> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respiration</a> <span style="color:red;">(red)</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>From a <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> standpoint, water has many distinct properties that are critical for the proliferation of life. It carries out this role by allowing <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> to react in ways that ultimately allow <a href="/wiki/Self-replication" title="Self-replication">replication</a>. All known forms of life depend on water. Water is vital both as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> in which many of the body's solutes dissolve and as an essential part of many <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> processes within the body. Metabolism is the sum total of <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a>. In anabolism, water is removed from molecules (through energy requiring enzymatic chemical reactions) in order to grow larger molecules (e.g., starches, triglycerides, and proteins for storage of fuels and information). In catabolism, water is used to break bonds in order to generate smaller molecules (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to be used for fuels for energy use or other purposes). Without water, these particular metabolic processes could not exist.
</p><p>Water is fundamental to both photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthetic cells use the sun's energy to split off water's hydrogen from oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the presence of sunlight, hydrogen is combined with <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> (absorbed from air or water) to form glucose and release oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All living cells use such fuels and oxidize the hydrogen and carbon to capture the sun's energy and reform water and <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> in the process (cellular respiration).
</p><p>Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as a hydroxide ion (<span class="chemf nowrap">OH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7 in an ideal state. <a href="/wiki/Acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Acids">Acids</a> have pH values less than 7 while <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> have values greater than 7.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquatic_life_forms">Aquatic life forms</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></div>
<p>Earth's surface waters are filled with life. The earliest life forms appeared in water; nearly all fish live exclusively in water, and there are many types of marine mammals, such as dolphins and whales. Some kinds of animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, spend portions of their lives in water and portions on land. Plants such as <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> grow in the water and are the basis for some underwater ecosystems. <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a> is generally the foundation of the ocean <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>.
</p><p>Aquatic vertebrates must obtain oxygen to survive, and they do so in various ways. Fish have <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, although some species of fish, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, have both. <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammals</a>, such as dolphins, whales, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> need to surface periodically to breathe air. Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen through their skin. Invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to survive in poorly oxygenated waters including breathing tubes (see <a href="/wiki/Siphon_(insect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphon (insect)">insect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siphon_(mollusc)" title="Siphon (mollusc)">mollusc siphons</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Carcinus" title="Carcinus">Carcinus</a></i>). However, as invertebrate life evolved in an aquatic habitat most have little or no specialization for respiration in water.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef"><img alt="Some of the biodiversity of a coral reef" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/135px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/202px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG/270px-Blue_Linckia_Starfish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">Some of the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a></div>
		</li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Some marine diatoms – a key phytoplankton group"><img alt="Some marine diatoms – a key phytoplankton group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/180px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/270px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/360px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">Some marine <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> – a key <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> group</div>
		</li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Squat lobster and Alvinocarididae shrimp at the Von Damm hydrothermal field survive by altered water chemistry."><img alt="Squat lobster and Alvinocarididae shrimp at the Von Damm hydrothermal field survive by altered water chemistry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg/180px-VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg/270px-VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg/360px-VonDamm_Crustaceans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2112"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Squat_lobster" title="Squat lobster">Squat lobster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alvinocarididae" title="Alvinocarididae">Alvinocarididae</a> shrimp at the Von Damm <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal field</a> survive by altered water chemistry.</div>
		</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_human_civilization">Effects on human civilization</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Water" title="Special:EditPage/Water">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span>  <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg/220px-Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg/330px-Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg/440px-Longwood_Gardens-Italian_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375"></a><figcaption>Water <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountain</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Civilization has historically flourished around rivers and major waterways; <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, one of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Cradles_of_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradles of civilization">cradles of civilization</a>, was situated between the major rivers <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>; the ancient society of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a> depended entirely upon the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>. The early <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3300 BCE</span>&nbsp;– c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300 BCE</span>) developed along the Indus River and tributaries that flowed out of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was also founded on the banks of the Italian river <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>. Large <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolises</a> like <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> owe their success in part to their easy accessibility via water and the resultant expansion of trade. Islands with safe water ports, like <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, have flourished for the same reason. In places such as North Africa and the Middle East, where water is more scarce, access to clean drinking water was and is a major factor in human development.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_pollution">Health and pollution</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg/220px-Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg/330px-Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg/440px-Field_Trip-_water_sampling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></a><figcaption>An environmental science program – a student from <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a> sampling water</figcaption></figure>
<p>Water fit for human consumption is called <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> or potable water. Water that is not potable may be made potable by filtration or <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, or by a range of <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">other methods</a>. More than 660 million people do not have access to safe drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Water that is not fit for drinking but is not harmful to humans when used for swimming or bathing is called by various names other than potable or drinking water, and is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Safe_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe water">safe water</a>, or "safe for bathing". Chlorine is a skin and mucous membrane irritant that is used to make water safe for bathing or drinking. Its use is highly technical and is usually monitored by government regulations (typically 1 part per million (ppm) for drinking water, and 1–2 ppm of chlorine not yet reacted with impurities for bathing water). Water for bathing may be maintained in satisfactory microbiological condition using chemical disinfectants such as <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> or by the use of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water reclamation</a> is the process of converting wastewater (most commonly <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, also called municipal wastewater) into water that can be <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reused</a> for other purposes. There are 2.3 billion people who reside in nations with water scarcities, which means that each individual receives less than 1,700 cubic metres (60,000&nbsp;cu&nbsp;ft) of water annually. 380&nbsp;billion cubic metres (13<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>12</sup>&nbsp;cu&nbsp;ft) of municipal wastewater are produced globally each year.<sup id="cite_ref-EIB-2022_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIB-2022-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Freshwater is a renewable resource, recirculated by the natural <a href="/wiki/Hydrologic_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrologic cycle">hydrologic cycle</a>, but pressures over access to it result from the naturally uneven distribution in space and time, growing economic demands by agriculture and industry, and rising populations. Currently, nearly a billion people around the world lack access to safe, affordable water. In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> for water to halve by 2015 the proportion of people worldwide without access to safe water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>. Progress toward that goal was uneven, and in 2015 the UN committed to the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> of achieving universal access to safe and affordable water and sanitation by 2030. Poor <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> and bad sanitation are deadly; some five million deaths a year are caused by water-related diseases. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates that <a href="/wiki/Safe_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe water">safe water</a> could prevent 1.4 million child deaths from <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> each year.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In developing countries, 90% of all <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">municipal wastewater</a> still goes untreated into local rivers and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 50 countries, with roughly a third of the world's population, also suffer from medium or high <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> and 17 of these extract more water annually than is recharged through their natural water cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strain not only affects surface freshwater bodies like rivers and lakes, but it also degrades groundwater resources.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_withdrawals_per_capita,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/350px-Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/525px-Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg/700px-Water_withdrawals_per_capita%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption>Total water withdrawals for agricultural, industrial and municipal purposes per capita, measured in cubic metres (m<sup>3</sup>) per year in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h4></div>
<p>The most substantial human use of water is for agriculture, including irrigated agriculture, which accounts for as much as 80 to 90 percent of total human water consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, 42% of freshwater withdrawn for use is for irrigation, but the vast majority of water "consumed" (used and not returned to the environment) goes to agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Estimated_use_of_water_in_the_United_States_in_2015_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estimated_use_of_water_in_the_United_States_in_2015-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Access to fresh water is often taken for granted, especially in developed countries that have built sophisticated water systems for collecting, purifying, and delivering water, and removing wastewater. But growing economic, demographic, and climatic pressures are increasing concerns about water issues, leading to increasing competition for fixed water resources, giving rise to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">peak water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As populations and economies continue to grow, consumption of water-thirsty meat expands, and new demands rise for biofuels or new water-intensive industries, new water challenges are likely.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>An assessment of water management in agriculture was conducted in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> in Sri Lanka to see if the world had sufficient water to provide food for its growing population.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It assessed the current availability of water for agriculture on a global scale and mapped out locations suffering from water scarcity. It found that a fifth of the world's people, more than 1.2 billion, live in areas of <a href="/wiki/Physical_water_scarcity" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical water scarcity">physical water scarcity</a>, where there is not enough water to meet all demands. A further 1.6 billion people live in areas experiencing <a href="/wiki/Economic_water_scarcity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic water scarcity">economic water scarcity</a>, where the lack of investment in water or insufficient human capacity make it impossible for authorities to satisfy the demand for water. The report found that it would be possible to produce the food required in the future, but that continuation of today's food production and environmental trends would lead to crises in many parts of the world. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industries and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Water scarcity is also caused by production of water intensive products. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>: 1&nbsp;kg of cotton—equivalent of a pair of jeans—requires 10.9 cubic metres (380&nbsp;cu&nbsp;ft) water to produce. While cotton accounts for 2.4% of world water use, the water is consumed in regions that are already at a risk of water shortage. Significant environmental damage has been caused: for example, the diversion of water by the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> rivers to produce cotton was largely responsible for the disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water requirement per tonne of food product"><img alt="Water requirement per tonne of food product" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg/120px-Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg/180px-Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg/240px-Water_requirement_per_tonne_of_food_product%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">Water requirement per tonne of food product</div>
		</li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><span class="mw-tmh-player video"><video id="mwe_player_0_placeholder" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv/120px--Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv.jpg" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="47" data-mwtitle="Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" playsinline="" disabled="disabled" tabindex="-1" style="aspect-ratio: 120 / 90;"></video><a class="mw-tmh-play" href="/wiki/File:Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv" title="Play video" role="button"><span class="mw-tmh-play-icon notheme"></span></a></span></span></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">Water distribution in subsurface <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a></div>
		</li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SiphonTubes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Irrigation of field crops"><img alt="Irrigation of field crops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SiphonTubes.JPG/120px-SiphonTubes.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SiphonTubes.JPG/180px-SiphonTubes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/SiphonTubes.JPG/240px-SiphonTubes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> of field crops</div>
		</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="As_a_scientific_standard">As a scientific standard</h4></div>
<p>On 7 April 1795, the gram was defined in France to be equal to "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to a cube of one-hundredth of a meter, and at the temperature of melting ice".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For practical purposes though, a metallic reference standard was required, one thousand times more massive, the kilogram. Work was therefore commissioned to determine precisely the mass of one liter of water. In spite of the fact that the decreed definition of the gram specified water at 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F)—a highly reproducible <i>temperature</i>—the scientists chose to redefine the standard and to perform their measurements at the temperature of highest water <i>density</i>, which was measured at the time as 4&nbsp;°C (39&nbsp;°F).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_temperature_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin temperature scale">Kelvin temperature scale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> system was based on the <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">triple point</a> of water, defined as exactly 273.16&nbsp;K (0.01&nbsp;°C; 32.02&nbsp;°F), but as of May 2019 is based on the <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a> instead. The scale is an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute temperature">absolute temperature</a> scale with the same increment as the Celsius temperature scale, which was originally defined according to the <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> (set to 100&nbsp;°C (212&nbsp;°F)) and <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> (set to 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F)) of water.
</p><p>Natural water consists mainly of the isotopes hydrogen-1 and oxygen-16, but there is also a small quantity of heavier isotopes oxygen-18, oxygen-17, and hydrogen-2 (<a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>). The percentage of the heavier isotopes is very small, but it still affects the properties of water. Water from rivers and lakes tends to contain less heavy isotopes than seawater. Therefore, standard water is defined in the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water</a> specification.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For_drinking">For drinking</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg/220px-Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg/330px-Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg/440px-Humanitarian_aid_OCPA-2005-10-28-090517a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1701"></a><figcaption>A young girl drinking <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg/220px-2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg/330px-2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg/440px-2006_Global_Water_Availability.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443"></a><figcaption>Water availability: the fraction of the population using improved water sources by country</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier,_Nubra,_Ladakh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg/220px-Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg/330px-Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg/440px-Roadside_fresh_water_outlet_from_glacier%2C_Nubra%2C_Ladakh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="627"></a><figcaption>Roadside fresh water outlet from glacier, <a href="/wiki/Nubra" title="Nubra">Nubra</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> contains from 55% to 78% water, depending on body size.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UGC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UGC"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a user-generated source. (November 2022)">user-generated source?</span></a></i>]</sup> To function properly, the body requires between one and seven litres (0.22 and 1.54&nbsp;imp&nbsp;gal; 0.26 and 1.85&nbsp;US&nbsp;gal)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of water per day to avoid <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>; the precise amount depends on the level of activity, temperature, humidity, and other factors. Most of this is ingested through foods or beverages other than drinking straight water. It is not clear how much water intake is needed by healthy people, though the British Dietetic Association advises that 2.5 liters of total water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration, including 1.8 liters (6 to 7 glasses) obtained directly from beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical literature favors a lower consumption, typically 1 liter of water for an average male, excluding extra requirements due to fluid loss from exercise or warm weather.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhoades_2003_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhoades_2003-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Healthy kidneys can excrete 0.8 to 1 liter of water per hour, but stress such as exercise can reduce this amount. People can drink far more water than necessary while exercising, putting them at risk of <a href="/wiki/Water_intoxication" title="Water intoxication">water intoxication</a> (hyperhydration), which can be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular claim that "a person should consume eight glasses of water per day" seems to have no real basis in science.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that extra water intake, especially up to 500 millilitres (18&nbsp;imp&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz; 17&nbsp;US&nbsp;fl&nbsp;oz) at mealtime, was associated with weight loss.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adequate fluid intake is helpful in preventing constipation.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg/220px-DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg/330px-DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg/440px-DIN_4844-2_D-P005.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="574"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">Hazard symbol</a> for non-potable water</figcaption></figure>
<p>An original recommendation for water intake in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Research Council">U.S. National Research Council</a> read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods."<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest dietary reference intake report by the U.S. National Research Council in general recommended, based on the median total water intake from US survey data (including food sources): 3.7 litres (0.81&nbsp;imp&nbsp;gal; 0.98&nbsp;US&nbsp;gal) for men and 2.7 litres (0.59&nbsp;imp&nbsp;gal; 0.71&nbsp;US&nbsp;gal) of water total for women, noting that water contained in food provided approximately 19% of total water intake in the survey.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Specifically, pregnant and breastfeeding women need additional fluids to stay hydrated. The US <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> recommends that, on average, men consume 3 litres (0.66&nbsp;imp&nbsp;gal; 0.79&nbsp;US&nbsp;gal) and women 2.2 litres (0.48&nbsp;imp&nbsp;gal; 0.58&nbsp;US&nbsp;gal); pregnant women should increase intake to 2.4 litres (0.53&nbsp;imp&nbsp;gal; 0.63&nbsp;US&nbsp;gal) and breastfeeding women should get 3 liters (12 cups), since an especially large amount of fluid is lost during nursing.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also noted is that normally, about 20% of water intake comes from food, while the rest comes from drinking water and beverages (<a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeinated</a> included). Water is excreted from the body in multiple forms; through <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Sweat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat">sweating</a>, and by exhalation of water vapor in the breath. With physical exertion and heat exposure, water loss will increase and daily fluid needs may increase as well.
</p><p>Humans require water with few impurities. Common impurities include metal salts and oxides, including copper, iron, calcium and lead,<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and harmful bacteria, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio" title="Vibrio">Vibrio</a></i>. Some <a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">solutes</a> are acceptable and even desirable for taste enhancement and to provide needed <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The single largest (by volume) freshwater resource suitable for drinking is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a> in Siberia.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washing">Washing</h4></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Washing" title="Washing">Washing</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Washing&amp;action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_washing_hands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Woman_washing_hands.jpg/220px-Woman_washing_hands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Woman_washing_hands.jpg/330px-Woman_washing_hands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Woman_washing_hands.jpg/440px-Woman_washing_hands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="3000"></a><figcaption>A woman washes her hands with soap and water.</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Washing" title="Washing">Washing</a> is a method of <a href="/wiki/Cleaning" title="Cleaning">cleaning</a>, usually with water and <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergent</a>. Regularly washing and then rinsing both body and clothing is an essential part of good <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and health.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Often people use soaps and detergents to assist in the <a href="/wiki/Emulsification" class="mw-redirect" title="Emulsification">emulsification</a> of oils and dirt particles so they can be washed away. The soap can be applied directly, or with the aid of a <a href="/wiki/Towel" title="Towel">washcloth</a> or assisted with <a href="/wiki/Sponge_(tool)" title="Sponge (tool)">sponges</a> or similar <a href="/wiki/List_of_cleaning_tools" title="List of cleaning tools">cleaning tools</a>.
</p><p>In social contexts, washing refers to the act of <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bathing</a>, or washing different parts of the body, such as <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hair_washing" title="Hair washing">hair</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Face_washing" title="Face washing">faces</a>. Excessive washing may damage the hair, causing dandruff, or cause rough skin/skin lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some washing of the body is done ritually in religions like Christianity and Judiasm, as an <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">act of purification</a>.
</p><p>Washing can also refer to washing objects. For example, <a href="/wiki/Laundry" title="Laundry">washing of clothing</a> or other cloth items, like bedsheets, or <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">washing dishes or cookwear</a>. Keeping objects clean, especially if they interact with food or the skin, can help with sanitation. Other kinds of washing focus on maintaining cleanliness and durability of objects that get dirty, such <a href="/wiki/Car_wash" title="Car wash">washing one's car</a>, by lathering the exterior with car soap, or washing tools used in a dirty process. 
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washer.600pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Washer.600pix.jpg/220px-Washer.600pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Washer.600pix.jpg/330px-Washer.600pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Washer.600pix.jpg/440px-Washer.600pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="684"></a><figcaption>A private home <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machine</a></figcaption></figure></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transportation">Transportation</h4></div>
<div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maritime_transport&amp;action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt">
<p><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a> (or ocean transport) or more generally waterborne transport, is the <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> of people (<a href="/wiki/Passengers" class="mw-redirect" title="Passengers">passengers</a>) or goods (<a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a>) via <a href="/wiki/Waterways" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterways">waterways</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a> by sea has been widely used throughout <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">recorded history</a>. The advent of aviation has diminished the importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">short trips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">pleasure cruises</a>. Transport by water is cheaper than <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">transport by air</a> or ground,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but significantly slower for longer distances. Maritime transport accounts for roughly 80% of international <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a> in 2020.
</p><p>Maritime transport can be realized over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a>, over oceans and lakes, through <a href="/wiki/Canal_age" title="Canal age">canals</a> or along rivers. Shipping may be for <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> purposes. While extensive inland shipping is less critical today, the major waterways of the world including many canals are still very important and are integral parts of <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide economy">worldwide economies</a>. Particularly, especially any material can be moved by water; however, water transport becomes impractical when material delivery is <a href="/wiki/Time-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-critical">time-critical</a> such as various types of perishable <a href="/wiki/Produce" title="Produce">produce</a>. Still, water transport is highly cost effective with regular schedulable cargoes, such as trans-oceanic shipping of consumer products&nbsp;– and especially for heavy loads or <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargos</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a>. Arguably, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had its first impacts where cheap water transport by canal, navigations, or <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">shipping</a> by all types of watercraft on natural waterways supported cost-effective <a href="/wiki/Bulk_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulk transport">bulk transport</a>.
</p>
<a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> revolutionized maritime transport starting in the 1970s. "General cargo" includes goods packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels. When a cargo is carried in more than one mode, it is <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">intermodal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Co-modality" title="Co-modality">co-modal</a>.</div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_uses">Chemical uses</h4></div>
<p>Water is widely used in chemical reactions as a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reactant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactant">reactant</a> and less commonly as a <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a> or catalyst. In inorganic reactions, water is a common solvent, dissolving many ionic compounds, as well as other polar compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">compounds closely related to water</a>. In organic reactions, it is not usually used as a reaction solvent, because it does not dissolve the reactants well and is <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> (acidic <i>and</i> basic) and <a href="/wiki/Nucleophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleophilic">nucleophilic</a>. Nevertheless, these properties are sometimes desirable. Also, acceleration of <a href="/wiki/Diels-Alder_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Diels-Alder reaction">Diels-Alder reactions</a> by water has been observed. <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercritical water">Supercritical water</a> has recently been a topic of research. Oxygen-saturated supercritical water combusts organic pollutants efficiently.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heat_exchange">Heat exchange</h4></div>
<p>Water and steam are a common fluid used for <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchange</a>, due to its availability and high <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat capacity of water">heat capacity</a>, both for cooling and heating. Cool water may even be naturally available from a lake or the sea. It is especially effective to transport heat through <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of water because of its large <a href="/wiki/Latent_heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Latent heat of vaporization">latent heat of vaporization</a>. A disadvantage is that metals commonly found in industries such as steel and copper are <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> faster by untreated water and steam. In almost all <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power stations</a>, water is used as the working fluid (used in a closed-loop between boiler, steam turbine, and condenser), and the coolant (used to exchange the waste heat to a water body or carry it away by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling tower</a>). In the United States, cooling power plants is the largest use of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Water_Use_in_the_United_States_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Water_Use_in_the_United_States-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> industry, water can also be used as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a>. In most <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, water is both a coolant and a moderator. This provides something of a passive safety measure, as removing the water from the reactor also <a href="/wiki/Void_coefficient" title="Void coefficient">slows the nuclear reaction down</a>. However other methods are favored for stopping a reaction and it is preferred to keep the nuclear core covered with water so as to ensure adequate cooling.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fire_considerations">Fire considerations</h4></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/220px-MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/330px-MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg/440px-MH-60S_Helicopter_dumps_water_onto_Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500"></a><figcaption>Water is used for <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting">fighting</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Water has a high heat of vaporization and is relatively inert, which makes it a good <a href="/wiki/Fire_fighting#Use_of_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire fighting">fire extinguishing</a> fluid. The evaporation of water carries heat away from the fire. It is dangerous to use water on fires involving oils and organic solvents because many organic materials float on water and the water tends to spread the burning liquid.
</p><p>Use of water in fire fighting should also take into account the hazards of a <a href="/wiki/Steam_explosion" title="Steam explosion">steam explosion</a>, which may occur when water is used on very hot fires in confined spaces, and of a hydrogen explosion, when substances which react with water, such as certain metals or hot carbon such as coal, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> graphite, decompose the water, producing <a href="/wiki/Water_gas" title="Water gas">water gas</a>.
</p><p>The power of such explosions was seen in the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, although the water involved in this case did not come from fire-fighting but from the reactor's own water cooling system. A steam explosion occurred when the extreme overheating of the core caused water to flash into steam. A hydrogen explosion may have occurred as a result of a reaction between steam and hot <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>.
</p><p>Some metallic oxides, most notably those of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">alkali metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth metals">alkaline earth metals</a>, produce so much heat in reaction with water that a fire hazard can develop. The alkaline earth oxide <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">quicklime</a>, also known as calcium oxide, is a mass-produced substance that is often transported in paper bags. If these are soaked through, they may ignite as their contents react with water.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recreation">Recreation</h4></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_sport_(recreation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sport (recreation)">Water sport (recreation)</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johny_Cay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Johny_Cay.jpg/220px-Johny_Cay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Johny_Cay.jpg/330px-Johny_Cay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Johny_Cay.jpg/440px-Johny_Cay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="2674"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)" title="San Andrés (island)">San Andrés island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Humans use water for many recreational purposes, as well as for exercising and for sports. Some of these include swimming, <a href="/wiki/Waterskiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterskiing">waterskiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boating" title="Boating">boating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving</a>. In addition, some sports, like <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a>, are played on ice. Lakesides, beaches and <a href="/wiki/Water_park" title="Water park">water parks</a> are popular places for people to go to relax and enjoy recreation. Many find the sound and appearance of flowing water to be calming, and fountains and other flowing water structures are popular decorations. Some keep fish and other flora and fauna inside <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquariums</a> or ponds for show, fun, and companionship. Humans also use water for snow sports such as <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">sledding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowmobiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowmobiling">snowmobiling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, which require the water to be at a low temperature either as ice or crystallized into <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_industry">Water industry</h4></div>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">water industry</a> provides drinking water and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> services (including <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>) to households and industry. <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Water supply</a> facilities include <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">water wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">rainwater harvesting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">water supply networks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> facilities, <a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">water tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_tower" title="Water tower">water towers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pipe">water pipes</a> including old <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_water_generator" title="Atmospheric water generator">Atmospheric water generators</a> are in development.
</p><p>Drinking water is often collected at <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a>, extracted from artificial <a href="/wiki/Boring_(earth)" title="Boring (earth)">borings</a> (wells) in the ground, or pumped from lakes and rivers. Building more wells in adequate places is thus a possible way to produce more water, assuming the aquifers can supply an adequate flow. Other water sources include rainwater collection. Water may require purification for human consumption. This may involve the removal of undissolved substances, dissolved substances and harmful <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a>. Popular methods are <a href="/wiki/Filter_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (water)">filtering</a> with sand which only removes undissolved material, while <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">chlorination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> kill harmful microbes. <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a> does all three functions. More advanced techniques exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a> of abundant <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> is a more expensive solution used in coastal <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climates</a>.
</p><p>The distribution of drinking water is done through <a href="/wiki/Municipal_water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal water system">municipal water systems</a>, tanker delivery or as <a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">bottled water</a>. Governments in many countries have programs to distribute water to the needy at no charge.
</p><p>Reducing usage by using drinking (potable) water only for human consumption is another option. In some cities such as Hong Kong, seawater is extensively used for flushing toilets citywide in order to <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">conserve freshwater resources</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Polluting water</a> may be the biggest single misuse of water; to the extent that a pollutant limits other uses of the water, it becomes a waste of the resource, regardless of benefits to the polluter. Like other types of pollution, this does not enter standard accounting of market costs, being conceived as <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> for which the market cannot account. Thus other people pay the price of water pollution, while the private firms' profits are not redistributed to the local population, victims of this pollution. <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a> consumed by humans often end up in the waterways and can have detrimental effects on <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">aquatic</a> life if they <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulate</a> and if they are not <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a>.
</p><p>Municipal and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a> are typically treated at <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">wastewater treatment plants</a>. Mitigation of polluted <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> is addressed through a variety of <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff#Mitigation_and_treatment" title="Surface runoff">prevention and treatment techniques</a>.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg">
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_carrier_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A water-carrier in India, 1882. In many places where running water is not available, water has to be transported by people."><img alt="A water-carrier in India, 1882. In many places where running water is not available, water has to be transported by people." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/129px-Water_carrier_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/194px-Water_carrier_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Water_carrier_in_India.jpg/258px-Water_carrier_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="500"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">A water-carrier in India, 1882. In many places where running water is not available, water has to be transported by people.</div>
		</li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TapWater-china.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A manual water pump in China"><img alt="A manual water pump in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/TapWater-china.JPG/180px-TapWater-china.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/TapWater-china.JPG/270px-TapWater-china.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/TapWater-china.JPG/360px-TapWater-china.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext">A manual water <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pump</a> in China</div>
		</li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water purification facility"><img alt="Water purification facility" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/180px-Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/270px-Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg/360px-Usine_Bret_MG_1648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a> facility</div>
		</li>
		<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px">
			<div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant in Barcelona, Spain"><img alt="Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant in Barcelona, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/135px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/202px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG/270px-Reverse_osmosis_desalination_plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816"></a></span></div>
			<div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> (RO) <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalination</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</div>
		</li>
</ul></div></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrial_applications">Industrial applications</h4></div>
<p>Many industrial processes rely on reactions using chemicals dissolved in water, suspension of solids in water <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurries</a> or using water to dissolve and extract substances, or to wash products or process equipment. Processes such as <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_pulping" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pulping">chemical pulping</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulp_bleaching&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulp bleaching (page does not exist)">pulp bleaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper manufacturing">paper manufacturing</a>, textile production, dyeing, printing, and cooling of power plants use large amounts of water, requiring a dedicated water source, and often cause significant water pollution.
</p><p>Water is used in <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> is electricity obtained from <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>. Hydroelectric power comes from water driving a water turbine connected to a generator. Hydroelectricity is a low-cost, non-polluting, renewable energy source. The energy is supplied by the motion of water. Typically a dam is constructed on a river, creating an artificial lake behind it. Water flowing out of the lake is forced through turbines that turn generators.
</p>
<div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydro-electric power station in the world."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg/800px-200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg/1200px-200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg/1600px-200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="1228"></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg" title="File:200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_hydroelectric_power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest hydroelectric power stations">largest hydro-electric power station</a> in the world.</div></div></div>
<p>Pressurized water is used in <a href="/wiki/Hydrodemolition" title="Hydrodemolition">water blasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">water jet cutters</a>. High pressure water guns are used for precise cutting. It works very well, is relatively safe, and is not harmful to the environment. It is also used in the cooling of machinery to prevent overheating, or prevent saw blades from overheating.
</p><p>Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a>, in addition to its use as a chemical <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>. Discharge of untreated water from industrial uses is <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">pollution</a>. Pollution includes discharged solutes (chemical pollution) and discharged coolant water (<a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a>). Industry requires pure water for many applications and uses a variety of purification techniques both in water supply and discharge.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_processing">Food processing</h4></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuisson_des_pates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/220px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/330px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cuisson_des_pates.jpg/440px-Cuisson_des_pates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a><figcaption>Water can be used to cook foods such as <a href="/wiki/Noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Noodles">noodles</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sterilewater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sterilewater.jpg/170px-Sterilewater.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sterilewater.jpg/255px-Sterilewater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sterilewater.jpg/340px-Sterilewater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2213"></a><figcaption>Sterile water for injection</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">Boiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simmering" title="Simmering">simmering</a> are popular cooking methods that often require immersing food in water or its gaseous state, steam.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water is also used for <a href="/wiki/Dishwashing" title="Dishwashing">dishwashing</a>. Water also plays many critical roles within the field of <a href="/wiki/Food_science" title="Food science">food science</a>.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">Solutes</a> such as salts and sugars found in water affect the physical properties of water. The boiling and freezing points of water are affected by solutes, as well as <a href="/wiki/Air_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pressure">air pressure</a>, which is in turn affected by altitude. Water boils at lower temperatures with the lower air pressure that occurs at higher elevations. One <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> of sucrose (sugar) per kilogram of water raises the boiling point of water by 0.51&nbsp;°C (0.918&nbsp;°F), and one mole of salt per kg raises the boiling point by 1.02&nbsp;°C (1.836&nbsp;°F); similarly, increasing the number of dissolved particles lowers water's freezing point.<sup id="cite_ref-vaclacik_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaclacik-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Solutes in water also affect water activity that affects many chemical reactions and the growth of microbes in food.<sup id="cite_ref-deman_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deman-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water activity can be described as a ratio of the vapor pressure of water in a solution to the vapor pressure of pure water.<sup id="cite_ref-vaclacik_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vaclacik-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solutes in water lower water activity—this is important to know because most bacterial growth ceases at low levels of water activity.<sup id="cite_ref-deman_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deman-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only does microbial growth affect the safety of food, but also the preservation and shelf life of food.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Water_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hardness">Water hardness</a> is also a critical factor in food processing and may be altered or treated by using a chemical ion exchange system. It can dramatically affect the quality of a product, as well as playing a role in sanitation. Water hardness is classified based on concentration of calcium carbonate the water contains. Water is classified as soft if it contains less than 100&nbsp;mg/L (UK)<sup id="cite_ref-DEFRA_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEFRA-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or less than 60&nbsp;mg/L (US).<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>According to a report published by the Water Footprint organization in 2010, a single kilogram of beef requires 15&nbsp;thousand litres (3.3<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>3</sup>&nbsp;imp&nbsp;gal; 4.0<span style="margin-left:0.2em">×<span style="margin-left:0.1em">10</span></span><s style="display:none">^</s><sup>3</sup>&nbsp;US&nbsp;gal) of water; however, the authors also make clear that this is a global average and circumstantial factors determine the amount of water used in beef production.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h4></div>
<p><a href="/wiki/Water_for_injection" title="Water for injection">Water for injection</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_list_of_essential_medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="World Health Organization's list of essential medicines">list of essential medicines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_in_nature">Distribution in nature</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_universe">In the universe</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/220px-Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/330px-Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg/440px-Band_5_ALMA_receiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3598" data-file-height="2491"></a><figcaption>Band 5 <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Large_Millimeter_Array" title="Atacama Large Millimeter Array">ALMA</a> receiver is an instrument specifically designed to detect water in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Much of the universe's water is produced as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a>. The formation of stars is accompanied by a strong outward wind of gas and dust. When this outflow of material eventually impacts the surrounding gas, the shock waves that are created compress and heat the gas. The water observed is quickly produced in this warm dense gas.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 22 July 2011, a report described the discovery of a gigantic cloud of water vapor containing "140 trillion times more water than all of Earth's oceans combined" around a <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasar</a> located 12 billion light years from Earth. According to the researchers, the "discovery shows that water has been prevalent in the universe for nearly its entire existence".<sup id="cite_ref-Clavin_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clavin-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-water_vapor_cloud_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water_vapor_cloud-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Water has been detected in <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">interstellar clouds</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water probably exists in abundance in other galaxies, too, because its components, hydrogen, and oxygen, are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Based on models of the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">formation and evolution of the Solar System</a> and that of other star systems, most other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a> are likely to have similar ingredients.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_vapor">Water vapor</h4></div>
<p>Water is present as vapor in:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar atmosphere">Atmosphere of the Sun</a>: in detectable trace amounts<sup id="cite_ref-Solanki1994_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solanki1994-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mercury" title="Atmosphere of Mercury">Atmosphere of Mercury</a>: 3.4%, and large amounts of water in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury's</a> <a href="/wiki/Exosphere" title="Exosphere">exosphere</a><sup id="cite_ref-planetary_society_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetary_society-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere of Venus</a>: 0.002%<sup id="cite_ref-Bertaux2007_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertaux2007-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>: ≈0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1–4% at surface; as well as <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">that of the Moon</a> in trace amounts<sup id="cite_ref-Sridharan2010_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sridharan2010-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere of Mars</a>: 0.03%<sup id="cite_ref-Rapp2012_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapp2012-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere of Ceres">Atmosphere of Ceres</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kuppers2014_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuppers2014-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a>: 0.0004%<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – in <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">ices</a> only; and that of its moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131212-EU_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131212-EU-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Saturn" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere of Saturn">Atmosphere of Saturn</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">ices</a> only; <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>: 91%<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> (exosphere)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Uranus" title="Atmosphere of Uranus">Atmosphere of Uranus</a> – in trace amounts below 50 bar</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere of Neptune">Atmosphere of Neptune</a> – found in the deeper layers<sup id="cite_ref-hubbard_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubbard-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">Extrasolar planet</a> atmospheres: including those of <a href="/wiki/HD_189733_b" title="HD 189733 b">HD 189733 b</a><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Space.com_water_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space.com_water-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tau_Bo%C3%B6tis_b" title="Tau Boötis b">Tau Boötis b</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HAT-P-11b" title="HAT-P-11b">HAT-P-11b</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140924_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140924-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanslmeier2010_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/XO-1b" title="XO-1b">XO-1b</a>, <a href="/wiki/WASP-12b" title="WASP-12b">WASP-12b</a>, <a href="/wiki/WASP-17b" title="WASP-17b">WASP-17b</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WASP-19b" title="WASP-19b">WASP-19b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131203_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131203-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Stellar atmospheres</a>: not limited to cooler stars and even detected in giant hot stars such as <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_Cephei" title="Mu Cephei">Mu Cephei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanslmeier2010_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lund_Observatory_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lund_Observatory-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disk">Circumstellar disks</a>: including those of more than half of <a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri stars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/AA_Tauri" title="AA Tauri">AA Tauri</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hanslmeier2010_184-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/TW_Hydrae" title="TW Hydrae">TW Hydrae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IRC_%2B10216" class="mw-redirect" title="IRC +10216">IRC +10216</a><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/APM_08279%2B5255" title="APM 08279+5255">APM 08279+5255</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Clavin_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clavin-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-water_vapor_cloud_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-water_vapor_cloud-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/VY_Canis_Majoris" title="VY Canis Majoris">VY Canis Majoris</a> and <a href="/wiki/S_Persei" title="S Persei">S Persei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lund_Observatory_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lund_Observatory-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liquid_water">Liquid water</h4></div>
<p>Liquid water is present on Earth, covering 71% of its surface.<sup id="cite_ref-WSS_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquid water is also occasionally present in small amounts <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">on Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists believe liquid water is present in the Saturnian moons of <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a>, as a 10-kilometre thick ocean approximately 30–40 kilometers below Enceladus' south polar surface,<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140403_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140404_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, as a subsurface layer, possibly mixed with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> has surface characteristics which suggest a subsurface liquid water ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquid water may also exist on Jupiter's moon <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> as a layer sandwiched between high pressure ice and rock.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_ice">Water ice</h4></div>
<p>Water is present as ice on:
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/220px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/330px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg/440px-South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="1234"></a><figcaption>South polar ice cap of Mars during Martian south summer 2000</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a>: under the regolith and at the poles.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Earth–Moon system: mainly as <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> on Earth and in Lunar craters and volcanic rocks<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA reported the detection of water molecules by NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper aboard the Indian Space Research Organization's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a><sup id="cite_ref-McCord2005-jgrp_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCord2005-jgrp-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas2005_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2005-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carey2006_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2006-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Jupiter's moons: <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>'s surface and also that of <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150315_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150315-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kuskov2005_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuskov2005-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Showman1999_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Showman1999-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Saturn: in the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">planet's ring system</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sparrow_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparrow-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the surface and mantle of <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tobie_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tobie-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">Enceladus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Verbiscer_et_al._2007_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbiscer_et_al._2007-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>–<a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> system<sup id="cite_ref-Sparrow_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparrow-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Comets">Comets</a><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other related <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> objects<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>And is also likely present on:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>'s poles<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exotic_forms">Exotic forms</h4></div>
<p>Water and other <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> probably comprise much of the internal structures of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and the water in the deeper layers may be in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ionic_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic water">ionic water</a> in which the molecules break down into a soup of hydrogen and oxygen ions, and deeper still as <a href="/wiki/Superionic_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Superionic water">superionic water</a> in which the oxygen crystallizes, but the hydrogen ions float about freely within the oxygen lattice.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist.com_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist.com-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_and_planetary_habitability">Water and planetary habitability</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Water distribution on Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></div>
<p>The existence of liquid water, and to a lesser extent its gaseous and solid forms, on Earth are vital to the existence of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">life on Earth</a> as we know it. The Earth is located in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>; if it were slightly closer to or farther from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (about 5%, or about 8 million kilometers), the conditions which allow the three forms to be present simultaneously would be far less likely to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Earth's <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> allows it to hold an <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (<a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a>) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature. If Earth were smaller, a thinner atmosphere would allow temperature extremes, thus preventing the accumulation of water except in <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice caps</a> (as on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The surface temperature of Earth has been relatively constant through <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic time">geologic time</a> despite varying levels of incoming solar radiation (<a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a>), indicating that a dynamic process governs Earth's temperature via a combination of greenhouse gases and surface or atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>. This proposal is known as the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The state of water on a planet depends on ambient pressure, which is determined by the planet's gravity. If a planet is sufficiently massive, the water on it may be solid even at high temperatures, because of the high pressure caused by gravity, as it was observed on exoplanets <a href="/wiki/Gliese_436_b" title="Gliese 436 b">Gliese 436 b</a><sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/GJ_1214_b" title="GJ 1214 b">GJ 1214 b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law,_politics,_and_crisis"><span id="Law.2C_politics.2C_and_crisis"></span>Law, politics, and crisis</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Water law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water right</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290"></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span>  <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/300px-Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/450px-Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg/600px-Access_to_drinking_water_in_third_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240"></a><figcaption>An estimate of the proportion of people in developing countries with access to <a href="/wiki/Potable_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Potable water">potable water</a> 1970–2000</figcaption></figure>
<p><a href="/wiki/Water_politics" title="Water politics">Water politics</a> is politics affected by water and <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>. Water, particularly fresh water, is a strategic resource across the world and an important element in many political conflicts. It causes health impacts and damage to biodiversity.
</p><p>Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a> will be facing water-based vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report, issued in November 2009, suggests that by 2030, in some developing regions of the world, water demand will exceed supply by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>1.6 billion people have gained access to a safe water source since 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proportion of people in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> with <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">access to safe water</a> is calculated to have improved from 30% in 1970<sup id="cite_ref-lomborg_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lomborg-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 71% in 1990, 79% in 2000, and 84% in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A 2006 United Nations report stated that "there is enough water for everyone", but that access to it is hampered by mismanagement and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, global initiatives to improve the efficiency of aid delivery, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_on_Aid_Effectiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness">Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness</a>, have not been taken up by water sector donors as effectively as they have in education and health, potentially leaving multiple donors working on overlapping projects and recipient governments without empowerment to act.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The authors of the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Water_Management_in_Agriculture" title="Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture">Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture</a> cited poor governance as one reason for some forms of water scarcity. Water governance is the set of formal and informal processes through which decisions related to water management are made. Good water governance is primarily about knowing what processes work best in a particular physical and socioeconomic context. Mistakes have sometimes been made by trying to apply 'blueprints' that work in the developed world to developing world locations and contexts. The Mekong river is one example; a review by the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> of policies in six countries that rely on the Mekong river for water found that thorough and transparent cost-benefit analyses and environmental impact assessments were rarely undertaken. They also discovered that Cambodia's draft water law was much more complex than it needed to be.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2004, the UK charity <a href="/wiki/WaterAid" title="WaterAid">WaterAid</a> reported that a child dies every 15 seconds from easily preventable water-related diseases, which are often tied to a lack of adequate sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows_2004_e724_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows_2004_e724-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2004_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2004-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Since 2003, the <a href="/wiki/UN_World_Water_Development_Report" title="UN World Water Development Report">UN World Water Development Report</a>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Water_Assessment_Programme" title="World Water Assessment Programme">World Water Assessment Programme</a>, has provided decision-makers with tools for developing sustainable <a href="/wiki/Water_politics" title="Water politics">water policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2023 report states that two billion people (26% of the population) do not have access to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> and 3.6 billion (46%) lack access to safely managed sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People in urban areas (2.4 billion) will face <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a> by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_229-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water scarcity has been described as endemic, due to <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">overconsumption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report states that 10% of the world's population lives in countries with high or critical water stress. Yet over the past 40 years, water consumption has increased by around 1% per year, and is expected to grow at the same rate until 2050. Since 2000, <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a> in the tropics has quadrupled, while flooding in northern mid-latitudes has increased by a factor of 2.5.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of these floods between 2000 and 2019 was 100,000 deaths and $650 million.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_229-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Organizations concerned with water protection include the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Association" title="International Water Association">International Water Association</a> (IWA), WaterAid, Water 1st, and the American Water Resources Association. The <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> undertakes projects with the aim of using effective water management to reduce poverty. Water related conventions are <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD), <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Pollution_from_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships">International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="World Day for Water">World Day for Water</a> takes place on 22 March<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/World_Oceans_Day" title="World Oceans Day">World Oceans Day</a> on 8 June.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water and religion</a></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/220px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/330px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg/440px-Inda_Abba_Hadera_holy_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096"></a><figcaption>People come to Inda Abba Hadera spring (<a href="/wiki/Inda_Sillasie" title="Inda Sillasie">Inda Sillasie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>) to wash in holy water.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Water is considered a purifier in most religions. Faiths that incorporate ritual washing (<a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ablution</a>) include <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafari movement">Rastafari movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>. Immersion (or <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">aspersion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a>) of a person in water is a central <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> of Christianity (where it is called <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>); it is also a part of the practice of other religions, including Islam (<i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i>), Judaism (<i><a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">mikvah</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></i>). In addition, a ritual bath in pure water is performed for the dead in many religions including Islam and Judaism. In Islam, the five daily prayers can be done in most cases after washing certain parts of the body using clean water (<i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a></i>), unless water is unavailable (see <i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i>). In Shinto, water is used in almost all rituals to cleanse a person or an area (e.g., in the ritual of <i><a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">misogi</a></i>).
</p><p>In Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> is water that has been sanctified by a priest for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blessing_(Roman_Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessing (Roman Catholic Church)">blessing</a> of persons, places, and objects, or as a means of repelling evil.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, water (<i><a href="/wiki/Aban" title="Aban">āb</a></i>) is respected as the source of life.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Icosahedron as a part of Spinoza monument in Amsterdam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg/220px-Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg/330px-Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg/440px-Icosahedron-spinoza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="3861"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">Icosahedron</a> as a part of <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a> monument in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Ancient Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">water</a> as one of the four <a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a> (along with fire, earth, and <a href="/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" title="Air (classical element)">air</a>), and regarded it as an <a href="/wiki/Ylem" title="Ylem">ylem</a>, or basic substance of the universe. <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>, whom Aristotle portrayed as an astronomer and an engineer, theorized that the earth, which is denser than water, emerged from the water. Thales, a <a href="/wiki/Monist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monist">monist</a>, believed further that all things are made from water. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> believed that the shape of water is an <a href="/wiki/Icosahedron" title="Icosahedron">icosahedron</a> – flowing easily compared to the cube-shaped earth.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The theory of the <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">four bodily humors</a> associated water with <a href="/wiki/Phlegm" title="Phlegm">phlegm</a>, as being cold and moist. The <a href="/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" title="Water (classical element)">classical element of water</a> was also one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">five elements</a> in traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" title="Earth (classical element)">earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_(classical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood (classical element)">wood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metal_(classical_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal (classical element)">metal</a>).
</p><p>Some traditional and popular <a href="/wiki/Asian_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian philosophy">Asian philosophical systems</a> take water as a role-model. <a href="/wiki/James_Legge" title="James Legge">James Legge</a>'s 1891 translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dao_De_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao De Jing">Dao De Jing</a></i> states, "The highest excellence is like (that of) water. The excellence of water appears in its benefiting all things, and in its occupying, without striving (to the contrary), the low place which all men dislike. Hence (its way) is near to (that of) the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>" and "There is nothing in the world more soft and weak than water, and yet for attacking things that are firm and strong there is nothing that can take precedence of it—for there is nothing (so effectual) for which it can be changed."<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a></i> in the "Shui di" 水地 chapter further elaborates on the symbolism of water, proclaiming that "man is water" and attributing natural qualities of the people of different Chinese regions to the character of local water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3></div>
<p>"Living water" features in Germanic and Slavic <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folktales</a> as a means of bringing the dead back to life. Note the <a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimm fairy-tale</a> ("<a href="/wiki/The_Water_of_Life_(German_fairy_tale)" title="The Water of Life (German fairy tale)">The Water of Life</a>") and the Russian dichotomy of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Living_water_(folklore)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Living water (folklore) (page does not exist)">living</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&nbsp;[<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:живая вода">ru</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dead_water_(folklore)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dead water (folklore) (page does not exist)">dead water</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&nbsp;[<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ru:%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:ru:мёртвая вода">ru</a>]</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a> represents a related concept of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magical</a> waters allegedly preventing aging.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_activism">Art and activism</h3></div>
<p>In the significant <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">modernist</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> (1922) by Irish writer <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, the chapter "Ithaca" takes the form of a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a> of 309 questions and answers, one of which is known as the "water hymn".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 91">: 91 </span></sup> According to Richard E. Madtes, the hymn is not merely a "monotonous string of facts", rather, its phrases, like their subject, "ebb and flow, heave and swell, gather and break, until they subside into the calm quiescence of the concluding 'pestilential fens, faded flowerwater, stagnant pools in the waning moon.'"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 79">: 79 </span></sup> The hymn is considered one of the most remarkable passages in Ithaca, and according to literary critic <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Kenner" title="Hugh Kenner">Hugh Kenner</a>, achieves "the improbable feat of raising to poetry all the clutter of footling information that has accumulated in schoolbooks."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 91">: 91 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">literary motif</a> of water represents the novel's theme of "everlasting, everchanging life," and the hymn represents the culmination of the motif in the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_242-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 91">: 91 </span></sup> The following is the hymn quoted in full.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What in water did Bloom, waterlover, drawer of water, watercarrier returning to the range, admire?<br>Its universality: its democratic equality and constancy to its nature in seeking its own level: its vastness in the ocean of Mercator’s projection: its unplumbed profundity in the Sundam trench of the Pacific exceeding 8,000 fathoms: the restlessness of its waves and surface particles visiting in turn all points of its seaboard: the independence of its units: the variability of states of sea: its hydrostatic quiescence in calm: its hydrokinetic turgidity in neap and spring tides: its subsidence after devastation: its sterility in the circumpolar icecaps, arctic and antarctic: its climatic and commercial significance: its preponderance of 3 to 1 over the dry land of the globe: its indisputable hegemony extending in square leagues over all the region below the subequatorial tropic of Capricorn: the multisecular stability of its primeval basin: its luteofulvous bed: its capacity to dissolve and hold in solution all soluble substances including millions of tons of the most precious metals: its slow erosions of peninsulas and downwardtending promontories: its alluvial deposits: its weight and volume and density: its imperturbability in lagoons and highland tarns: its gradation of colours in the torrid and temperate and frigid zones: its vehicular ramifications in continental lakecontained streams and confluent oceanflowing rivers with their tributaries and transoceanic currents: gulfstream, north and south equatorial courses: its violence in seaquakes, waterspouts, artesian wells, eruptions, torrents, eddies, freshets, spates, groundswells, watersheds, waterpartings, geysers, cataracts, whirlpools, maelstroms, inundations, deluges, cloudbursts: its vast circumterrestrial ahorizontal curve: its secrecy in springs, and latent humidity, revealed by rhabdomantic or hygrometric instruments and exemplified by the well by the hole in the wall at Ashtown gate, saturation of air, distillation of dew: the simplicity of its composition, two constituent parts of hydrogen with one constituent part of oxygen: its healing virtues: its buoyancy in the waters of the Dead Sea: its persevering penetrativeness in runnels, gullies, inadequate dams, leaks on shipboard: its properties for cleansing, quenching thirst and fire, nourishing vegetation: its infallibility as paradigm and paragon: its metamorphoses as vapour, mist, cloud, rain, sleet, snow, hail: its strength in rigid hydrants: its variety of forms in loughs and bays and gulfs and bights and guts and lagoons and atolls and archipelagos and sounds and fjords and minches and tidal estuaries and arms of sea: its solidity in glaciers, icebergs, icefloes: its docility in working hydraulic millwheels, turbines, dynamos, electric power stations, bleachworks, tanneries, scutchmills: its utility in canals, rivers, if navigable, floating and graving docks: its potentiality derivable from harnessed tides or watercourses falling from level to level: its submarine fauna and flora (anacoustic, photophobe) numerically, if not literally, the inhabitants of the globe: its ubiquity as constituting 90% of the human body: the noxiousness of its effluvia in lacustrine marshes, pestilential fens, faded flowerwater, stagnant pools in the waning moon.</p></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_(137906641).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg/220px-And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg/330px-And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg/440px-And_The_Kitchen_Sink_Too_%28137906641%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361"></a><figcaption>The vast "water hymn" in <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)"><i>Ulysses</i></a> is occasioned when the protagonist <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Bloom" title="Leopold Bloom">Leopold Bloom</a> fills a <a href="/wiki/Kettle" title="Kettle">kettle</a> with water from a <a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">kitchen</a> <a href="/wiki/Faucet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faucet">faucet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_243-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure>
<p>Painter and activist <a href="/wiki/Fredericka_Foster" title="Fredericka Foster">Fredericka Foster</a> curated <i>The Value of Water</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Divine" title="Cathedral of St. John the Divine">Cathedral of St. John the Divine</a> in New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which anchored a year-long initiative by the Cathedral on our dependence on water.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest exhibition to ever appear at the Cathedral,<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it featured over forty artists, including <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Holzer" title="Jenny Holzer">Jenny Holzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Longo" title="Robert Longo">Robert Longo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rothko" title="Mark Rothko">Mark Rothko</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Kentridge" title="William Kentridge">William Kentridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/April_Gornik" title="April Gornik">April Gornik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Smith" title="Kiki Smith">Kiki Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Steir" title="Pat Steir">Pat Steir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Dalton_Brown" title="Alice Dalton Brown">Alice Dalton Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teresita_Fernandez" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresita Fernandez">Teresita Fernandez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Viola" title="Bill Viola">Bill Viola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foster created Think About Water,<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> an ecological collective of artists who use water as their subject or medium. Members include Basia Irland,<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Rahmani" title="Aviva Rahmani">Aviva Rahmani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Damon" title="Betsy Damon">Betsy Damon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Burko" title="Diane Burko">Diane Burko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leila_Daw" title="Leila Daw">Leila Daw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Levy" title="Stacy Levy">Stacy Levy</a>, Charlotte Coté,<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meridel_Rubenstein" title="Meridel Rubenstein">Meridel Rubenstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Macleod" title="Anna Macleod">Anna Macleod</a>.
</p><p>To mark the 10th anniversary of access to water and sanitation being declared a human right by the UN, the charity WaterAid commissioned ten visual artists to show the impact of clean water on people's lives.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody">Dihydrogen monoxide parody</h3></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_monoxide_parody" title="Dihydrogen monoxide parody">Dihydrogen monoxide parody</a></div>
<p>'Dihydrogen monoxide' is a technically correct but rarely used <a href="/wiki/Chemical_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical name">chemical name</a> of water. This name has been used in a series of <a href="/wiki/Hoaxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoaxes">hoaxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranks">pranks</a> that mock <a href="/wiki/Scientific_illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific illiteracy">scientific illiteracy</a>. This began in 1983, when an <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> article appeared in a newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Durand,_Michigan" title="Durand, Michigan">Durand, Michigan</a>. The false story consisted of safety concerns about the substance.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div>
<p>The word "Water" has been used by many <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> based <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rappers</a> as a sort of catchphrase or adlib. Rappers who have done this include <a href="/wiki/BLP_Kosher" title="BLP Kosher">BLP Kosher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ski_Mask_the_Slump_God" title="Ski Mask the Slump God">Ski Mask the Slump God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To go even further some rappers have made whole songs dedicated to the water in Florida, such as the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Danny_Towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny Towers">Danny Towers</a> song "Florida Water".<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have made whole songs dedicated to water as a whole, such as <a href="/wiki/XXXTentacion" title="XXXTentacion">XXXTentacion</a>, and Ski Mask the Slump God with their hit song "H2O".
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358"></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/28px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/42px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/56px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy" title="Portal:Renewable energy">Renewable energy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450"></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline of water</a>&nbsp;– Overview of and topical guide to water</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Water (data page)</a>&nbsp;– Chemical data page for water is a collection of the chemical and physical properties of water.</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aquaphobia" title="Aquaphobia">Aquaphobia</a>&nbsp;– Persistent and abnormal fear of water</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a>&nbsp;– Roof of a building that is designed to provide temporary water storage</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a>&nbsp;– Runoff catching or channeling device</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a>&nbsp;– Electricity generated by hydropower</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Marine current power</a>&nbsp;– Extraction of power from ocean currents</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a>&nbsp;– Energy available from oceans</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect">Mpemba effect</a>&nbsp;– Natural phenomenon that hot water freezes faster than cold</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a>&nbsp;– Type of fluid replacement used to prevent and treat dehydration</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic power</a>&nbsp;– Energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river water</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxyhydrogen" title="Oxyhydrogen">Oxyhydrogen</a>&nbsp;– Explosive mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties of water</a>&nbsp;– Physical and chemical properties of pure water</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a>&nbsp;– container used to collect rainwater<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a>&nbsp;– Craving for potable fluids experienced by animals</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a>&nbsp;– Technology to convert the energy from tides into useful forms of power</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pinch_analysis" title="Water pinch analysis">Water pinch analysis</a>&nbsp;– A systematic technique for reducing water consumption and wastewater generation<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a>&nbsp;– Transport of energy by wind waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a>&nbsp;– Device that removes impurities in water</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a>&nbsp;– Use of a heat exchanger to recover energy and reuse heat from drain water</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a>&nbsp;– Integrated approach to urban water cycle</li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
A commonly quoted value of 15.7 used mainly in organic chemistry for the pK<sub>a</sub> of water is incorrect.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-VSMOW-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSMOW_18-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSMOW_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water">Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water</a> (VSMOW), used for calibration, melts at 273.1500089(10) K (0.000089(10) °C, and boils at 373.1339 K (99.9839 °C).  Other isotopic compositions melt or boil at slightly different temperatures.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Taste_and_odor">taste and odor</a> section</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other substances with this property include <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924023206/http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical-nomenclature/bimolcmpds.html">"naming molecular compounds"</a>. <i>www.iun.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical-nomenclature/bimolcmpds.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>Sometimes these compounds have generic or common names (e.g., H2O is "water") and they also have systematic names (e.g., H2O, dihydrogen monoxide).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.iun.edu&amp;rft.atitle=naming+molecular+compounds&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iun.edu%2F~cpanhd%2FC101webnotes%2Fchemical-nomenclature%2Fbimolcmpds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hydrol">"Definition of Hydrol"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813221249/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hydrol">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Definition+of+Hydrol&amp;rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhydrol&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeighFavreMetanomski199899-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeighFavreMetanomski199899_3-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeighFavreMetanomski1998">Leigh, Favre &amp; Metanomski 1998</a>, p.&nbsp;99.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Braun_1993_612-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Braun_1993_612_4-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunSmirnov1993" class="citation journal cs1">Braun CL, Smirnov SN (1 August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf">"Why is water blue?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>70</b> (8): 612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JChEd..70..612B">1993JChEd..70..612B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed070p612">10.1021/ed070p612</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201000418/http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.atitle=Why+is+water+blue%3F&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=612&amp;rft.date=1993-08-01&amp;rft.issn=0021-9584&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed070p612&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JChEd..70..612B&amp;rft.aulast=Braun&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&amp;rft.au=Smirnov%2C+Sergei+N.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finside.mines.edu%2Ffs_home%2Fdwu%2Fclasses%2FCH353%2Fstudy%2FWhy%2520is%2520Water%2520Blue.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Tanaka-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanaka_5-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanaka_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanaka_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanakaGirardDavisPeuto2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tanaka M, Girard G, Davis R, Peuto A, Bignell N (August 2001). "Recommended table for the density of water between 0 C and 40 C based on recent experimental reports". <i>Metrologia</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 301–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F38%2F4%2F3">10.1088/0026-1394/38/4/3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Metrologia&amp;rft.atitle=Recommended+table+for+the+density+of+water+between+0+C+and+40+C+based+on+recent+experimental+reports&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=301-309&amp;rft.date=2001-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0026-1394%2F38%2F4%2F3&amp;rft.aulast=Tanaka&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.au=Girard%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Davis%2C+R&amp;rft.au=Peuto%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Bignell%2C+N&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmonBellHuberMcLinden" class="citation book cs1">Lemmon EW, Bell IH, Huber ML, McLinden MO. "Thermophysical Properties of Fluid Systems". In Linstrom P, Mallard W (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Load&amp;ID=C7732185&amp;Type=IsoBar&amp;Digits=12&amp;P=1&amp;THigh=100&amp;TLow=90&amp;TInc=1&amp;RefState=DEF&amp;TUnit=C&amp;PUnit=atm&amp;DUnit=g%2Fml&amp;HUnit=kJ%2Fmol&amp;WUnit=m%2Fs&amp;VisUnit=uPa*s&amp;STUnit=N%2Fm"><i>NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69</i></a>. National Institute of Standards and Technology. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18434%2FT4D303">10.18434/T4D303</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023083019/https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/fluid.cgi?Action=Load&amp;ID=C7732185&amp;Type=IsoBar&amp;Digits=12&amp;P=1&amp;THigh=100&amp;TLow=90&amp;TInc=1&amp;RefState=DEF&amp;TUnit=C&amp;PUnit=atm&amp;DUnit=g%2Fml&amp;HUnit=kJ%2Fmol&amp;WUnit=m%2Fs&amp;VisUnit=uPa*s&amp;STUnit=N%2Fm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Thermophysical+Properties+of+Fluid+Systems&amp;rft.btitle=NIST+Chemistry+WebBook%2C+NIST+Standard+Reference+Database+Number+69&amp;rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18434%2FT4D303&amp;rft.aulast=Lemmon&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&amp;rft.au=Bell%2C+Ian+H.&amp;rft.au=Huber%2C+Marcia+L.&amp;rft.au=McLinden%2C+Mark+O.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Ffluid.cgi%3FAction%3DLoad%26ID%3DC7732185%26Type%3DIsoBar%26Digits%3D12%26P%3D1%26THigh%3D100%26TLow%3D90%26TInc%3D1%26RefState%3DDEF%26TUnit%3DC%26PUnit%3Datm%26DUnit%3Dg%252Fml%26HUnit%3DkJ%252Fmol%26WUnit%3Dm%252Fs%26VisUnit%3DuPa%2As%26STUnit%3DN%252Fm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Properties_of_Ice_and_Supercooled_Water_in_Section_6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide2003Properties_of_Ice_and_Supercooled_Water_in_Section_6_7-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLide2003">Lide 2003</a>, Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water in Section 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-chemister-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chemister_8-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemister_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chemister_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnatolievich" class="citation web cs1">Anatolievich KR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&amp;id=1">"Properties of substance: water"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200111/http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&amp;id=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Properties+of+substance%3A+water&amp;rft.aulast=Anatolievich&amp;rft.aufirst=Kiper+Ruslan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemister.ru%2FDatabase%2Fproperties-en.php%3Fdbid%3D1%26id%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Vapor_Pressure_of_Water_From_0_to_370&amp;nbsp;°C_in_Sec._6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide2003Vapor_Pressure_of_Water_From_0_to_370&amp;nbsp;°C_in_Sec._6_9-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLide2003">Lide 2003</a>, Vapor Pressure of Water From 0 to 370&nbsp;°C in Sec. 6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELide2003Chapter_8:_Dissociation_Constants_of_Inorganic_Acids_and_Bases-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide2003Chapter_8:_Dissociation_Constants_of_Inorganic_Acids_and_Bases_10-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLide2003">Lide 2003</a>, Chapter 8: Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeingärtner_et_al.201613-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeingärtner_et_al.201613_11-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeingärtner_et_al.2016">Weingärtner et al. 2016</a>, p.&nbsp;13.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/What_is_the_pKa_of_water%3F">"What is the pKa of Water"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>. 9 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214222524/http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/What_is_the_pKa_of_water%3F">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+the+pKa+of+Water&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Davis&amp;rft.date=2015-08-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemwiki.ucdavis.edu%2FCore%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FFundamentals%2FWhat_is_the_pKa_of_water%253F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilversteinHeller2017" class="citation journal cs1">Silverstein TP, Heller ST (17 April 2017). "pKa Values in the Undergraduate Curriculum: What Is the Real pKa of Water?". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>94</b> (6): 690–695. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JChEd..94..690S">2017JChEd..94..690S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jchemed.6b00623">10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.atitle=pKa+Values+in+the+Undergraduate+Curriculum%3A+What+Is+the+Real+pKa+of+Water%3F&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=690-695&amp;rft.date=2017-04-17&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jchemed.6b00623&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JChEd..94..690S&amp;rft.aulast=Silverstein&amp;rft.aufirst=Todd+P.&amp;rft.au=Heller%2C+Stephen+T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamiresCastroNagasakaNagashima1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ramires ML, Castro CA, Nagasaka Y, Nagashima A, Assael MJ, Wakeham WA (1 May 1995). "Standard Reference Data for the Thermal Conductivity of Water". <i>Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 1377–1381. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JPCRD..24.1377R">1995JPCRD..24.1377R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.555963">10.1063/1.555963</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2689">0047-2689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Reference+Data&amp;rft.atitle=Standard+Reference+Data+for+the+Thermal+Conductivity+of+Water&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=1377-1381&amp;rft.date=1995-05-01&amp;rft.issn=0047-2689&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.555963&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JPCRD..24.1377R&amp;rft.aulast=Ramires&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria+L.+V.&amp;rft.au=Castro%2C+Carlos+A.+Nieto+de&amp;rft.au=Nagasaka%2C+Yuchi&amp;rft.au=Nagashima%2C+Akira&amp;rft.au=Assael%2C+Marc+J.&amp;rft.au=Wakeham%2C+William+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20038—Concentrative_Properties_of_Aqueous_Solutions:_Density,_Refractive_Index,_Freezing_Point_Depression,_and_Viscosity-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide20038—Concentrative_Properties_of_Aqueous_Solutions:_Density,_Refractive_Index,_Freezing_Point_Depression,_and_Viscosity_16-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLide2003">Lide 2003</a>, 8—Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20036.186-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide20036.186_17-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLide2003">Lide 2003</a>, 6.186.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-nist-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nist_19-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nist_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7732185&amp;Mask=FFFF&amp;Units=SI">Water</a> in Linstrom, Peter&nbsp;J.; Mallard, William&nbsp;G. (eds.); <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webbook.nist.gov">NIST Chemistry WebBook</a>, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69</i>, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg (MD) </span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELide20039—Dipole_Moments-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELide20039—Dipole_Moments_20-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLide2003">Lide 2003</a>, 9—Dipole Moments.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GHS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/962">PubChem 962</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728173927/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/962">Archived</a> 2023-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects">"Water Q&amp;A: Why is water the "universal solvent"?"</a>. <i>Water Science School</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. 20 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206061114/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-qa-why-water-universal-solvent?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Water+Science+School&amp;rft.atitle=Water+Q%26A%3A+Why+is+water+the+%22universal+solvent%22%3F&amp;rft.date=2019-06-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fspecial-topic%2Fwater-science-school%2Fscience%2Fwater-qa-why-water-universal-solvent%3Fqt-science_center_objects%3D0%23qt-science_center_objects&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/10%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/10.02%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals_in_Water">"10.2: Hybrid Orbitals in Water"</a>. <i>Chemistry LibreTexts</i>. 18 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730092130/https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Pacific_Union_College/Quantum_Chemistry/10%3A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules/10.02%3A_Hybrid_Orbitals_in_Water">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemistry+LibreTexts&amp;rft.atitle=10.2%3A+Hybrid+Orbitals+in+Water&amp;rft.date=2020-03-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FPacific_Union_College%2FQuantum_Chemistry%2F10%253A_Bonding_in_Polyatomic_Molecules%2F10.02%253A_Hybrid_Orbitals_in_Water&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler" class="citation web cs1">Butler J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html">"The Earth – Introduction – Weathering"</a>. University of Houston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130051934/https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chapter6notes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>Note that the Earth environment is close to the triple point and that water, steam and ice can all exist at the surface.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Earth+%E2%80%93+Introduction+%E2%80%93+Weathering&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Houston&amp;rft.aulast=Butler&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuh.edu%2F~jbutler%2Fphysical%2Fchapter6notes.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WSS-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSS_26-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSS_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth">"How Much Water is There on Earth?"</a>. <i>Water Science School</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a>. 13 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609050627/https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Water+Science+School&amp;rft.atitle=How+Much+Water+is+There+on+Earth%3F&amp;rft.date=2019-11-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usgs.gov%2Fspecial-topics%2Fwater-science-school%2Fscience%2Fhow-much-water-there-earth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-b1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b1_27-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleick,_P.H.1993" class="citation book cs1">Gleick, P.H., ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195076288"><i>Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p.&nbsp;13, Table 2.1 "Water reserves on the earth". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195076288">the original</a> on 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Water+in+Crisis%3A+A+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Freshwater+Resources&amp;rft.pages=13%2C+Table+2.1+%22Water+reserves+on+the+earth%22&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2Fsubject%2FEarthSciences%2FOceanography%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26ci%3D9780195076288&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html">Water Vapor in the Climate System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070320034158/http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/mockler.html">Archived</a> 20 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Special Report, [AGU], December 1995 (linked 4/2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/">Vital Water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080220070111/http://www.unep.org/dewa/assessments/ecosystems/water/vitalwater/">Archived</a> 20 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Baroni2007-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baroni2007_29-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroni,_L.Cenci,_L.Tettamanti,_M.Berati,_M.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Baroni, L., Cenci, L., Tettamanti, M., Berati, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602522">"Evaluating the environmental impact of various dietary patterns combined with different food production systems"</a>. <i>European Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 279–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602522">10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602522</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-3007">0954-3007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17035955">17035955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&amp;rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+environmental+impact+of+various+dietary+patterns+combined+with+different+food+production+systems&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=279-286&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.issn=0954-3007&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17035955&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602522&amp;rft.au=Baroni%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Cenci%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Tettamanti%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Berati%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejcn.1602522&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroellNaylorMetianBeveridge2014" class="citation journal cs1">Troell M, Naylor RL, Metian M, Beveridge M, Tyedmers PH, Folke C, et&nbsp;al. (16 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169979">"Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system?"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>111</b> (37): 13257–13263. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..11113257T">2014PNAS..11113257T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1404067111">10.1073/pnas.1404067111</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4169979">4169979</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25136111">25136111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Does+aquaculture+add+resilience+to+the+global+food+system%3F&amp;rft.volume=111&amp;rft.issue=37&amp;rft.pages=13257-13263&amp;rft.date=2014-09-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4169979%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..11113257T&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25136111&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1404067111&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rft.aulast=Troell&amp;rft.aufirst=Max&amp;rft.au=Naylor%2C+Rosamond+L.&amp;rft.au=Metian%2C+Marc&amp;rft.au=Beveridge%2C+Malcolm&amp;rft.au=Tyedmers%2C+Peter+H.&amp;rft.au=Folke%2C+Carl&amp;rft.au=Arrow%2C+Kenneth+J.&amp;rft.au=Barrett%2C+Scott&amp;rft.au=Cr%C3%A9pin%2C+Anne-Sophie&amp;rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&amp;rft.au=Gren%2C+%C3%85sa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4169979&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCukStewart2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cuk M, Stewart ST (17 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1225542">"Making the Moon from a Fast-Spinning Earth: A Giant Impact Followed by Resonant Despinning"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>338</b> (6110): 1047–1052. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...338.1047C">2012Sci...338.1047C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1225542">10.1126/science.1225542</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23076099">23076099</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6909122">6909122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Making+the+Moon+from+a+Fast-Spinning+Earth%3A+A+Giant+Impact+Followed+by+Resonant+Despinning&amp;rft.volume=338&amp;rft.issue=6110&amp;rft.pages=1047-1052&amp;rft.date=2012-10-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6909122%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...338.1047C&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1225542&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23076099&amp;rft.aulast=Cuk&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Stewart%2C+S.+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1225542&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleepZahnleNeuhoff2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sleep NH, Zahnle K, Neuhoff PS (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31109">"Initiation of clement surface conditions on the earliest Earth"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>98</b> (7): 3666–3672. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.3666S">2001PNAS...98.3666S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.071045698">10.1073/pnas.071045698</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31109">31109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11259665">11259665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Initiation+of+clement+surface+conditions+on+the+earliest+Earth&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=3666-3672&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31109%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11259665&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.071045698&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...98.3666S&amp;rft.aulast=Sleep&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+H.&amp;rft.au=Zahnle%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Neuhoff%2C+P.+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31109&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62_37-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_:62_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintiArndt2014" class="citation cs2">Pinti DL, Arndt N (2014), "Oceans, Origin of", <i>Encyclopedia of Astrobiology</i>, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp.&nbsp;1–5, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4">10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27833-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-27833-4"><bdi>978-3-642-27833-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Oceans%2C+Origin+of&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Astrobiology&amp;rft.pages=1-5&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-27833-4_1098-4&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-642-27833-4&amp;rft.aulast=Pinti&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniele+L.&amp;rft.au=Arndt%2C+Nicholas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatesMojzsis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cates N, Mojzsis S (March 2007). "Pre-3750 Ma supracrustal rocks from the Nuvvuagittuq supracrustal belt, northern Québec". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>255</b> (1–2): 9–21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007E&amp;PSL.255....9C">2007E&amp;PSL.255....9C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2006.11.034">10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X">0012-821X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Pre-3750+Ma+supracrustal+rocks+from+the+Nuvvuagittuq+supracrustal+belt%2C+northern+Qu%C3%A9bec&amp;rft.volume=255&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=9-21&amp;rft.date=2007-03&amp;rft.issn=0012-821X&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2006.11.034&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007E%26PSL.255....9C&amp;rft.aulast=Cates&amp;rft.aufirst=N.L.&amp;rft.au=Mojzsis%2C+S.J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeilCarlsonPaquetteFrancis2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">O'Neil J, Carlson RW, Paquette JL, Francis D (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00793868/file/O%27Neil2012.pdf">"Formation age and metamorphic history of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Precambrian Research</i>. 220–221: 23–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PreR..220...23O">2012PreR..220...23O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2012.07.009">10.1016/j.precamres.2012.07.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-9268">0301-9268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Precambrian+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Formation+age+and+metamorphic+history+of+the+Nuvvuagittuq+Greenstone+Belt&amp;rft.volume=220%E2%80%93221&amp;rft.pages=23-44&amp;rft.date=2012-11&amp;rft.issn=0301-9268&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.precamres.2012.07.009&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PreR..220...23O&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Neil&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft.au=Carlson%2C+Richard+W.&amp;rft.au=Paquette%2C+Jean-Louis&amp;rft.au=Francis%2C+Don&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00793868%2Ffile%2FO%2527Neil2012.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200828-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200828_40-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiani,_Laurette2020" class="citation journal cs1">Piani, Laurette (28 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1948">"Earth's water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>369</b> (6507): 1110–1113. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Sci...369.1110P">2020Sci...369.1110P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aba1948">10.1126/science.aba1948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32855337">32855337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221342529">221342529</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Earth%27s+water+may+have+been+inherited+from+material+similar+to+enstatite+chondrite+meteorites&amp;rft.volume=369&amp;rft.issue=6507&amp;rft.pages=1110-1113&amp;rft.date=2020-08-28&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aba1948&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221342529%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32855337&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Sci...369.1110P&amp;rft.au=Piani%2C+Laurette&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aba1948&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827wu-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827wu_41-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_University_in_St._Louis2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> (27 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/wuis-mss082620.php">"Meteorite study suggests Earth may have been wet since it formed - Enstatite chondrite meteorites, once considered 'dry,' contain enough water to fill the oceans -- and then some"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EurekAlert!" class="mw-redirect" title="EurekAlert!">EurekAlert!</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&amp;rft.atitle=Meteorite+study+suggests+Earth+may+have+been+wet+since+it+formed+-+Enstatite+chondrite+meteorites%2C+once+considered+%27dry%2C%27+contain+enough+water+to+fill+the+oceans+--+and+then+some&amp;rft.date=2020-08-27&amp;rft.au=Washington+University+in+St.+Louis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2020-08%2Fwuis-mss082620.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827aa-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_SCI-20200827aa_42-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (27 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-08/aaft-uao082420.php">"Unexpected abundance of hydrogen in meteorites reveals the origin of Earth's water"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/EurekAlert!" class="mw-redirect" title="EurekAlert!">EurekAlert!</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=EurekAlert%21&amp;rft.atitle=Unexpected+abundance+of+hydrogen+in+meteorites+reveals+the+origin+of+Earth%27s+water&amp;rft.date=2020-08-27&amp;rft.au=American+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2020-08%2Faaft-uao082420.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_Wilde3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_water_on_Earth_Wilde3_43-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildeValleyPeckGraham2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wilde S, Valley J, Peck W, Graham C (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdf">"Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 nGyr ago"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>409</b> (6817): 175–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.409..175W">2001Natur.409..175W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35051550">10.1038/35051550</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11196637">11196637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4319774">4319774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+from+detrital+zircons+for+the+existence+of+continental+crust+and+oceans+on+the+Earth+4.4+nGyr+ago&amp;rft.volume=409&amp;rft.issue=6817&amp;rft.pages=175-8&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35051550&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4319774%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11196637&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.409..175W&amp;rft.aulast=Wilde&amp;rft.aufirst=S.A.&amp;rft.au=Valley%2C+J.W.&amp;rft.au=Peck%2C+W.H.&amp;rft.au=Graham%2C+C.M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geology.wisc.edu%2F%257Evalley%2Fzircons%2FWilde2001Nature.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616213221/http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~valley/zircons/cool_early/cool_early_home.html">"A Cool Early Earth"</a>. Geology.wisc.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/cool_early/cool_early_home.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A+Cool+Early+Earth&amp;rft.pub=Geology.wisc.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geology.wisc.edu%2F%257Evalley%2Fzircons%2Fcool_early%2Fcool_early_home.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2008" class="citation news cs1">Chang K (2 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/science/02eart.html?8dpc">"A New Picture of the Early Earth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=A+New+Picture+of+the+Early+Earth&amp;rft.date=2008-12-02&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F02%2Fscience%2F02eart.html%3F8dpc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood NN</a>, Earnshaw A (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd&nbsp;ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p.&nbsp;620. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.pages=620&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwood&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&amp;rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html">"Water, the Universal Solvent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709141251/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/solvent.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=USGS&amp;rft.atitle=Water%2C+the+Universal+Solvent&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fedu%2Fsolvent.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/water-acids-and-bases/hydrogen-bonding-in-water/a/water-as-a-solvent">"Solvent properties of water"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&amp;rft.atitle=Solvent+properties+of+water&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fscience%2Fbiology%2Fwater-acids-and-bases%2Fhydrogen-bonding-in-water%2Fa%2Fwater-as-a-solvent&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece2013" class="citation book cs1">Reece JB (2013). <i>Campbell Biology</i> (10th&nbsp;ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson</a>. p.&nbsp;48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-77565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-77565-8"><bdi>978-0-321-77565-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Campbell+Biology&amp;rft.pages=48&amp;rft.edition=10th&amp;rft.pub=Pearson&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-321-77565-8&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReece2013" class="citation book cs1">Reece JB (2013). <i>Campbell Biology</i> (10th&nbsp;ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson</a>. p.&nbsp;44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-77565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-77565-8"><bdi>978-0-321-77565-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Campbell+Biology&amp;rft.pages=44&amp;rft.edition=10th&amp;rft.pub=Pearson&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-321-77565-8&amp;rft.aulast=Reece&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighFavreMetanomski1998" class="citation book cs1">Leigh GJ, Favre HA, Metanomski WV (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171925/http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/principles/principles_of_nomenclature.pdf"><i>Principles of chemical nomenclature: a guide to IUPAC recommendations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Blackwell Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-685-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-685-6"><bdi>978-0-86542-685-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37341352">37341352</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/principles/principles_of_nomenclature.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+chemical+nomenclature%3A+a+guide+to+IUPAC+recommendations&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37341352&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-86542-685-6&amp;rft.aulast=Leigh&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+J.&amp;rft.au=Favre%2C+H.+A&amp;rft.au=Metanomski%2C+W.+V.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Fprinciples%2Fprinciples_of_nomenclature.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pubchem-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pubchem_54-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPubChem" class="citation web cs1">PubChem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Water">"Water"</a>. National Center for Biotechnology Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194841/https:m//pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/water">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Water&amp;rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&amp;rft.au=PubChem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2FWater&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Belnay-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belnay_55-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belnay_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelnay" class="citation web cs1">Belnay L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/education/info_activities/pdfs/Teacher_CTA_the_water_cycle.pdf">"The water cycle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Critical thinking activities</i>. Earth System Research Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920152817/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/education/info_activities/pdfs/Teacher_CTA_the_water_cycle.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Critical+thinking+activities&amp;rft.atitle=The+water+cycle&amp;rft.aulast=Belnay&amp;rft.aufirst=Louise&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esrl.noaa.gov%2Fgmd%2Feducation%2Finfo_activities%2Fpdfs%2FTeacher_CTA_the_water_cycle.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Oliveira-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_56-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveira2017" class="citation book cs1">Oliveira MJ (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8GRDgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=denser+liquid+than+solid+phase+water+silicon+bismuth&amp;pg=PA122"><i>Equilibrium Thermodynamics</i></a>. Springer. pp.&nbsp;120–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-53207-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-53207-2"><bdi>978-3-662-53207-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003011/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Equilibrium_Thermodynamics/F8GRDgAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=denser+liquid+than+solid+phase+water+silicon+bismuth&amp;pg=PA122&amp;printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Equilibrium+Thermodynamics&amp;rft.pages=120-124&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-662-53207-2&amp;rft.aulast=Oliveira&amp;rft.aufirst=M%C3%A1rio+J.+de&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8GRDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddenser%2Bliquid%2Bthan%2Bsolid%2Bphase%2Bwater%2Bsilicon%2Bbismuth%26pg%3DPA122&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html">"What is Density?"</a>. <i>Mettler Toledo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111064630/https://www.mt.com/sg/en/home/applications/Application_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics/Density/density-measurement.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mettler+Toledo&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+Density%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mt.com%2Fsg%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fapplications%2FApplication_Browse_Laboratory_Analytics%2FDensity%2Fdensity-measurement.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NatureWaterStructure-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatureWaterStructure_59-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatureWaterStructure_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ball P (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2230441">"Water – an enduring mystery"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>452</b> (7185): 291–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.452..291B">2008Natur.452..291B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F452291a">10.1038/452291a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18354466">18354466</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4365814">4365814</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117211552/http://www.academia.edu/2230441/Water_Water_an_enduring_mystery">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Water+%E2%80%93+an+enduring+mystery&amp;rft.volume=452&amp;rft.issue=7185&amp;rft.pages=291-2&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F452291a&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4365814%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18354466&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.452..291B&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2230441&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotzTreichelWeaver2005" class="citation book cs1">Kotz JC, Treichel P, Weaver GC (2005). <i>Chemistry &amp; Chemical Reactivity</i>. Thomson Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-39597-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-39597-1"><bdi>978-0-534-39597-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+%26+Chemical+Reactivity&amp;rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-534-39597-1&amp;rft.aulast=Kotz&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft.au=Treichel%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Weaver%2C+G.+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-NaimBen-Naim2011" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Naim A, Ben-Naim R, et&nbsp;al. (2011). <i>Alice's Adventures in Water-land</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F8068">10.1142/8068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4338-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4338-96-7"><bdi>978-981-4338-96-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Alice%27s+Adventures+in+Water-land&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F8068&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-4338-96-7&amp;rft.aulast=Ben-Naim&amp;rft.aufirst=Ariel&amp;rft.au=Ben-Naim%2C+Roberta&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MM-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MM_62-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsuokaMurton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Matsuoka N, Murton J (2008). "Frost weathering: recent advances and future directions". <i>Permafrost and Periglacial Processes</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 195–210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PPPr...19..195M">2008PPPr...19..195M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fppp.620">10.1002/ppp.620</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131395533">131395533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Permafrost+and+Periglacial+Processes&amp;rft.atitle=Frost+weathering%3A+recent+advances+and+future+directions&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=195-210&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131395533%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fppp.620&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PPPr...19..195M&amp;rft.aulast=Matsuoka&amp;rft.aufirst=N.&amp;rft.au=Murton%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltse" class="citation web cs1">Wiltse B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology">"A Look Under The Ice: Winter Lake Ecology"</a>. <i>Ausable River Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619081813/https://www.ausableriver.org/blog/look-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ausable+River+Association&amp;rft.atitle=A+Look+Under+The+Ice%3A+Winter+Lake+Ecology&amp;rft.aulast=Wiltse&amp;rft.aufirst=Brendan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausableriver.org%2Fblog%2Flook-under-ice-winter-lake-ecology&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Chen-2010-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chen-2010_64-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen-2010_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2010" class="citation web cs1">Chen Z (21 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/90865">"Measurement of Diamagnetism in Water"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F90865">11299/90865</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108015508/https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/90865">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Measurement+of+Diamagnetism+in+Water&amp;rft.date=2010-04-21&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F90865&amp;rft.aulast=Chen&amp;rft.aufirst=Zijun&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F90865&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2017" class="citation web cs1">Wells S (21 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes">"The Beauty and Science of Snowflakes"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Science Education Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325185513/https://ssec.si.edu/stemvisions-blog/beauty-and-science-snowflakes">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Science+Education+Center&amp;rft.atitle=The+Beauty+and+Science+of+Snowflakes&amp;rft.date=2017-01-21&amp;rft.aulast=Wells&amp;rft.aufirst=Sarah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssec.si.edu%2Fstemvisions-blog%2Fbeauty-and-science-snowflakes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FreezeDrying-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FreezeDrying_66-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellows2017" class="citation book cs1">Fellows P (2017). "Freeze drying and freeze concentration". <i>Food processing technology: principles and practice</i> (4th&nbsp;ed.). Kent: Woodhead Publishing/Elsevier Science. pp.&nbsp;929–940. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100523-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100523-1"><bdi>978-0-08-100523-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960758611">960758611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Freeze+drying+and+freeze+concentration&amp;rft.btitle=Food+processing+technology%3A+principles+and+practice&amp;rft.place=Kent&amp;rft.pages=929-940&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing%2FElsevier+Science&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960758611&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-08-100523-1&amp;rft.aulast=Fellows&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegertEllis-EvansTranterMayer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Siegert MJ, Ellis-Evans JC, Tranter M, Mayer C, Petit JR, Salamatin A, et&nbsp;al. (December 2001). "Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes". <i>Nature</i>. <b>414</b> (6864): 603–609. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.414..603S">2001Natur.414..603S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F414603a">10.1038/414603a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11740551">11740551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4423510">4423510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Physical%2C+chemical+and+biological+processes+in+Lake+Vostok+and+other+Antarctic+subglacial+lakes&amp;rft.volume=414&amp;rft.issue=6864&amp;rft.pages=603-609&amp;rft.date=2001-12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F414603a&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4423510%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11740551&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.414..603S&amp;rft.aulast=Siegert&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&amp;rft.au=Ellis-Evans%2C+J.+Cynan&amp;rft.au=Tranter%2C+Martyn&amp;rft.au=Mayer%2C+Christoph&amp;rft.au=Petit%2C+Jean-Robert&amp;rft.au=Salamatin%2C+Andrey&amp;rft.au=Priscu%2C+John+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies" class="citation web cs1">Davies B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/">"Antarctic subglacial lakes"</a>. <i>AntarcticGlaciers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003171536/http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/subglacial-lakes/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=AntarcticGlaciers&amp;rft.atitle=Antarctic+subglacial+lakes&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.aufirst=Bethan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarcticglaciers.org%2Fglacier-processes%2Fglacial-lakes%2Fsubglacial-lakes%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMastertonHurley2008" class="citation book cs1">Masterton WL, Hurley CN (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teubNK-b2bsC&amp;q=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling"><i>Chemistry: principles and reactions</i></a> (6th&nbsp;ed.). Cengage Learning. p.&nbsp;230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-12671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-12671-3"><bdi>978-0-495-12671-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080844/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Chemistry_Principles_and_Reactions/teubNK-b2bsC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=clapeyron%20equation%20boiling">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry%3A+principles+and+reactions&amp;rft.pages=230&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-495-12671-3&amp;rft.aulast=Masterton&amp;rft.aufirst=William+L.&amp;rft.au=Hurley%2C+Cecile+N.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DteubNK-b2bsC%26q%3Dclapeyron%2520equation%2520boiling&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeaco" class="citation web cs1">Peaco J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm">"Yellowstone Lesson Plan: How Yellowstone Geysers Erupt"</a>. Yellowstone National Park: U.S. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302093350/https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/education/classrooms/how-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Yellowstone+Lesson+Plan%3A+How+Yellowstone+Geysers+Erupt&amp;rft.place=Yellowstone+National+Park&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&amp;rft.aulast=Peaco&amp;rft.aufirst=Jim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fyell%2Flearn%2Feducation%2Fclassrooms%2Fhow-yellowstone-geysers-erupt.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrahic" class="citation news cs1">Brahic C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/">"Found: The hottest water on Earth"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509103747/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Found%3A+The+hottest+water+on+Earth&amp;rft.aulast=Brahic&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn14456-found-the-hottest-water-on-earth%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSDA_Food_Safety_and_Inspection_Service" class="citation web cs1">USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120010850/https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf">"High Altitude Cooking and Food Safety"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/shared/PDF/High_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=High+Altitude+Cooking+and+Food+Safety&amp;rft.au=USDA+Food+Safety+and+Inspection+Service&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsis.usda.gov%2Fshared%2FPDF%2FHigh_Altitude_Cooking_and_Food_Safety.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking">"Pressure Cooking – Food Science"</a>. <i>Exploratorium</i>. 26 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619044746/https://www.exploratorium.edu/food/pressure-cooking">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Exploratorium&amp;rft.atitle=Pressure+Cooking+%E2%80%93+Food+Science&amp;rft.date=2019-09-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploratorium.edu%2Ffood%2Fpressure-cooking&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllain2018" class="citation news cs1">Allain R (12 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/">"Yes, You Can Boil Water at Room Temperature. Here's How"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928044101/https://www.wired.com/story/yes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=Yes%2C+You+Can+Boil+Water+at+Room+Temperature.+Here%27s+How&amp;rft.date=2018-09-12&amp;rft.aulast=Allain&amp;rft.aufirst=Rhett&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fyes-you-can-boil-water-at-room-temperature-heres-how%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyKoop2005" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy DM, Koop T (1 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1236243">"Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications"</a>. <i>Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society</i>. <b>131</b> (608): 1540. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005QJRMS.131.1539M">2005QJRMS.131.1539M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1256%2Fqj.04.94">10.1256/qj.04.94</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122365938">122365938</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818105335/https://zenodo.org/record/1236243">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Meteorological+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Review+of+the+vapour+pressures+of+ice+and+supercooled+water+for+atmospheric+applications&amp;rft.volume=131&amp;rft.issue=608&amp;rft.pages=1540&amp;rft.date=2005-04-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122365938%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1256%2Fqj.04.94&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005QJRMS.131.1539M&amp;rft.aulast=Murphy&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+M.&amp;rft.au=Koop%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1236243&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf"><i>The International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th&nbsp;ed.). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. p.&nbsp;114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6"><bdi>92-822-2213-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814094625/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&amp;rft.pages=114&amp;rft.edition=8th&amp;rft.pub=Bureau+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=92-822-2213-6&amp;rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fsi_brochure_8_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerakisAmann-WinkelLehmkühlerSprung2017" class="citation journal cs1">Perakis F, Amann-Winkel K, Lehmkühler F, Sprung M, Mariedahl D, Sellberg JA, et&nbsp;al. (26 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5547632">"Diffusive dynamics during the high-to-low density transition in amorphous ice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>13</b> (8–9): 667–677. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.8193P">2017PNAS..114.8193P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1705303114">10.1073/pnas.1705303114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5547632">5547632</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28652327">28652327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Diffusive+dynamics+during+the+high-to-low+density+transition+in+amorphous+ice&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&amp;rft.pages=667-677&amp;rft.date=2017-06-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5547632%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28652327&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1705303114&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114.8193P&amp;rft.aulast=Perakis&amp;rft.aufirst=Fivos&amp;rft.au=Amann-Winkel%2C+Katrin&amp;rft.au=Lehmk%C3%BChler%2C+Felix&amp;rft.au=Sprung%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Mariedahl%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Sellberg%2C+Jonas+A.&amp;rft.au=Pathak%2C+Harshad&amp;rft.au=Sp%C3%A4h%2C+Alexander&amp;rft.au=Cavalca%2C+Filippo&amp;rft.au=Ricci%2C+Alessandro&amp;rft.au=Jain%2C+Avni&amp;rft.au=Massani%2C+Bernhard&amp;rft.au=Aubree%2C+Flora&amp;rft.au=Benmore%2C+Chris+J.&amp;rft.au=Loerting%2C+Thomas&amp;rft.au=Gr%C3%BCbel%2C+Gerhard&amp;rft.au=Pettersson%2C+Lars+G.+M.&amp;rft.au=Nilsson%2C+Anders&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5547632&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pmid28553944-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28553944_89-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZocchiWennemuthOka2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zocchi D, Wennemuth G, Oka Y (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/77104/6/nn.4575-S2.pdf">"The cellular mechanism for water detection in the mammalian taste system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature Neuroscience</i>. <b>20</b> (7): 927–933. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnn.4575">10.1038/nn.4575</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28553944">28553944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13263401">13263401</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305154837/https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/caltechauthors/99/15/d0ca-f08f-4315-b32e-c758f8dd1cc8/data?response-content-type=application/octet-stream&amp;response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3Dnn.4575-S2.pdf&amp;X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&amp;X-Amz-Credential=AKIARCVIVNNAKP37N3MU/20240305/us-west-2/s3/aws4_request&amp;X-Amz-Date=20240305T154835Z&amp;X-Amz-Expires=60&amp;X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&amp;X-Amz-Signature=c12110c390e86eaaada9c08cfa75fbc87beb2c703250bafb9358fda4dfc2acf4">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Neuroscience&amp;rft.atitle=The+cellular+mechanism+for+water+detection+in+the+mammalian+taste+system&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=927-933&amp;rft.date=2017-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13263401%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28553944&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnn.4575&amp;rft.aulast=Zocchi&amp;rft.aufirst=D&amp;rft.au=Wennemuth%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Oka%2C+Y&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F77104%2F6%2Fnn.4575-S2.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-emo-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emo_90-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund T. Rolls (2005). <i>Emotion Explained</i>. Oxford University Press, Medical. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198570035" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198570035">978-0198570035</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-frog-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frog_91-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Llinas, W. Precht (2012), <i>Frog Neurobiology: A Handbook</i>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642663161" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642663161">978-3642663161</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-candau-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-candau_92-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCandau2004" class="citation journal cs1">Candau J (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924">"The Olfactory Experience: constants and cultural variables"</a>. <i>Water Science and Technology</i>. <b>49</b> (9): 11–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004WSTec..49...11C">2004WSTec..49...11C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2Fwst.2004.0522">10.2166/wst.2004.0522</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15237601">15237601</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002152229/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00130924">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Water+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.atitle=The+Olfactory+Experience%3A+constants+and+cultural+variables&amp;rft.volume=49&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=11-17&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15237601&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2Fwst.2004.0522&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004WSTec..49...11C&amp;rft.aulast=Candau&amp;rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%ABl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00130924&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunSergei_N._Smirnov1993" class="citation journal cs1">Braun CL, Sergei N. Smirnov (1993). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm">"Why is water blue?"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>70</b> (8): 612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JChEd..70..612B">1993JChEd..70..612B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed070p612">10.1021/ed070p612</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320060654/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&amp;rft.atitle=Why+is+water+blue%3F&amp;rft.volume=70&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=612&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed070p612&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JChEd..70..612B&amp;rft.aulast=Braun&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&amp;rft.au=Sergei+N.+Smirnov&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~etrnsfer%2Fwater.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamoto1997" class="citation book cs1">Nakamoto K (1997). <i>Infrared and Raman Spectra of Inorganic and Coordination Compounds, Part A: Theory and Applications in Inorganic Chemistry</i> (5th&nbsp;ed.). New York: Wiley. p.&nbsp;170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-16394-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-16394-5"><bdi>0-471-16394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Infrared+and+Raman+Spectra+of+Inorganic+and+Coordination+Compounds%2C+Part+A%3A+Theory+and+Applications+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=170&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=Wiley&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-16394-5&amp;rft.aulast=Nakamoto&amp;rft.aufirst=Kazuo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2001">Ball 2001</a>, p.&nbsp;168</span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranks2007">Franks 2007</a>, p.&nbsp;10</span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msu.edu/course/css/850/snapshot.afs/teppen/physical_chemistry_of_water.htm">"Physical Chemistry of Water"</a>. Michigan State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020055601/https://msu.edu/course/css/850/snapshot.afs/teppen/physical_chemistry_of_water.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Physical+Chemistry+of+Water&amp;rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsu.edu%2Fcourse%2Fcss%2F850%2Fsnapshot.afs%2Fteppen%2Fphysical_chemistry_of_water.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBall2001">Ball 2001</a>, p.&nbsp;169</span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacsShuklaPlatzmanHamann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Isaacs ED, Shukla A, Platzman PM, Hamann DR, Barbiellini B, Tulk CA (1 March 2000). "Compton scattering evidence for covalency of the hydrogen bond in ice". <i>Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 403–406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JPCS...61..403I">2000JPCS...61..403I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-3697%2899%2900325-X">10.1016/S0022-3697(99)00325-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Solids&amp;rft.atitle=Compton+scattering+evidence+for+covalency+of+the+hydrogen+bond+in+ice&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=403-406&amp;rft.date=2000-03-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-3697%2899%2900325-X&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JPCS...61..403I&amp;rft.aulast=Isaacs&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+D.&amp;rft.au=Shukla%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Platzman%2C+P.+M.&amp;rft.au=Hamann%2C+D.+R.&amp;rft.au=Barbiellini%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Tulk%2C+C.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellWilliamsonHeyden2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html"><i>Biology: Exploring Life</i></a>. Boston: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-250882-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-250882-7"><bdi>978-0-13-250882-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102041816/http://www.phschool.com/el_marketing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Exploring+Life&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-250882-7&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&amp;rft.au=Williamson%2C+Brad&amp;rft.au=Heyden%2C+Robin+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phschool.com%2Fel_marketing.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desmos.com/calculator/wicmrvrznj?lang=ru">"Heat capacity water online"</a>. <i>Desmos</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606020344/https://www.desmos.com/calculator/wicmrvrznj?lang=ru">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Desmos&amp;rft.atitle=Heat+capacity+water+online&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desmos.com%2Fcalculator%2Fwicmrvrznj%3Flang%3Dru&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ball" title="Philip Ball">Ball P</a> (14 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070910/full/070910-13.html">"Burning water and other myths"</a>. <i>News@nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews070910-13">10.1038/news070910-13</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129704116">129704116</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228054247/http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070910/full/070910-13.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=News%40nature&amp;rft.atitle=Burning+water+and+other+myths&amp;rft.date=2007-09-14&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews070910-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129704116%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F070910%2Ffull%2F070910-13.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFineMillero1973" class="citation journal cs1">Fine RA, Millero FJ (1973). "Compressibility of water as a function of temperature and pressure". <i>Journal of Chemical Physics</i>. <b>59</b> (10): 5529. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973JChPh..59.5529F">1973JChPh..59.5529F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1679903">10.1063/1.1679903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&amp;rft.atitle=Compressibility+of+water+as+a+function+of+temperature+and+pressure&amp;rft.volume=59&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=5529&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1679903&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973JChPh..59.5529F&amp;rft.aulast=Fine&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+A.&amp;rft.au=Millero%2C+F.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nave-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nave_104-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNave" class="citation web cs1">Nave R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html">"Bulk Elastic Properties"</a>. <i>HyperPhysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028155517/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=HyperPhysics&amp;rft.atitle=Bulk+Elastic+Properties&amp;rft.aulast=Nave&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fhph.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NPLcalc-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPLcalc_105-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK National Physical Laboratory, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/">Calculation of absorption of sound in seawater</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003014920/http://resource.npl.co.uk/acoustics/techguides/seaabsorption/">Archived</a> 3 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Online site, last accessed on 28 September 2016.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleick1993" class="citation book cs1">Gleick PH, ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408091921/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195076288"><i>Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Freshwater Resources</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;15, Table 2.3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/EarthSciences/Oceanography/?view=usa&amp;ci=9780195076288">the original</a> on 8 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Water+in+Crisis%3A+A+Guide+to+the+World%27s+Freshwater+Resources&amp;rft.pages=15%2C+Table+2.3&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oup.com%2Fus%2Fcatalog%2Fgeneral%2Fsubject%2FEarthSciences%2FOceanography%2F%3Fview%3Dusa%26ci%3D9780195076288&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-NaimBen-Naim2011" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Naim A, Ben-Naim R (2011). <i>Alice's Adventures in Water-land</i>. World Scientific Publishing. p.&nbsp;31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F8068">10.1142/8068</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4338-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4338-96-7"><bdi>978-981-4338-96-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Alice%27s+Adventures+in+Water-land&amp;rft.pages=31&amp;rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F8068&amp;rft.isbn=978-981-4338-96-7&amp;rft.aulast=Ben-Naim&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Ben-Naim%2C+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/water-resource">"water resource"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002130105/https://www.britannica.com/science/water-resource">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=water+resource&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fwater-resource&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleick1993" class="citation book cs1">Gleick PH (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterincrisisgui00glei/page/13"><i>Water in Crisis</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waterincrisisgui00glei/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507627-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507627-3"><bdi>0-19-507627-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Water+in+Crisis&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=13&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-507627-3&amp;rft.aulast=Gleick&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaterincrisisgui00glei%2Fpage%2F13&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadaVan_BeekBierkens2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wada Y, Van Beek LP, Bierkens MF (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011WR010562">"Nonsustainable groundwater sustaining irrigation: A global assessment"</a>. <i>Water Resources Research</i>. <b>48</b> (6): W00L06. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012WRR....48.0L06W">2012WRR....48.0L06W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2011WR010562">10.1029/2011WR010562</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Nonsustainable+groundwater+sustaining+irrigation%3A+A+global+assessment&amp;rft.volume=48&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=W00L06&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2011WR010562&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012WRR....48.0L06W&amp;rft.aulast=Wada&amp;rft.aufirst=Yoshihide&amp;rft.au=Van+Beek%2C+L.+P.+H.&amp;rft.au=Bierkens%2C+Marc+F.+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2011WR010562&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asknature.org/strategy/catalyst-helps-split-water/">"Catalyst helps split water: Plants"</a>. <i>AskNature</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028194047/https://asknature.org/strategy/catalyst-helps-split-water/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=AskNature&amp;rft.atitle=Catalyst+helps+split+water%3A+Plants&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasknature.org%2Fstrategy%2Fcatalyst-helps-split-water%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall D (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6F7yuf1Sj30C&amp;dq=process+of+photosynthesis&amp;pg=PR7"><i>Photosynthesis, Sixth edition</i></a>. University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64497-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64497-6"><bdi>0-521-64497-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005012445/https://books.google.com/books?id=6F7yuf1Sj30C&amp;dq=process+of+photosynthesis&amp;pg=PR7">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Photosynthesis%2C+Sixth+edition&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-521-64497-6&amp;rft.aulast=Hall&amp;rft.aufirst=D.O.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6F7yuf1Sj30C%26dq%3Dprocess%2Bof%2Bphotosynthesis%26pg%3DPR7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/essays/on-water">"On Water"</a>. <i>European Investment Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014022119/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/on-water">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&amp;rft.atitle=On+Water&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fessays%2Fon-water&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJammi2018" class="citation web cs1">Jammi R (13 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/blog/over-24-billion-without-adequate-sanitation-600-million-without-safe-water-how-do-we-bridge">"2.4 billion Without Adequate Sanitation. 600 million Without Safe Water. Can We Fix it by 2030?"</a>. World Bank Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201014022128/https://ieg.worldbankgroup.org/blog/over-24-billion-without-adequate-sanitation-600-million-without-safe-water-how-do-we-bridge">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=2.4+billion+Without+Adequate+Sanitation.+600+million+Without+Safe+Water.+Can+We+Fix+it+by+2030%3F&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank+Group&amp;rft.date=2018-03-13&amp;rft.aulast=Jammi&amp;rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieg.worldbankgroup.org%2Fblog%2Fover-24-billion-without-adequate-sanitation-600-million-without-safe-water-how-do-we-bridge&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-EIB-2022-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIB-2022_115-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery">"Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions"</a>. <i>European Investment Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829150040/https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Investment+Bank&amp;rft.atitle=Wastewater+resource+recovery+can+fix+water+insecurity+and+cut+carbon+emissions&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fessays%2Fwastewater-resource-recovery&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml">"International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005–2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523125706/https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=International+Decade+for+Action+%27Water+for+Life%27+2005%E2%80%932015.+Focus+Areas%3A+Water+scarcity&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fwaterforlifedecade%2Fscarcity.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/i1688e/i1688e.pdf">"The State of the World's Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831234648/http://www.fao.org/3/i1688e/i1688e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+World%27s+Land+and+Water+Resources+for+Food+and+Agriculture&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fi1688e%2Fi1688e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/features/QA/70/en/">"World Health Organization. Safe Water and Global Health"</a>. World Health Organization. 25 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224174349/http://www.who.int/features/qa/70/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization.+Safe+Water+and+Global+Health&amp;rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft.date=2008-06-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ffeatures%2FQA%2F70%2Fen%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNEP_International_Environment2002" class="citation book cs1">UNEP International Environment (2002). <i>Environmentally Sound Technology for Wastewater and Stormwater Management: An International Source Book</i>. IWA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84339-008-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84339-008-4"><bdi>978-1-84339-008-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49204666">49204666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Environmentally+Sound+Technology+for+Wastewater+and+Stormwater+Management%3A+An+International+Source+Book&amp;rft.pub=IWA&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49204666&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84339-008-4&amp;rft.au=UNEP+International+Environment&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavindranathSathaye2002" class="citation book cs1">Ravindranath NH, Sathaye JA (2002). <i>Climate Change and Developing Countries</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0104-8"><bdi>978-1-4020-0104-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231965991">231965991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Climate+Change+and+Developing+Countries&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231965991&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4020-0104-8&amp;rft.aulast=Ravindranath&amp;rft.aufirst=Nijavalli+H.&amp;rft.au=Sathaye%2C+Jayant+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/water-withdrawals-per-capita">"Water withdrawals per capita"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312112519/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/water-withdrawals-per-capita">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&amp;rft.atitle=Water+withdrawals+per+capita&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fwater-withdrawals-per-capita&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301011840/http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&amp;id=MTYyNTA">"WBCSD Water Facts &amp; Trends"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbcsd.org/includes/getTarget.asp?type=d&amp;id=MTYyNTA">the original</a> on 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=WBCSD+Water+Facts+%26+Trends&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbcsd.org%2Fincludes%2FgetTarget.asp%3Ftype%3Dd%26id%3DMTYyNTA&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Estimated_use_of_water_in_the_United_States_in_2015-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Estimated_use_of_water_in_the_United_States_in_2015_123-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieterMaupinCaldwellHarris2018" class="citation book cs1">Dieter CA, Maupin MA, Caldwell RR, Harris MA, Ivahnenko TI, Lovelace JK, et&nbsp;al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1441">"Estimated use of water in the United States in 2015"</a>. <i>Circular</i>. U.S. Geological Survey. p.&nbsp;76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fcir1441">10.3133/cir1441</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428190636/https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1441">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Estimated+use+of+water+in+the+United+States+in+2015&amp;rft.btitle=Circular&amp;rft.pages=76&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3133%2Fcir1441&amp;rft.aulast=Dieter&amp;rft.aufirst=Cheryl+A.&amp;rft.au=Maupin%2C+Molly+A.&amp;rft.au=Caldwell%2C+Rodney+R.&amp;rft.au=Harris%2C+Melissa+A.&amp;rft.au=Ivahnenko%2C+Tamara+I.&amp;rft.au=Lovelace%2C+John+K.&amp;rft.au=Barber%2C+Nancy+L.&amp;rft.au=Linsey%2C+Kristin+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%2Fpublication%2Fcir1441&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleickPalaniappan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gleick PH, Palaniappan M (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/press_releases/peak_water_pnas.pdf">"Peak Water"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>107</b> (125): 11155–11162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..10711155G">2010PNAS..10711155G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1004812107">10.1073/pnas.1004812107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895062">2895062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20498082">20498082</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108224340/http://www.pacinst.org/press_center/press_releases/peak_water_pnas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft.atitle=Peak+Water&amp;rft.volume=107&amp;rft.issue=125&amp;rft.pages=11155-11162&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2895062%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20498082&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1004812107&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..10711155G&amp;rft.aulast=Gleick&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+H.&amp;rft.au=Palaniappan%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacinst.org%2Fpress_center%2Fpress_releases%2Fpeak_water_pnas.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Press Release POP/952 (13 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm">"World population will increase by 2.5 billion by 2050"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727030018/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm">Archived</a> 27 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">, Molden, D. (Ed). <i>Water for food, Water for life: <a href="/wiki/A_Comprehensive_Assessment_of_Water_Management_in_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture">A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture</a>.</i> Earthscan/IWMI, 2007.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chartres, C. and Varma, S. (2010) <i>Out of water. From Abundance to Scarcity and How to Solve the World's Water Problems</i>. FT Press (US).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapagainHoekstraSavenijeGuatam2005" class="citation web cs1">Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY, Savenije HH, Guatam R (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Report18.pdf">"The Water Footprint of Cotton Consumption"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IHE_Delft_Institute_for_Water_Education" title="IHE Delft Institute for Water Education">IHE Delft Institute for Water Education</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326141524/https://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Report18.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Water+Footprint+of+Cotton+Consumption&amp;rft.pub=IHE+Delft+Institute+for+Water+Education&amp;rft.date=2005-09&amp;rft.aulast=Chapagain&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+K.&amp;rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+A.+Y.&amp;rft.au=Savenije%2C+H.+H.+G.&amp;rft.au=Guatam%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaterfootprint.org%2Fmedia%2Fdownloads%2FReport18.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm">"Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures"</a> [Decree relating to weights and measures] (in French). 18 <a href="/wiki/French_revolutionary_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French revolutionary calendar">germinal</a> an 3 (7 April 1795). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225163152/http://smdsi.quartier-rural.org/histoire/18germ_3.htm">Archived</a> 25 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. quartier-rural.org</span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/index.htm">here "L'Histoire Du Mètre, La Détermination De L'Unité De Poids"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725163108/http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/index.htm">Archived</a> 25 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. histoire.du.metre.free.fr</span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-05/958588306.An.r.html">"Re: What percentage of the human body is composed of water?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071125073713/http://madsci.org/posts/archives/2000-05/958588306.An.r.html">Archived</a> 25 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Jeffrey Utz, M.D., The MadSci Network</span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101100025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtml">"Healthy Water Living"</a>. <i>BBC Health</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/health/healthy_living/nutrition/drinks_water.shtml">the original</a> on 1 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+Health&amp;rft.atitle=Healthy+Water+Living&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Fhealthy_living%2Fnutrition%2Fdrinks_water.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rhoades_2003-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rhoades_2003_133-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoadesTanner2003" class="citation book cs1">Rhoades RA, Tanner GA (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000unse"><i>Medical Physiology</i></a> (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-1936-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-1936-0"><bdi>978-0-7817-1936-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50554808">50554808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Medical+Physiology&amp;rft.place=Baltimore&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50554808&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7817-1936-0&amp;rft.aulast=Rhoades&amp;rft.aufirst=RA&amp;rft.au=Tanner%2C+GA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicalphysiolog0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoakesGoodwinRaynerBranken2005" class="citation journal cs1">Noakes TD, Goodwin N, Rayner BL, Branken T, Taylor RK (2005). "Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise, 1985". <i>Wilderness and Environmental Medicine</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 221–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1580%2F1080-6032%282005%2916%5B221%3AWIAPCD%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1580/1080-6032(2005)16[221:WIAPCD]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16366205">16366205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28370290">28370290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wilderness+and+Environmental+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=Water+intoxication%3A+a+possible+complication+during+endurance+exercise%2C+1985&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=221-227&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28370290%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16366205&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1580%2F1080-6032%282005%2916%5B221%3AWIAPCD%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.aulast=Noakes&amp;rft.aufirst=TD&amp;rft.au=Goodwin%2C+N&amp;rft.au=Rayner%2C+BL&amp;rft.au=Branken%2C+T&amp;rft.au=Taylor%2C+RK&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValtin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Valtin H (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222112803/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3595/81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.' Really? Is there scientific evidence for '8 × 8'?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology</i>. <b>283</b> (5): R993–R1004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpregu.00365.2002">10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12376390">12376390</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2256436">2256436</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3595/81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Regulatory%2C+Integrative+and+Comparative+Physiology&amp;rft.atitle=%27Drink+at+least+eight+glasses+of+water+a+day.%27+Really%3F+Is+there+scientific+evidence+for+%278+%C3%97+8%27%3F&amp;rft.volume=283&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=R993-R1004&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2256436%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12376390&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpregu.00365.2002&amp;rft.aulast=Valtin&amp;rft.aufirst=Heinz&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F3595%2F81eb8fa614a2f8c765dc1d4fed3c0e39ee7e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStookeyConstantPopkinGardner2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stookey JD, Constant F, Popkin BM, Gardner CD (November 2008). "Drinking water is associated with weight loss in overweight dieting women independent of diet and activity". <i>Obesity</i>. <b>16</b> (11): 2481–2488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Foby.2008.409">10.1038/oby.2008.409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18787524">18787524</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24899383">24899383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Obesity&amp;rft.atitle=Drinking+water+is+associated+with+weight+loss+in+overweight+dieting+women+independent+of+diet+and+activity&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.pages=2481-2488&amp;rft.date=2008-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24899383%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18787524&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Foby.2008.409&amp;rft.aulast=Stookey&amp;rft.aufirst=JD&amp;rft.au=Constant%2C+F&amp;rft.au=Popkin%2C+BM&amp;rft.au=Gardner%2C+CD&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100823142929.htm">"Drink water to curb weight gain? Clinical trial confirms effectiveness of simple appetite control method"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. 23 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707071448/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/08/100823142929.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&amp;rft.atitle=Drink+water+to+curb+weight+gain%3F+Clinical+trial+confirms+effectiveness+of+simple+appetite+control+method&amp;rft.date=2010-08-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2010%2F08%2F100823142929.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubnov-RazConstantiniYarivNice2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dubnov-Raz G, Constantini NW, Yariv H, Nice S, Shapira N (October 2011). "Influence of water drinking on resting energy expenditure in overweight children". <i>International Journal of Obesity</i>. <b>35</b> (10): 1295–1300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fijo.2011.130">10.1038/ijo.2011.130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21750519">21750519</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27561994">27561994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Obesity&amp;rft.atitle=Influence+of+water+drinking+on+resting+energy+expenditure+in+overweight+children&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=1295-1300&amp;rft.date=2011-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27561994%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21750519&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fijo.2011.130&amp;rft.aulast=Dubnov-Raz&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rft.au=Constantini%2C+NW&amp;rft.au=Yariv%2C+H&amp;rft.au=Nice%2C+S&amp;rft.au=Shapira%2C+N&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_EADengo_ALComber_DL2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL, et&nbsp;al. (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859815">"Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults"</a>. <i>Obesity</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 300–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Foby.2009.235">10.1038/oby.2009.235</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2859815">2859815</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19661958">19661958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Obesity&amp;rft.atitle=Water+consumption+increases+weight+loss+during+a+hypocaloric+diet+intervention+in+middle-aged+and+older+adults&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=300-307&amp;rft.date=2010-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859815%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19661958&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Foby.2009.235&amp;rft.au=Dennis+EA&amp;rft.au=Dengo+AL&amp;rft.au=Comber+DL&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2859815&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijJoshi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vij VA, Joshi AS (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809630">"Effect of 'water induced thermogenesis' on body weight, body mass index and body composition of overweight subjects"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research</i>. <b>7</b> (9): 1894–1896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2013%2F5862.3344">10.7860/JCDR/2013/5862.3344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3809630">3809630</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24179891">24179891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+and+Diagnostic+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Effect+of+%27water+induced+thermogenesis%27+on+body+weight%2C+body+mass+index+and+body+composition+of+overweight+subjects&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=1894-1896&amp;rft.date=2013-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3809630%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24179891&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2013%2F5862.3344&amp;rft.aulast=Vij&amp;rft.aufirst=VA&amp;rft.au=Joshi%2C+AS&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3809630&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuckelbauerSarganasGrüneisMüller-Nordhorn2013" class="citation journal cs1">Muckelbauer R, Sarganas G, Grüneis A, Müller-Nordhorn J (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.112.055061">"Association between water consumption and body weight outcomes: a systematic review"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>98</b> (2): 282–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fajcn.112.055061">10.3945/ajcn.112.055061</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23803882">23803882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12265434">12265434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&amp;rft.atitle=Association+between+water+consumption+and+body+weight+outcomes%3A+a+systematic+review&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=282-299&amp;rft.date=2013-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12265434%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23803882&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3945%2Fajcn.112.055061&amp;rft.aulast=Muckelbauer&amp;rft.aufirst=R&amp;rft.au=Sarganas%2C+G&amp;rft.au=Gr%C3%BCneis%2C+A&amp;rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Nordhorn%2C+J&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3945%252Fajcn.112.055061&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/water-a-fluid-way-to-manage-constipation">"Water, Constipation, Dehydration, and Other Fluids"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304043454/http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/water-a-fluid-way-to-manage-constipation">Archived</a> 4 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. Retrieved on 28 September 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences. Recommended Dietary Allowances</i>. National Research Council, Reprint and Circular Series, No. 122. 1945. pp.&nbsp;3–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Food+and+Nutrition+Board%2C+National+Academy+of+Sciences.+Recommended+Dietary+Allowances&amp;rft.pages=3-18&amp;rft.pub=National+Research+Council%2C+Reprint+and+Circular+Series%2C+No.+122&amp;rft.date=1945&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_MedicineFood_Nutrition_BoardStanding_Committee_on_the_Scientific_Evaluation_of_Dietary_Reference_IntakesPanel_on_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Electrolytes_and_Water2005" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Medicine, Food Nutrition Board, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6"><i>4 Water | Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate</i></a>. The National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F10925">10.17226/10925</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-09169-5"><bdi>978-0-309-09169-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113063638/https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/6">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=4+Water+%7C+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Water%2C+Potassium%2C+Sodium%2C+Chloride%2C+and+Sulfate&amp;rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F10925&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-309-09169-5&amp;rft.au=Institute+of+Medicine&amp;rft.au=Food+Nutrition+Board&amp;rft.au=Standing+Committee+on+the+Scientific+Evaluation+of+Dietary+Reference+Intakes&amp;rft.au=Panel+on+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Electrolytes+and+Water&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fread%2F10925%2Fchapter%2F6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water/NU00283">"Water: How much should you drink every day?"</a>. Mayo Clinic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204012725/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/water/NU00283">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Water%3A+How+much+should+you+drink+every+day%3F&amp;rft.pub=Mayo+Clinic&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.com%2Fhealth%2Fwater%2FNU00283&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conquering Chemistry</i> (4th ed.), 2008</span>
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<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatonHopkinsMcLaughlinJohnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, et&nbsp;al. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanbiologyheal00scho"><i>Human Biology and Health</i></a>. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-981176-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-981176-0"><bdi>978-0-13-981176-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32308337">32308337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Biology+and+Health&amp;rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32308337&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-981176-0&amp;rft.aulast=Maton&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthea&amp;rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Jean&amp;rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Charles+William&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+Susan&amp;rft.au=Warner%2C+Maryanna+Quon&amp;rft.au=LaHart%2C+David&amp;rft.au=Wright%2C+Jill+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanbiologyheal00scho&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnesco2006" class="citation book cs1">Unesco (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C"><i>Water: a shared responsibility</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C/page/n140">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-177-6"><bdi>978-1-84545-177-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Water%3A+a+shared+responsibility&amp;rft.pages=125&amp;rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84545-177-6&amp;rft.au=Unesco&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_ujf0kkNF2H8C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockmühlSchagesRehberg2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bockmühl DP, Schages J, Rehberg L (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6600116">"Laundry and textile hygiene in healthcare and beyond"</a>. <i>Microbial Cell</i>. <b>6</b> (7): 299–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15698%2Fmic2019.07.682">10.15698/mic2019.07.682</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2311-2638">2311-2638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6600116">6600116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31294042">31294042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbial+Cell&amp;rft.atitle=Laundry+and+textile+hygiene+in+healthcare+and+beyond&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=299-306&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6600116%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=2311-2638&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31294042&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15698%2Fmic2019.07.682&amp;rft.aulast=Bockm%C3%BChl&amp;rft.aufirst=Dirk+P.&amp;rft.au=Schages%2C+Jan&amp;rft.au=Rehberg%2C+Laura&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6600116&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyer2023" class="citation news cs1">Moyer MW (23 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/23/well/live/shower-every-day.html">"Do You Really Need to Shower Every Day?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Do+You+Really+Need+to+Shower+Every+Day%3F&amp;rft.date=2023-10-23&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Moyer&amp;rft.aufirst=Melinda+Wenner&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F23%2Fwell%2Flive%2Fshower-every-day.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadaway2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hadaway A (2 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15398285.2019.1710981">"Handwashing: Clean Hands Save Lives"</a>. <i>Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 43–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15398285.2019.1710981">10.1080/15398285.2019.1710981</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1539-8285">1539-8285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consumer+Health+on+the+Internet&amp;rft.atitle=Handwashing%3A+Clean+Hands+Save+Lives&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=43-49&amp;rft.date=2020-01-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15398285.2019.1710981&amp;rft.issn=1539-8285&amp;rft.aulast=Hadaway&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F15398285.2019.1710981&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttinger2018" class="citation web cs1">Ettinger J (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organicauthority.com/energetic-health/you-wash-your-hair-too-much">"You Probably Wash Your Hair Way Too Much (Really!)"</a>. <i>Organic Authority</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Organic+Authority&amp;rft.atitle=You+Probably+Wash+Your+Hair+Way+Too+Much+%28Really%21%29&amp;rft.date=2018-10-22&amp;rft.aulast=Ettinger&amp;rft.aufirst=Jill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.organicauthority.com%2Fenergetic-health%2Fyou-wash-your-hair-too-much&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2005" class="citation book cs1">Petersen EE (7 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yKh_AT0UZwC&amp;pg=SA6-PA13"><i>Infections in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Textbook and Atlas</i></a>. Thieme. pp.&nbsp;6–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-13-161511-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-13-161511-4"><bdi>978-3-13-161511-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Infections+in+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology%3A+Textbook+and+Atlas&amp;rft.pages=6-13&amp;rft.pub=Thieme&amp;rft.date=2005-12-07&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-13-161511-4&amp;rft.aulast=Petersen&amp;rft.aufirst=Eiko+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yKh_AT0UZwC%26pg%3DSA6-PA13&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStopford1997" class="citation book cs1">Stopford M (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-YB70kly8C"><i>Maritime Economics</i></a>. Psychology Press. p.&nbsp;10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415153102" title="Special:BookSources/9780415153102"><bdi>9780415153102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Maritime+Economics&amp;rft.pages=10&amp;rft.pub=Psychology+Press&amp;rft.date=1997-01-01&amp;rft.isbn=9780415153102&amp;rft.aulast=Stopford&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_R-YB70kly8C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Water_Use_in_the_United_States-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Water_Use_in_the_United_States_156-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/water/a_wateruse.html">"Water Use in the United States"</a>, <i>National Atlas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814045418/http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/water/a_wateruse.html">Archived</a> 14 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lhoist.com/sites/lhoist/files/lna_msds_quicklime_2012-3.pdf">"Material Safety Data Sheet: Quicklime"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lhoist North America. 6 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705030051/http://www.lhoist.com/sites/lhoist/files/lna_msds_quicklime_2012-3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Material+Safety+Data+Sheet%3A+Quicklime&amp;rft.pub=Lhoist+North+America&amp;rft.date=2012-08-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhoist.com%2Fsites%2Flhoist%2Ffiles%2Flna_msds_quicklime_2012-3.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuff1916" class="citation book cs1">Duff LB (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZHUAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA54"><i>A Course in Household Arts: Part I</i></a>. Whitcomb &amp; Barrows. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164100/https://books.google.com/books?id=xZHUAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Course+in+Household+Arts%3A+Part+I&amp;rft.pub=Whitcomb+%26+Barrows&amp;rft.date=1916&amp;rft.aulast=Duff&amp;rft.aufirst=Loretto+Basil&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZHUAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA54&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-vaclacik-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vaclacik_159-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vaclacik_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaclavikChristian2007" class="citation book cs1">Vaclavik VA, Christian EW (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iCCsvwZrguUC"><i>Essentials of Food Science</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69939-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69939-4"><bdi>978-0-387-69939-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164352/https://books.google.com/books?id=iCCsvwZrguUC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Food+Science&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-387-69939-4&amp;rft.aulast=Vaclavik&amp;rft.aufirst=Vickie+A.&amp;rft.au=Christian%2C+Elizabeth+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiCCsvwZrguUC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-deman-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deman_160-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deman_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMan1999" class="citation book cs1">DeMan JM (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYJ7a1HbD0C&amp;pg=PA434"><i>Principles of Food Chemistry</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1234-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8342-1234-3"><bdi>978-0-8342-1234-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414185952/https://books.google.com/books?id=kDYJ7a1HbD0C&amp;pg=PA434">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+Food+Chemistry&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8342-1234-3&amp;rft.aulast=DeMan&amp;rft.aufirst=John+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDYJ7a1HbD0C%26pg%3DPA434&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DEFRA-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DEFRA_161-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/hardness_map.pdf">"Map showing the rate of hardness in mg/L as Calcium carbonate in England and Wales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">DEFRA</a> Drinking Water Inspectorate. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529054911/http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/hardness_map.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Map+showing+the+rate+of+hardness+in+mg%2FL+as+Calcium+carbonate+in+England+and+Wales&amp;rft.pub=DEFRA+Drinking+Water+Inspectorate&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwi.defra.gov.uk%2Fconsumers%2Fadvice-leaflets%2Fhardness_map.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-USGS-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_162-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html">"Water hardness"</a>. US Geological Service. 8 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518204909/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/hardness.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Water+hardness&amp;rft.pub=US+Geological+Service&amp;rft.date=2014-04-08&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwater.usgs.gov%2Fedu%2Fhardness.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMekonnenHoekstra2010" class="citation report cs1">Mekonnen MM, Hoekstra AY (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report-48-WaterFootprint-AnimalProducts-Vol1.pdf">The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products, Value of Water</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Research Report Series. Vol.&nbsp;1. UNESCO – IHE Institute for Water Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527104135/http://www.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report-48-WaterFootprint-AnimalProducts-Vol1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=The+green%2C+blue+and+grey+water+footprint+of+farm+animals+and+animal+products%2C+Value+of+Water&amp;rft.series=Research+Report+Series&amp;rft.pub=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+IHE+Institute+for+Water+Education&amp;rft.date=2010-12&amp;rft.aulast=Mekonnen&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+M.&amp;rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+A.+Y.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterfootprint.org%2FReports%2FReport-48-WaterFootprint-AnimalProducts-Vol1.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1">"WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423005004/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&amp;rft.atitle=WHO+Model+List+of+EssentialMedicines&amp;rft.date=2013-10&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2F10665%2F93142%2F1%2FEML_18_eng.pdf%3Fua%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/">"ALMA Greatly Improves Capacity to Search for Water in Universe"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723070436/http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann15059/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=ALMA+Greatly+Improves+Capacity+to+Search+for+Water+in+Universe&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fannouncements%2Fann15059%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melnick, Gary, <a href="/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics">Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics</a> and Neufeld, David, <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> quoted in:
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000116054013/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html">"Discover of Water Vapor Near Orion Nebula Suggests Possible Origin of H20 in Solar System (sic)"</a>. <i>The Harvard University Gazette</i>. 23 April 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+University+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Discover+of+Water+Vapor+Near+Orion+Nebula+Suggests+Possible+Origin+of+H20+in+Solar+System+%28sic%29&amp;rft.date=1998-04-23&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F1998%2F04.23%2FDiscoverofWater.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr98/clouds.html">"Space Cloud Holds Enough Water to Fill Earth's Oceans 1 Million Times"</a>. Headlines@Hopkins, JHU. 9 April 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109171410/http://www.jhu.edu/news_info/news/home98/apr98/clouds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Space+Cloud+Holds+Enough+Water+to+Fill+Earth%27s+Oceans+1+Million+Times&amp;rft.date=1998-04-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhu.edu%2Fnews_info%2Fnews%2Fhome98%2Fapr98%2Fclouds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/02.25/telescope.html">"Water, Water Everywhere: Radio telescope finds water is common in universe"</a>. <i>The Harvard University Gazette</i>. 25 February 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519141432/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1999/02.25/telescope.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+University+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Water%2C+Water+Everywhere%3A+Radio+telescope+finds+water+is+common+in+universe&amp;rft.date=1999-02-25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2F1999%2F02.25%2Ftelescope.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715053715/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1998/04.23/DiscoverofWater.html">archive link</a>)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Clavin-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clavin_167-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clavin_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClavinBuis2011" class="citation web cs1">Clavin W, Buis A (22 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html">"Astronomers Find Largest, Most Distant Reservoir of Water"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724063244/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/features/universe20110722.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomers+Find+Largest%2C+Most+Distant+Reservoir+of+Water&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2011-07-22&amp;rft.aulast=Clavin&amp;rft.aufirst=Whitney&amp;rft.au=Buis%2C+Alan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ftopics%2Funiverse%2Ffeatures%2Funiverse20110722.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-water_vapor_cloud-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-water_vapor_cloud_168-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-water_vapor_cloud_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2011" class="citation web cs1">Staff (22 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html">"Astronomers Find Largest, Oldest Mass of Water in Universe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029230319/http://www.space.com/12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomers+Find+Largest%2C+Oldest+Mass+of+Water+in+Universe&amp;rft.pub=Space.com&amp;rft.date=2011-07-22&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F12400-universe-biggest-oldest-cloud-water.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBova2009" class="citation book cs1">Bova B (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1gfe459yygC&amp;pg=PA90"><i>Faint Echoes, Distant Stars: The Science and Politics of Finding Life Beyond Earth</i></a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185448-4"><bdi>978-0-06-185448-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414164517/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1gfe459yygC&amp;pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Faint+Echoes%2C+Distant+Stars%3A+The+Science+and+Politics+of+Finding+Life+Beyond+Earth&amp;rft.pub=Zondervan&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-06-185448-4&amp;rft.aulast=Bova&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1gfe459yygC%26pg%3DPA90&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Solanki1994-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solanki1994_170-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolankiLivingstonAyres1994" class="citation journal cs1">Solanki S, Livingston W, Ayres T (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307030222/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f20e/89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf">"New Light on the Heart of Darkness of the Solar Chromosphere"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>263</b> (5143): 64–66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Sci...263...64S">1994Sci...263...64S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.263.5143.64">10.1126/science.263.5143.64</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17748350">17748350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27696504">27696504</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f20e/89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Heart+of+Darkness+of+the+Solar+Chromosphere&amp;rft.volume=263&amp;rft.issue=5143&amp;rft.pages=64-66&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.263.5143.64&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27696504%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17748350&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Sci...263...64S&amp;rft.aulast=Solanki&amp;rft.aufirst=S.K.&amp;rft.au=Livingston%2C+W.&amp;rft.au=Ayres%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Ff20e%2F89b9c386ff2dea7d990f8ff6a09d550e5e43.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-planetary_society-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-planetary_society_171-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406034624/http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html">"MESSENGER Scientists 'Astonished' to Find Water in Mercury's Thin Atmosphere"</a>. Planetary Society. 3 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=MESSENGER+Scientists+%27Astonished%27+to+Find+Water+in+Mercury%27s+Thin+Atmosphere&amp;rft.pub=Planetary+Society&amp;rft.date=2008-07-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fnews%2F2008%2F0703_MESSENGER_Scientists_Astonished_to.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bertaux2007-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bertaux2007_172-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertauxVandaele,_Ann-CarineKorablevVillard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bertaux JL, Vandaele, Ann-Carine, Korablev O, Villard E, Fedorova A, Fussen D, et&nbsp;al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/29200/1/Bertaux-2007-a%20warm.pdf">"A warm layer in Venus' cryosphere and high-altitude measurements of HF, HCl, H2O and HDO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>450</b> (7170): 646–649. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.450..646B">2007Natur.450..646B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05974">10.1038/nature05974</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F29200">2268/29200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18046397">18046397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4421875">4421875</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220907122145/https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/29200/1/Bertaux-2007-a%20warm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=A+warm+layer+in+Venus%27+cryosphere+and+high-altitude+measurements+of+HF%2C+HCl%2C+H2O+and+HDO&amp;rft.volume=450&amp;rft.issue=7170&amp;rft.pages=646-649&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F29200&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4421875%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.450..646B&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18046397&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05974&amp;rft.aulast=Bertaux&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Loup&amp;rft.au=Vandaele%2C+Ann-Carine&amp;rft.au=Korablev%2C+Oleg&amp;rft.au=Villard%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Fedorova%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Fussen%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Qu%C3%A9merais%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Belyaev%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Mahieux%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forbi.uliege.be%2Fbitstream%2F2268%2F29200%2F1%2FBertaux-2007-a%2520warm.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sridharan2010-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sridharan2010_173-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSridharanAhmedDasaSreelathaa2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sridharan R, Ahmed S, Dasa TP, Sreelathaa P, Pradeepkumara P, Naika N, et&nbsp;al. (2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>58</b> (6): 947. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010P&amp;SS...58..947S">2010P&amp;SS...58..947S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2010.02.013">10.1016/j.pss.2010.02.013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&amp;rft.atitle=%27Direct%27+evidence+for+water+%28H2O%29+in+the+sunlit+lunar+ambience+from+CHACE+on+MIP+of+Chandrayaan+I&amp;rft.volume=58&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=947&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2010.02.013&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010P%26SS...58..947S&amp;rft.aulast=Sridharan&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Ahmed%2C+S.M.&amp;rft.au=Dasa%2C+Tirtha+Pratim&amp;rft.au=Sreelathaa%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Pradeepkumara%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Naika%2C+Neha&amp;rft.au=Supriya%2C+Gogulapati&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Rapp2012-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rapp2012_174-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp,_Donald2012" class="citation book cs1">Rapp, Donald (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xzxhnBRHCMC&amp;pg=PA78"><i>Use of Extraterrestrial Resources for Human Space Missions to Moon or Mars</i></a>. Springer. p.&nbsp;78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-32762-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-32762-9"><bdi>978-3-642-32762-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715154349/https://books.google.com/books?id=2xzxhnBRHCMC&amp;pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Use+of+Extraterrestrial+Resources+for+Human+Space+Missions+to+Moon+or+Mars&amp;rft.pages=78&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-642-32762-9&amp;rft.au=Rapp%2C+Donald&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xzxhnBRHCMC%26pg%3DPA78&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kuppers2014-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuppers2014_175-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüppersO'RourkeBockelée-MorvanZakharov2014" class="citation journal cs1">Küppers M, O'Rourke L, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Bockel%C3%A9e-Morvan" title="Dominique Bockelée-Morvan">Bockelée-Morvan D</a>, Zakharov V, Lee S, Von Allmen P, et&nbsp;al. (23 January 2014). "Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres". <i>Nature</i>. <b>505</b> (7484): 525–527. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.505..525K">2014Natur.505..525K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12918">10.1038/nature12918</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24451541">24451541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4448395">4448395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Localized+sources+of+water+vapour+on+the+dwarf+planet+%281%29+Ceres&amp;rft.volume=505&amp;rft.issue=7484&amp;rft.pages=525-527&amp;rft.date=2014-01-23&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12918&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4448395%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24451541&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.505..525K&amp;rft.aulast=K%C3%BCppers&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Bockel%C3%A9e-Morvan%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Zakharov%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Lee%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Von+Allmen%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Carry%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Teyssier%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Marston%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Crovisier%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Barucci%2C+M.A.&amp;rft.au=Moreno%2C+R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NASA-20131212-EU-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20131212-EU_177-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookGutroBrownHarrington2013" class="citation web cs1">Cook JR, Gutro R, Brown D, Harrington J, Fohn J (12 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-363">"Hubble Sees Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter Moon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215053143/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-363">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft.atitle=Hubble+Sees+Evidence+of+Water+Vapor+at+Jupiter+Moon&amp;rft.date=2013-12-12&amp;rft.aulast=Cook&amp;rft.aufirst=Jia-Rui+C.&amp;rft.au=Gutro%2C+Rob&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&amp;rft.au=Harrington%2C+J.D.&amp;rft.au=Fohn%2C+Joe&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2013-363&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hansen-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen_178-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenC.J.StewartColwell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, C.J., Stewart AI, Colwell J, Hendrix A, Pryor W, et&nbsp;al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218132849/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b1/1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf">"Enceladus' Water Vapor Plume"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>311</b> (5766): 1422–1425. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311.1422H">2006Sci...311.1422H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121254">10.1126/science.1121254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16527971">16527971</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2954801">2954801</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b1/1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Enceladus%27+Water+Vapor+Plume&amp;rft.volume=311&amp;rft.issue=5766&amp;rft.pages=1422-1425&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1121254&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2954801%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16527971&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...311.1422H&amp;rft.au=Hansen&amp;rft.au=C.J.&amp;rft.au=Stewart%2C+AI&amp;rft.au=Colwell%2C+J&amp;rft.au=Hendrix%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Pryor%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Shemansky%2C+D&amp;rft.au=West%2C+R&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F89b1%2F1f34539a1b9b8a9dcb5a1d835e693bea1940.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-hubbard-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hubbard_179-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1997" class="citation journal cs1">Hubbard W (1997). "Neptune's Deep Chemistry". <i>Science</i>. <b>275</b> (5304): 1279–1280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.275.5304.1279">10.1126/science.275.5304.1279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9064785">9064785</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36248590">36248590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+Deep+Chemistry&amp;rft.volume=275&amp;rft.issue=5304&amp;rft.pages=1279-1280&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36248590%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9064785&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.275.5304.1279&amp;rft.aulast=Hubbard&amp;rft.aufirst=W.B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1642811,00.html">Water Found on Distant Planet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716081124/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1642811,00.html">Archived</a> 16 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 12 July 2007 By Laura Blue, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Space.com_water-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space.com_water_181-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070410_water_exoplanet.html">Water Found in Extrasolar Planet's Atmosphere</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230065702/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/070410_water_exoplanet.html">Archived</a> 30 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Space.com</span>
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<li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwoodJohnsonBenderCarr2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lockwood AC, Johnson JA, Bender CF, Carr JS, Barman T, Richert AJ, et&nbsp;al. (2014). "Near-IR Direct Detection of Water Vapor in Tau Boo B". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>783</b> (2): L29. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0846">1402.0846</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...783L..29L">2014ApJ...783L..29L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F783%2F2%2FL29">10.1088/2041-8205/783/2/L29</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8463125">8463125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Near-IR+Direct+Detection+of+Water+Vapor+in+Tau+Boo+B&amp;rft.volume=783&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=L29&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1402.0846&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8463125%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F783%2F2%2FL29&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ApJ...783L..29L&amp;rft.aulast=Lockwood&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexandra+C&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+John+A&amp;rft.au=Bender%2C+Chad+F&amp;rft.au=Carr%2C+John+S&amp;rft.au=Barman%2C+Travis&amp;rft.au=Richert%2C+Alexander+J.W.&amp;rft.au=Blake%2C+Geoffrey+A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NASA-20140924-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20140924_183-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClavinChouWeaverVillard2014" class="citation web cs1">Clavin W, Chou F, Weaver D, Villard, Johnson M (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-322&amp;1">"NASA Telescopes Find Clear Skies and Water Vapor on Exoplanet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114220647/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-322&amp;1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft.atitle=NASA+Telescopes+Find+Clear+Skies+and+Water+Vapor+on+Exoplanet&amp;rft.date=2014-09-24&amp;rft.aulast=Clavin&amp;rft.aufirst=Whitney&amp;rft.au=Chou%2C+Felicia&amp;rft.au=Weaver%2C+Donna&amp;rft.au=Villard&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+Michele&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2014-322%261&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hanslmeier2010-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanslmeier2010_184-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanslmeier2010_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanslmeier2010_184-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_Hanslmeier2010" class="citation book cs1">Arnold Hanslmeier (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj5tSld5tjMC&amp;pg=PA159"><i>Water in the Universe</i></a>. Springer Science &amp; Business Media. pp.&nbsp;159–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9984-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9984-6"><bdi>978-90-481-9984-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715031920/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj5tSld5tjMC&amp;pg=PA159">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Water+in+the+Universe&amp;rft.pages=159-&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-481-9984-6&amp;rft.au=Arnold+Hanslmeier&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMj5tSld5tjMC%26pg%3DPA159&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NASA-20131203-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20131203_185-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/">"Hubble Traces Subtle Signals of Water on Hazy Worlds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 3 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206012837/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hubble+Traces+Subtle+Signals+of+Water+on+Hazy+Worlds&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=2013-12-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fgoddard%2Fhubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Lund_Observatory-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lund_Observatory_186-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lund_Observatory_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andersson, Jonas (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&amp;recordOId=2969749&amp;fileOId=2969772">Water in stellar atmospheres "Is a novel picture required to explain the atmospheric behavior of water in red giant stars?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213133956/http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&amp;recordOId=2969749&amp;fileOId=2969772">Archived</a> 13 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lund Observatory, Lund University, Sweden</span>
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<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/herschel/news/herschel20111020.html">Herschel Finds Oceans of Water in Disk of Nearby Star</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219053556/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/herschel/news/herschel20111020.html">Archived</a> 19 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nasa.gov (20 October 2011). Retrieved on 28 September 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604082809/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-327">"JPL"</a>. <i>NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jpl.nasa.gov/">the original</a> on 4 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory+%28JPL%29&amp;rft.atitle=JPL&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjpl.nasa.gov%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd, Robin. <i>"Water Vapor, Possible Comets, Found Orbiting Star"</i>, 11 July 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/searchforlife/swas_water_010711.html">Space.com</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523025818/http://www.space.com/searchforlife/swas_water_010711.html">Archived</a> 23 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars">"NASA Confirms Evidence That Liquid Water Flows on Today's Mars"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. 28 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150928154622/http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft.atitle=NASA+Confirms+Evidence+That+Liquid+Water+Flows+on+Today%27s+Mars&amp;rft.date=2015-09-28&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-confirms-evidence-that-liquid-water-flows-on-today-s-mars&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NASA-20140403-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20140403_191-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlattBell2014" class="citation web cs1">Platt J, Bell B (3 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-103">"NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140403235224/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-103">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft.atitle=NASA+Space+Assets+Detect+Ocean+inside+Saturn+Moon&amp;rft.date=2014-04-03&amp;rft.aulast=Platt&amp;rft.aufirst=Jane&amp;rft.au=Bell%2C+Brian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2014-103&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SCI-20140404-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCI-20140404_192-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIessStevensonParisiHemingway2014" class="citation journal cs1">Iess L, Stevenson DJ, Parisi M, Hemingway D, Jacobson R, Lunine JI, et&nbsp;al. (4 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/45462/7/Iess-SM.pdf">"The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>344</b> (6179): 78–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...344...78I">2014Sci...344...78I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1250551">10.1126/science.1250551</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24700854">24700854</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28990283">28990283</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202120709/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/45462/7/Iess-SM.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+Gravity+Field+and+Interior+Structure+of+Enceladus&amp;rft.volume=344&amp;rft.issue=6179&amp;rft.pages=78-80&amp;rft.date=2014-04-04&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1250551&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28990283%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24700854&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...344...78I&amp;rft.aulast=Iess&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rft.au=Stevenson%2C+D.+J.&amp;rft.au=Parisi%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Hemingway%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Jacobson%2C+R.A.&amp;rft.au=Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.&amp;rft.au=Nimmo%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Armstrong%2C+J.+W.&amp;rft.au=Asmar%2C+S.+W.&amp;rft.au=Ducci%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Tortora%2C+P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F45462%2F7%2FIess-SM.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunham, Will. (3 May 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/us-space-ganymede-idINKBN0DJ00H20140503">Jupiter's moon Ganymede may have 'club sandwich' layers of ocean | Reuters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140503100145/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/05/03/us-space-ganymede-idINKBN0DJ00H20140503">Archived</a> 3 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 28 September 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibringLangevinPouletGendrin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bibring JP, Langevin Y, Poulet F, Gendrin A, Gondet B, Berthé M, et&nbsp;al. (2004). "Perennial Water Ice Identified in the South Polar Cap of Mars". <i>Nature</i>. <b>428</b> (6983): 627–630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.428..627B">2004Natur.428..627B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02461">10.1038/nature02461</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15024393">15024393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4373206">4373206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Perennial+Water+Ice+Identified+in+the+South+Polar+Cap+of+Mars&amp;rft.volume=428&amp;rft.issue=6983&amp;rft.pages=627-630&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02461&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4373206%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15024393&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.428..627B&amp;rft.aulast=Bibring&amp;rft.aufirst=J.-P.&amp;rft.au=Langevin%2C+Yves&amp;rft.au=Poulet%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&amp;rft.au=Gendrin%2C+Aline&amp;rft.au=Gondet%2C+Brigitte&amp;rft.au=Berth%C3%A9%2C+Michel&amp;rft.au=Soufflot%2C+Alain&amp;rft.au=Drossart%2C+Pierre&amp;rft.au=Combes%2C+Michel&amp;rft.au=Bellucci%2C+Giancarlo&amp;rft.au=Moroz%2C+Vassili&amp;rft.au=Mangold%2C+Nicolas&amp;rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Bernard&amp;rft.au=Omega+Team%2C+the&amp;rft.au=Erard%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Forni%2C+O.&amp;rft.au=Manaud%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Poulleau%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Encrenaz%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Fouchet%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Melchiorri%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Altieri%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Formisano%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Bonello%2C+G.&amp;rft.au=Fonti%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Capaccioni%2C+F.&amp;rft.au=Cerroni%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Coradini%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Kottsov%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Ignatiev%2C+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,564911,00.html">Versteckt in Glasperlen: Auf dem Mond gibt es Wasser – Wissenschaft –</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710220126/http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/weltall/0,1518,564911,00.html">Archived</a> 10 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> – Nachrichten</span>
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<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/24sep_moonwater.htm">Water Molecules Found on the Moon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927092541/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2009/24sep_moonwater.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, NASA, 24 September 2009</span>
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<li id="cite_note-McCord2005-jgrp-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCord2005-jgrp_200-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCordSotin2005" class="citation journal cs1">McCord T, Sotin C (21 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00116029/file/2004JE002244.pdf">"Ceres: Evolution and current state"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>110</b> (E5): E05009. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRE..110.5009M">2005JGRE..110.5009M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JE002244">10.1029/2004JE002244</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718171117/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00116029/file/2004JE002244.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&amp;rft.atitle=Ceres%3A+Evolution+and+current+state&amp;rft.volume=110&amp;rft.issue=E5&amp;rft.pages=E05009&amp;rft.date=2005-05-21&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004JE002244&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGRE..110.5009M&amp;rft.aulast=McCord&amp;rft.aufirst=T.B.&amp;rft.au=Sotin%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00116029%2Ffile%2F2004JE002244.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Thomas2005-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2005_201-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasParkerMcFadden2005" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas P, Parker J, McFadden L (2005). "Differentiation of the asteroid Ceres as revealed by its shape". <i>Nature</i>. <b>437</b> (7056): 224–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.437..224T">2005Natur.437..224T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03938">10.1038/nature03938</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16148926">16148926</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17758979">17758979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Differentiation+of+the+asteroid+Ceres+as+revealed+by+its+shape&amp;rft.volume=437&amp;rft.issue=7056&amp;rft.pages=224-226&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03938&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17758979%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16148926&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.437..224T&amp;rft.aulast=Thomas&amp;rft.aufirst=P.C.&amp;rft.au=Parker%2C+J.Wm.&amp;rft.au=McFadden%2C+L.A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Carey2006-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carey2006_202-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2005" class="citation news cs1">Carey B (7 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html">"Largest Asteroid Might Contain More Fresh Water than Earth"</a>. SPACE.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218180330/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/050907_ceres_planet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Largest+Asteroid+Might+Contain+More+Fresh+Water+than+Earth&amp;rft.date=2005-09-07&amp;rft.aulast=Carey&amp;rft.aufirst=Bjorn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2F050907_ceres_planet.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-20150315-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150315_203-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2015" class="citation news cs1">Chang K (12 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html">"Suddenly, It Seems, Water Is Everywhere in Solar System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812232556/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/science/space/suddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Suddenly%2C+It+Seems%2C+Water+Is+Everywhere+in+Solar+System&amp;rft.date=2015-03-12&amp;rft.aulast=Chang&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F13%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fsuddenly-it-seems-water-is-everywhere-in-solar-system.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kuskov2005-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuskov2005_204-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuskovKronrod,_V.A.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuskov O, Kronrod, V.A. (2005). "Internal structure of Europa and Callisto". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>177</b> (2): 550–369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Icar..177..550K">2005Icar..177..550K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.04.014">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.atitle=Internal+structure+of+Europa+and+Callisto&amp;rft.volume=177&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=550-369&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.04.014&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Icar..177..550K&amp;rft.aulast=Kuskov&amp;rft.aufirst=O.L.&amp;rft.au=Kronrod%2C+V.A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Showman1999-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Showman1999_205-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowmanMalhotra1999" class="citation journal cs1">Showman AP, Malhotra R (1 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412142819/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e6e/f125bbbafd779a0af6813ba0f5a18edea652.pdf">"The Galilean Satellites"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>286</b> (5437): 77–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.77">10.1126/science.286.5437.77</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10506564">10506564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9492520">9492520</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3e6e/f125bbbafd779a0af6813ba0f5a18edea652.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=The+Galilean+Satellites&amp;rft.volume=286&amp;rft.issue=5437&amp;rft.pages=77-84&amp;rft.date=1999-10-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9492520%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10506564&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.286.5437.77&amp;rft.aulast=Showman&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+P.&amp;rft.au=Malhotra%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F3e6e%2Ff125bbbafd779a0af6813ba0f5a18edea652.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sparrow-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sparrow_206-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparrow_206-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparrow2006" class="citation book cs1">Sparrow G (2006). <i>The Solar System</i>. Thunder Bay Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59223-579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59223-579-7"><bdi>978-1-59223-579-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Solar+System&amp;rft.pub=Thunder+Bay+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59223-579-7&amp;rft.aulast=Sparrow&amp;rft.aufirst=Giles&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tobie-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tobie_207-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobieGrassetLunineMocquet2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tobie G, Grasset O, Lunine JI, Mocquet A, Sotin C (2005). "Titan's internal structure inferred from a coupled thermal-orbital model". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>175</b> (2): 496–502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Icar..175..496T">2005Icar..175..496T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.12.007">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.12.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.atitle=Titan%27s+internal+structure+inferred+from+a+coupled+thermal-orbital+model&amp;rft.volume=175&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=496-502&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.12.007&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Icar..175..496T&amp;rft.aulast=Tobie&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.au=Grasset%2C+Olivier&amp;rft.au=Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.&amp;rft.au=Mocquet%2C+Antoine&amp;rft.au=Sotin%2C+Christophe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Verbiscer_et_al._2007-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verbiscer_et_al._2007_208-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbiscer_French_et_al.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Verbiscer A, French R, Showalter M, Helfenstein P (9 February 2007). "Enceladus: Cosmic Graffiti Artist Caught in the Act". <i>Science</i>. <b>315</b> (5813): 815. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...315..815V">2007Sci...315..815V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1134681">10.1126/science.1134681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17289992">17289992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21932253">21932253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Enceladus%3A+Cosmic+Graffiti+Artist+Caught+in+the+Act&amp;rft.volume=315&amp;rft.issue=5813&amp;rft.pages=815&amp;rft.date=2007-02-09&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1134681&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21932253%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17289992&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...315..815V&amp;rft.aulast=Verbiscer&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=French%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Showalter%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Helfenstein%2C+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span> (supporting online material, table S1)</span>
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<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1998" class="citation journal cs1">Greenberg JM (1998). "Making a comet nucleus". <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. <b>330</b>: 375. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998A&amp;A...330..375G">1998A&amp;A...330..375G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&amp;rft.atitle=Making+a+comet+nucleus&amp;rft.volume=330&amp;rft.pages=375&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998A%26A...330..375G&amp;rft.aulast=Greenberg&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+Mayo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129035627/http://starryskies.com/solar_system/Comet/dirty_snowballs.html">"Dirty Snowballs in Space"</a>. Starryskies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starryskies.com/solar_system/Comet/dirty_snowballs.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dirty+Snowballs+in+Space&amp;rft.pub=Starryskies&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarryskies.com%2Fsolar_system%2FComet%2Fdirty_snowballs.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.L._GibbM.J._MummaN._Dello_RussoM.A._DiSanti2003" class="citation journal cs1">E.L. Gibb, M.J. Mumma, N. Dello Russo, M.A. DiSanti, K. Magee-Sauer (2003). "Methane in Oort Cloud comets". <i><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a></i>. <b>165</b> (2): 391–406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..165..391G">2003Icar..165..391G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900201-X">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00201-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.atitle=Methane+in+Oort+Cloud+comets&amp;rft.volume=165&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=391-406&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900201-X&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..165..391G&amp;rft.au=E.L.+Gibb&amp;rft.au=M.J.+Mumma&amp;rft.au=N.+Dello+Russo&amp;rft.au=M.A.+DiSanti&amp;rft.au=K.+Magee-Sauer&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NASA, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20121129.html">MESSENGER Finds New Evidence for Water Ice at Mercury's Poles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130062257/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20121129.html">Archived</a> 30 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>NASA</i>, 29 November 2012.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Burns_et_al.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas P, Burns J, Helfenstein P, Squyres S, Veverka J, Porco C, et&nbsp;al. (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/publications/denk/2007/ThomasEtAl_SaturnMoonsShapes_Icarus_2007.pdf">"Shapes of the saturnian icy satellites and their significance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Icarus</i>. <b>190</b> (2): 573–584. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..190..573T">2007Icar..190..573T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.03.012">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220431/http://www.geoinf.fu-berlin.de/publications/denk/2007/ThomasEtAl_SaturnMoonsShapes_Icarus_2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft.atitle=Shapes+of+the+saturnian+icy+satellites+and+their+significance&amp;rft.volume=190&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=573-584&amp;rft.date=2007-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.03.012&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..190..573T&amp;rft.aulast=Thomas&amp;rft.aufirst=P.C.&amp;rft.au=Burns%2C+J.A.&amp;rft.au=Helfenstein%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Squyres%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Veverka%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Porco%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Turtle%2C+E.P.&amp;rft.au=McEwen%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Denk%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Giesef%2C+B.&amp;rft.au=Roatschf%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Johnsong%2C+T.V.&amp;rft.au=Jacobsong%2C+R.A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoinf.fu-berlin.de%2Fpublications%2Fdenk%2F2007%2FThomasEtAl_SaturnMoonsShapes_Icarus_2007.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-newscientist.com-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newscientist.com_214-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727764.500-weird-water-lurking-inside-giant-planets.html">Weird water lurking inside giant planets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415160045/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727764.500-weird-water-lurking-inside-giant-planets.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New Scientist</i>, 1 September 2010, Magazine issue 2776.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhlers,_E.Krafft,_T2001" class="citation book cs1">Ehlers, E., Krafft, T, eds. (2001). "J.C.I. Dooge. "Integrated Management of Water Resources"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Understanding the Earth System: compartments, processes, and interactions</i>. Springer. p.&nbsp;116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=J.C.I.+Dooge.+%22Integrated+Management+of+Water+Resources%22&amp;rft.btitle=Understanding+the+Earth+System%3A+compartments%2C+processes%2C+and+interactions&amp;rft.pages=116&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/habzone.html">"Habitable Zone"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523143747/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/habzone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Astrobiology%2C+Astronomy+and+Spaceflight&amp;rft.atitle=Habitable+Zone&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FH%2Fhabzone.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiga2007" class="citation news cs1">Shiga D (6 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143705/http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn11864-strange-alien-world-made-of-hot-ice-and-steam.html">"Strange alien world made of "hot ice"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11864-strange-alien-world-made-of-hot-ice-and-steam.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&amp;rft.atitle=Strange+alien+world+made+of+%22hot+ice%22&amp;rft.date=2007-05-06&amp;rft.aulast=Shiga&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn11864-strange-alien-world-made-of-hot-ice-and-steam.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar,_David_A.2009" class="citation web cs1">Aguilar, David A. (16 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2009/pr200924.html">"Astronomers Find Super-Earth Using Amateur, Off-the-Shelf Technology"</a>. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407045343/http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2009/pr200924.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Astronomers+Find+Super-Earth+Using+Amateur%2C+Off-the-Shelf+Technology&amp;rft.pub=Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics&amp;rft.date=2009-12-16&amp;rft.au=Aguilar%2C+David+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fpr200924.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-UN-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_219-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44">"MDG Report 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827045721/http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=MDG+Report+2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdgs.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmdg%2FResources%2FStatic%2FProducts%2FProgress2008%2FMDG_Report_2008_En.pdf%23page%3D44&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulshreshtha1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kulshreshtha SN (1998). "A Global Outlook for Water Resources to the Year 2025". <i>Water Resources Management</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 167–184. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998WatRM..12..167K">1998WatRM..12..167K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1007957229865">10.1023/A:1007957229865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152322295">152322295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Management&amp;rft.atitle=A+Global+Outlook+for+Water+Resources+to+the+Year+2025&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=167-184&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152322295%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1007957229865&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998WatRM..12..167K&amp;rft.aulast=Kulshreshtha&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+N&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705072816/http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf">"Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to inform decision-making"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckinsey.com/App_Media/Reports/Water/Charting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Charting+Our+Water+Future%3A+Economic+frameworks+to+inform+decision-making&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2FApp_Media%2FReports%2FWater%2FCharting_Our_Water_Future_Full_Report_001.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44">"The Millennium Development Goals Report"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100827045721/http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2008/MDG_Report_2008_En.pdf#page=44">Archived</a> 27 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Nations, 2008</span>
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<li id="cite_note-lomborg-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lomborg_223-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomborg2001" class="citation book cs1">Lomborg B (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725173040/http://www.lomborg.com/dyn/files/basic_items/69-file/skeptenvironChap1.pdf"><i>The Skeptical Environmentalist</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p.&nbsp;22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01068-9"><bdi>978-0-521-01068-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lomborg.com/dyn/files/basic_items/69-file/skeptenvironChap1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Skeptical+Environmentalist&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-01068-9&amp;rft.aulast=Lomborg&amp;rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lomborg.com%2Fdyn%2Ffiles%2Fbasic_items%2F69-file%2FskeptenvironChap1.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf">"Water, a shared responsibility. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106144926/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf">Archived</a> 6 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welle, Katharina; Evans, Barbara; Tucker, Josephine; and Nicol, Alan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1894.pdf">"Is water lagging behind on Aid Effectiveness?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727024835/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/1894.pdf">Archived</a> 27 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Water_Issue_Briefs/index.aspx">"Search Results"</a>. <i>International Water Management Institute (IWMI)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605124732/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Water_Issue_Briefs/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Water+Management+Institute+%28IWMI%29&amp;rft.atitle=Search+Results&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwmi.cgiar.org%2FPublications%2FWater_Issue_Briefs%2Findex.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Burrows_2004_e724-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burrows_2004_e724_227-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows2004" class="citation web cs1">Burrows G (24 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2004/mar/24/water.comment">"Clean water to fight poverty"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216033934/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2004/mar/24/water.comment">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Clean+water+to+fight+poverty&amp;rft.date=2004-03-24&amp;rft.aulast=Burrows&amp;rft.aufirst=Gideon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2004%2Fmar%2F24%2Fwater.comment&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Morris_2004-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2004_228-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation journal cs1">Morris K (20 March 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(04)15825-X/fulltext">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Silent emergency" of poor water and sanitation"</a></span>. <i>Medicine and Health Policy</i>. <b>363</b> (9413): 954. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2915825-X">10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15825-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15046114">15046114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29128993">29128993</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222045218/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(04)15825-X/abstract">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Medicine+and+Health+Policy&amp;rft.atitle=%22Silent+emergency%22+of+poor+water+and+sanitation&amp;rft.volume=363&amp;rft.issue=9413&amp;rft.pages=954&amp;rft.date=2004-03-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29128993%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15046114&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2804%2915825-X&amp;rft.aulast=Morris&amp;rft.aufirst=Kelly&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2804%2915825-X%2Ffulltext&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-unesco-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_229-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_229-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_229-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2023/en">"Home | UN World Water Development Report 2023"</a>. <i>www.unesco.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605100146/https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr/2023/en">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&amp;rft.atitle=Home+%7C+UN+World+Water+Development+Report+2023&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Freports%2Fwwdr%2F2023%2Fen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rural21.com/english/publications/detail/article/un-world-water-development-report-2023.html">"UN World Water Development Report 2023"</a>. <i>www.rural21.com</i>. 29 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605100140/https://www.rural21.com/english/publications/detail/article/un-world-water-development-report-2023.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.rural21.com&amp;rft.atitle=UN+World+Water+Development+Report+2023&amp;rft.date=2023-03-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rural21.com%2Fenglish%2Fpublications%2Fdetail%2Farticle%2Fun-world-water-development-report-2023.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20230322-un-warns-vampiric-water-use-leading-to-imminent-global-crisis">"UN warns 'vampiric' water use leading to 'imminent' global crisis"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 22 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605100139/https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20230322-un-warns-vampiric-water-use-leading-to-imminent-global-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=France+24&amp;rft.atitle=UN+warns+%27vampiric%27+water+use+leading+to+%27imminent%27+global+crisis&amp;rft.date=2023-03-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Famericas%2F20230322-un-warns-vampiric-water-use-leading-to-imminent-global-crisis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-22/un-26-per-cent-of-world-lacks-clean-drinking-water-46-sanitation/102132320">"New UN report paints stark picture of huge changes needed to deliver safe drinking water to all people"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 22 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605100633/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-22/un-26-per-cent-of-world-lacks-clean-drinking-water-46-sanitation/102132320">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=New+UN+report+paints+stark+picture+of+huge+changes+needed+to+deliver+safe+drinking+water+to+all+people&amp;rft.date=2023-03-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-03-22%2Fun-26-per-cent-of-world-lacks-clean-drinking-water-46-sanitation%2F102132320&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day">"World Water Day"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909130649/https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=United+Nations&amp;rft.atitle=World+Water+Day&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fobservances%2Fwater-day&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unworldoceansday.org/about">"About"</a>. <i>World Oceans Day Online Portal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920045516/https://unworldoceansday.org/about">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Oceans+Day+Online+Portal&amp;rft.atitle=About&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unworldoceansday.org%2Fabout&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZ._Wahrman2016" class="citation book cs1">Z Wahrman M (2016). <i>The Hand Book: Surviving in a Germ-Filled World</i>. University Press of New England. pp.&nbsp;46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-955-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-955-6"><bdi>978-1-61168-955-6</bdi></a>. <q>Water plays a role in other Christian rituals as well. ... In the early days of Christianity, two to three centuries after Christ, the lavabo (Latin for "I wash myself"), a ritual handwashing vessel and bowl, was introduced as part of Church service.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hand+Book%3A+Surviving+in+a+Germ-Filled+World&amp;rft.pages=46-48&amp;rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-61168-955-6&amp;rft.aulast=Z.+Wahrman&amp;rft.aufirst=Miryam&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chambers's encyclopædia</i>, Lippincott &amp; Co (1870). p. 394.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altman, Nathaniel (2002) <i>Sacred water: the spiritual source of life</i>. pp. 130–133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58768-013-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58768-013-0">1-58768-013-0</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ab-i-the-concept-of-water-in-ancient-iranian-culture">"ĀB i. The concept of water in ancient Iran"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516223930/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ab-i-the-concept-of-water-in-ancient-iranian-culture">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&amp;rft.atitle=%C4%80B+i.+The+concept+of+water+in+ancient+Iran&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fab-i-the-concept-of-water-in-ancient-iranian-culture&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindberg, D. (2008). <i>The beginnings of western science: The European scientific tradition in a philosophical, religious, and institutional context, prehistory to A.D. 1450</i> (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/tao/taote.htm"><i>Tao Te Ching</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712103909/http://www.sacred-texts.com/tao/taote.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2010</span> – via Internet Sacred Text Archive Home.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Tao+Te+Ching&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Ftao%2Ftaote.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/guanzi/shui-di">"Guanzi&nbsp;: Shui Di"</a>. Chinese Text Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141106133901/http://ctext.org/guanzi/shui-di">Archived</a> 6 November 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. Retrieved on 28 September 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_242-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_242-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_242-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_242-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadtes1983" class="citation book cs1">Madtes RE (1983). <i>The "Ithaca" chapter of Joyce's "Ulysses"</i>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Research Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0835714608" title="Special:BookSources/0835714608"><bdi>0835714608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+%22Ithaca%22+chapter+of+Joyce%27s+%22Ulysses%22&amp;rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&amp;rft.pub=UMI+Research+Press&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.isbn=0835714608&amp;rft.aulast=Madtes&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_243-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_243-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyce1933" class="citation book cs1">Joyce J (1933). Wegner C (ed.). <i>Ulysses</i>. Vol.&nbsp;2. Hamburg: The Odyssey Press. pp.&nbsp;668–670.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ulysses&amp;rft.place=Hamburg&amp;rft.pages=668-670&amp;rft.pub=The+Odyssey+Press&amp;rft.date=1933&amp;rft.aulast=Joyce&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2001" class="citation book cs1">Ball P (2001). <i>Life's matrix&nbsp;: a biography of water</i>. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23008-8"><bdi>978-0-520-23008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Life%27s+matrix+%3A+a+biography+of+water&amp;rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-23008-8&amp;rft.aulast=Ball&amp;rft.aufirst=Philip&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2007" class="citation book cs1">Franks F (2007). <i>Water&nbsp;: a matrix of life</i> (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84755-234-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84755-234-1"><bdi>978-1-84755-234-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Water+%3A+a+matrix+of+life&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84755-234-1&amp;rft.aulast=Franks&amp;rft.aufirst=Felix&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide2003" class="citation book cs1">Lide DR (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTnxSi2B2FcC"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CRC Handbook">CRC Handbook</a> (84th&nbsp;ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0484-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0484-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-0484-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204075307/https://books.google.com/books?id=kTnxSi2B2FcC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.series=CRC+Handbook&amp;rft.edition=84th&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0484-2&amp;rft.aulast=Lide&amp;rft.aufirst=David+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTnxSi2B2FcC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingärtner_et_al.2016" class="citation book cs1">Weingärtner H, Teermann I, Borchers U, Balsaa P, Lutze HV, Schmidt TC, et&nbsp;al. (2016). "Water, 1. Properties, Analysis, and Hydrological Cycle". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"><i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i></a>. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a28_001.pub3">10.1002/14356007.a28_001.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Water%2C+1.+Properties%2C+Analysis%2C+and+Hydrological+Cycle&amp;rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-VCH+Verlag+GmbH+%26+Co.+KGaA&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a28_001.pub3&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&amp;rft.aulast=Weing%C3%A4rtner&amp;rft.aufirst=Hermann&amp;rft.au=Teermann%2C+Ilka&amp;rft.au=Borchers%2C+Ulrich&amp;rft.au=Balsaa%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Lutze%2C+Holger+V.&amp;rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Torsten+C.&amp;rft.au=Franck%2C+Ernst+Ulrich&amp;rft.au=Wiegand%2C+Gabriele&amp;rft.au=Dahmen%2C+Nicolaus&amp;rft.au=Schwedt%2C+Georg&amp;rft.au=Frimmel%2C+Fritz+H.&amp;rft.au=Gordalla%2C+Birgit+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Debenedetti, PG., and HE Stanley, "Supercooled and Glassy Water", <i>Physics Today</i> <b>56</b> (6), pp.&nbsp;40–46 (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf">Downloadable PDF (1.9 MB)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101114735/http://polymer.bu.edu/hes/articles/ds03.pdf">Archived</a> 1 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Gleick, PH., (editor), <i>The World's Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources</i>. Island Press, Washington, D.C. (published every two years, beginning in 1998.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwater.org/">The World's Water, Island Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226224320/http://www.worldwater.org/">Archived</a> 26 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesLesterVoulvoulis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jones OA, Lester JN, Voulvoulis N (2005). "Pharmaceuticals: a threat to drinking water?". <i>Trends in Biotechnology</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 163–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2005.02.001">10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15780706">15780706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biotechnology&amp;rft.atitle=Pharmaceuticals%3A+a+threat+to+drinking+water%3F&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=163-167&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2005.02.001&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15780706&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Oliver+A.&amp;rft.au=Lester%2C+John+N.&amp;rft.au=Voulvoulis%2C+Nick&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWater" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucowr.org/journal-of-contemporary-water-research-and-education">Journal of Contemporary Water Research &amp; Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210459/http://ucowr.org/journal-of-contemporary-water-research-and-education">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>Postel, S., <i>Last Oasis: Facing Water Scarcity</i>. W.W. Norton and Company, New York. 1992</li>
<li>Reisner, M., <i>Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water</i>. Penguin Books, New York. 1986.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/">United Nations World Water Development Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222101824/http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/">Archived</a> 22 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Produced every three years.</li>
<li>St. Fleur, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/science/the-water-in-your-glass-might-be-older-than-the-sun.html">The Water in Your Glass Might Be Older Than the Sun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170115152336/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/16/science/the-water-in-your-glass-might-be-older-than-the-sun.html">Archived</a> 15 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "The water you drink is older than the planet you're standing on." <i>The New York Times</i> (15 April 2016)</li></ul>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Water" class="extiw" title="v:Water">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwater.org/">The World's Water Data Page</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm">FAO Comprehensive Water Database, AQUASTAT</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwater.org/conflict.html">The Water Conflict Chronology: Water Conflict Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116181835/http://www.worldwater.org/conflict.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/">Water science school</a> (USGS)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.worldbank.org/">Portal to The World Bank's strategy, work and associated publications on water resources</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awra.org/">America Water Resources Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324205603/http://awra.org/">Archived</a> 24 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterontheweb.org">Water on the web</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/">Water structure and science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228024506/http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/">Archived</a> 28 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPpKhxtFf1Q">"Why water is one of the weirdest things in the universe"</a>, <i>Ideas</i>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, Video, 3:16 minutes, 2019</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/water/">The chemistry of water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619074258/https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/water/">Archived</a> 19 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (NSF special report)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapws.org/index.html">The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/molecule-that-made-us"><i>H2O: The Molecule That Made Us</i></a>, a 2020 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> documentary</li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expand navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">hide</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water" title="Template talk:Water"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/105px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/140px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475"></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liquid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Specific
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>
<ul><li>&nbsp;<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Portal</a></li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water" title="Category:Water">Category</a></li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water">Commons</a></li>
<li>&nbsp;<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350"></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/water" class="extiw" title="wikt:water">Wiktionary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Food_chemistry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Food_chemistry" title="Template:Food chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Food_chemistry" title="Template talk:Food chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Food_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Food chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Food_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">Coloring</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzymes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Essential fatty acids</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavors</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">"Minerals" (Chemical elements)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Proteins</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution&nbsp;/ quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act <span style="font-size:85%;">(US)</span></a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a>&nbsp;(<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types&nbsp;/ location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a>&nbsp;/ <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><button type="button" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"><span class="mw-collapsible-text">show</span></button><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441"></a></span> <br><br><br><br> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754"></a></span> <br><br><br><br> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100"></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Water</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br>atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br>atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br>atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br>atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br>atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br>atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br>atoms<br>or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br>molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>
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Template:Cite_book","  5.56%  381.874      8 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.865","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":34640284,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n    [\"CITEREFAdschiriLeeGotoTakami2011\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFAguilar,_David_A.2009\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFAllain2018\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFArnold_Hanslmeier2010\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFAtreyaWong2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBall2001\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBall2007\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBall2008\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBaroni,_L.Cenci,_L.Tettamanti,_M.Berati,_M.2007\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBelnay\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBen-NaimBen-Naim2011\"] = 2,\n    [\"CITEREFBertauxVandaele,_Ann-CarineKorablevVillard2007\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBibringLangevinPouletGendrin2004\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBova2009\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBrahic\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBraunSergei_N._Smirnov1993\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBraunSmirnov1993\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFBurrows2004\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFButler\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFCampbellWilliamsonHeyden2006\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFCandau2004\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFCarey2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFCarr1996\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFChang2015\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFChapagainHoekstraSavenijeGuatam2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFChen2010\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFClavinBuis2011\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFClavinChouWeaverVillard2014\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFCookGutroBrownHarrington2013\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFCotter2011\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFDavies\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFDeMan1999\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFDennis_EADengo_ALComber_DL2010\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFDieterMaupinCaldwellHarris2018\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFDubnov-RazConstantiniYarivNice2011\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFDuff1916\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFDunaeva,_A.N.Kronrod,_V.A.Kuskov,_O.L.2013\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFE.L._GibbM.J._MummaN._Dello_RussoM.A._DiSanti2003\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFEhlers,_E.Krafft,_T2001\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFFellows2017\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFFineMillero1973\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFFoster\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFFranks2007\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFGleick,_P.H.1993\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFGleick1993\"] = 2,\n    [\"CITEREFGleickPalaniappan2010\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFGreenberg1998\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFHall2001\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFHansenC.J.StewartColwell2006\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFHubbard1997\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFIessStevensonParisiHemingway2014\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFInstitute_of_MedicineFood_Nutrition_BoardStanding_Committee_on_the_Scientific_Evaluation_of_Dietary_Reference_IntakesPanel_on_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Electrolytes_and_Water2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFIsaacsShuklaPlatzmanHamann2000\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFJammi2018\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFJonesLesterVoulvoulis2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFJoyce1933\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFKotzTreichelWeaver2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFKowalski2011\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFKulshreshtha1998\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFKuskovKronrod,_V.A.2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFKüppersO\u0026#039;RourkeBockelée-MorvanZakharov2014\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFLeighFavreMetanomski1998\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFLide2003\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFLockwoodJohnsonBenderCarr2014\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFLomborg2001\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMadel2017\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMadtes1983\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMaestroMarquésCamarilloJaque2016\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMallamaceCorsaroStanley2012\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMastertonHurley2008\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMatonHopkinsMcLaughlinJohnson1993\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMatsuokaMurton2008\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMcCordSotin2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMekonnenHoekstra2010\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMillotCoppariRyggBarrios2019\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMorris2004\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMuckelbauerSarganasGrüneisMüller-Nordhorn2013\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMurphyKoop2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFMurrayKnopfBertram2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFNakamoto1997\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFNave\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFNoakesGoodwinRaynerBranken2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFNoakes_TDGoodwin_NRayner_BL1985\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFOliveira2017\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFPeaco\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFPeplow2015\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFPerakisAmann-WinkelLehmkühlerSprung2017\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFPlattBell2014\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFPubChem\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFRapp,_Donald2012\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFRavindranathSathaye2002\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFReece2013\"] = 2,\n    [\"CITEREFRhoadesTanner2003\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFSalzmann2019\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFShiga2007\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFShowmanMalhotra1999\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFSiegertEllis-EvansTranterMayer2001\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFSokol2019\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFSolankiLivingstonAyres1994\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFSparrow2006\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFSridharanAhmedDasaSreelathaa2010\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFStaff2011\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFStookeyConstantPopkinGardner2008\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFThomasParkerMcFadden2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFThomas_Burns_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFTobieGrassetLunineMocquet2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFTritt2002\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFTroellNaylorMetianBeveridge2014\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFUNEP_International_Environment2002\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFUSDA_Food_Safety_and_Inspection_Service\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFUnesco2006\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFVaclavikChristian2007\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFValtin2002\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFVartanian2011\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFVerbiscer_French_et_al.2007\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFVijJoshi2013\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFWadaVan_BeekBierkens2012\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFWagnerPruß2002\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFWeingärtnerFranck2005\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFWeingärtner_et_al.2016\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFWells2017\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFWiltse\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFZ._Wahrman2016\"] = 1,\n    [\"CITEREFZocchiWennemuthOka2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n    [\"!\"] = 2,\n    [\"Annotated link\"] = 23,\n    [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n    [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n    [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n    [\"Chem\"] = 11,\n    [\"Chem2\"] = 4,\n    [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n    [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n    [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n    [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n    [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n    [\"Cite journal\"] = 56,\n    [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n    [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n    [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n    [\"Cite web\"] = 72,\n    [\"Convert\"] = 37,\n    [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n    [\"Cvt\"] = 3,\n    [\"DEFAULTSORT:Water\"] = 1,\n    [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n    [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n    [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n    [\"Excerpt\"] = 3,\n    [\"Food chemistry\"] = 1,\n    [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n    [\"Further\"] = 3,\n    [\"Gallery\"] = 3,\n    [\"Gloss\"] = 3,\n    [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw2nd\"] = 1,\n    [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n    [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n    [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n    [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n    [\"Lang\"] = 16,\n    [\"Main\"] = 14,\n    [\"Molecules detected in outer space\"] = 1,\n    [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n    [\"Natural resources\"] = 1,\n    [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n    [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n    [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n    [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n    [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n    [\"Pp-semi-vandalism\"] = 1,\n    [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n    [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n    [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n    [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n    [\"Rp\"] = 4,\n    [\"See also\"] = 5,\n    [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n    [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n    [\"Sisterlinks\"] = 1,\n    [\"Sup\"] = 4,\n    [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n    [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n    [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n    [\"Trim\"] = 1,\n    [\"Ugc\"] = 1,\n    [\"Update\"] = 1,\n    [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n    [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n    [\"Val\"] = 1,\n    [\"Water\"] = 1,\n    [\"Webarchive\"] = 32,\n    [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n    [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n    [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n    [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","500","12.1"],["?","320","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","320","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","260","6.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","260","6.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","220","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","4.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","3.4"],["[others]","1500","36.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-64476968cd-6blxs","timestamp":"20241102100142","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script>
<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Water","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q283","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q283","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-27T10:33:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T15:32:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/H2O_2D_labelled.svg","headline":"chemical compound with raw molecular formula H\u2082O; main constituent of the fluids of most living organisms"}</script>

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