https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Blavatnik

ID da verificação: 4e509c68-92f4-4411-878b-6049e95b7ecdConcluído
URL enviado:: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Blavatnik
Relatório concluído:: 21/10/2024, 06:44:11
Ligações · 159 encontradas

As ligações de saída identificadas na página
Hiperligação	Texto
https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva	Donate
https://www.forbes.com/profile/len-blavatnik/?list=billionaires	"#22 Len Blavatnik"
https://www.forbes.com/profile/len-blavatnik/	"Len Blavatnik"
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-06-03/len-blavatnik-net-worth-quiet-billionaire-separates-fortune-from-russian-money	"'Most Clever Oligarch' Severed His $37 Billion Fortune From Russian Roots"
https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/queens-birthday-honours-ukrainian-born-museum-donor-leonard-blavatnik-is-made-a-knight	"Queen's birthday honours: Ukrainian-born museum donor Leonard Blavatnik is made a knight"
https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/10/council-on-foreign-relations-leonard-blavatnik-russia/	"A Soviet-born billionaire is buying influence at US institutions. Anti-corruption activists are worried"
https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/leonard-blavatnik/	"Len Blavatnik"
http://www.haaretz.com/news/russian-born-u-s-billionaire-offers-to-buy-ma-ariv-1.249288	"Russian-born U.S. billionaire offers to buy Ma'ariv"
http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=187418	"The world's 50 Richest Jews: 11-20: Len Blavatnik"
https://www.curbed.com/2022/03/russian-oligarch-real-estate-nyc-tour.html	"Secret Staircases and Gold Everything: A Tour of Russian-Billionaire New York"
Variáveis JavaScript · 35 encontradas

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RLCONF	object
RLSTATE	object
RLPAGEMODULES	object
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mfTempOpenSection	function
isCompatible	function
mediaWiki	object
Mensagens de registo da consola · 7 encontradas

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					<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Len Blavatnik</span></h1>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Valentinovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Blavatnik</i>.</div>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237879389">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Sir Leonard Valentinovich Blavatnik</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born June 14, 1957) is a Soviet/Ukrainian-born British-American businessman and philanthropist. As of January 2024, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> estimated his net worth at $31.3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Blavatnik received a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighthood</a> for services to philanthropy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn">Leonard Blavatnik</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Len_Blavatnik.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Len_Blavatnik.png/220px-Len_Blavatnik.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Len_Blavatnik.png/330px-Len_Blavatnik.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Len_Blavatnik.png/440px-Len_Blavatnik.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="609"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Blavatnik in 2018</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1957-06-14</span>) </span>June 14, 1957<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;67)</span><br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (now Odesa, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li>United Kingdom</li>
<li>United States<sup id="cite_ref-forbes.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University_of_Railway_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow State University of Railway Engineering">Moscow State University of Railway Engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/M._S." class="mw-redirect" title="M. S.">MS</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/M._B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="M. B. A.">MBA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Founder of <a href="/wiki/Access_Industries" title="Access Industries">Access Industries</a></li><li>Philanthropist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Emily Appelson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Blavatnik made his initial fortune, alongside other <a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a>, after the collapse of the Soviet Union in the privatization of state-owned aluminum and oil assets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He owns most of <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> and has stakes in several publicly traded assets via his privately held <a href="/wiki/Access_Industries" title="Access Industries">Access Industries Holdings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergProfileBillionaire_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergProfileBillionaire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Access_Industries_Holdings"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Access Industries Holdings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Natural_resources_sector"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Natural resources sector</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Petrochemicals_and_oil"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Petrochemicals and oil</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Claim_against_JP_Morgan_Chase"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Claim against JP Morgan Chase</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Entertainment"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Entertainment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#DAZN"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">DAZN</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Telecommunications"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Telecommunications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Board_membership"><span class="tocnumber">2.8</span> <span class="toctext">Board membership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Sanctions_during_Russo-Ukraine_War"><span class="tocnumber">2.9</span> <span class="toctext">Sanctions during Russo-Ukraine War</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Philanthropy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Philanthropy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Political_donations"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Political donations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Wealth"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wealth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Honours"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Honours</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes_and_references"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes and references</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>

</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Blavatnik was born in 1957 in <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, then in the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jewish</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-HaaretzMaariv_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaaretzMaariv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik’s parents moved to <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, a Russian city north of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, when Blavatnik was a child.<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik attended <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University_of_Railway_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow State University of Railway Engineering">Moscow State University of Railway Engineering</a> but did not complete his coursework due to the family's request for emigration visas. At <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University_of_Railway_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow State University of Railway Engineering">Moscow State University of Railway Engineering</a>, Blavatnik became close friends with <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a>, another Ukrainian Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vekselberg would later go on to found <a href="/wiki/Renova_Group" title="Renova Group">Renova Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>His family emigrated from the Soviet Union to the United States of America in 1978, and he received a master's degree in computer science from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fu_Foundation_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> in 1981<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a> from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-HaaretzMaariv_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaaretzMaariv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-protess_20110505_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protess_20110505-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_Industries_Holdings">Access Industries Holdings</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 1986, Blavatnik founded the holding company, Access Industries Holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New York-based business<sup id="cite_ref-FTWarnerShares_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTWarnerShares-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> controls 21% of <a href="/wiki/LyondellBasell" title="LyondellBasell">LyondellBasell</a>, the world's largest producer of polypropylene.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergProfileBillionaire_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergProfileBillionaire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Access Industries Holdings, Blavatnik owns most of Warner Music Group and has stakes in several publicly traded assets.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergProfileBillionaire_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergProfileBillionaire-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources_sector">Natural resources sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Blavatnik bought up former state assets in Russia that were privatized by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik began his business career by accumulating shares in aluminum smelters in the period of privatisation that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union. He did this via his holding company, Access Industries.<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been described as a victor in Russia's "aluminum wars".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik made his wealth through the acquisition of these commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>One of his investments, Sual, later became part of <a href="/wiki/United_Company_Rusal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Company Rusal">United Company Rusal</a>, the world's largest aluminium producer.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTLyondellChemical_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTLyondellChemical-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik was a board member of Rusal from 2007 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
The company also invested in regional electricity generating stations, which they used to supply power to their energy-intensive aluminium businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergRussiasNewWealth_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergRussiasNewWealth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2002 interview, Blavatnik told Bloomberg he was even considering creating his own railways.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergRussiasNewWealth_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergRussiasNewWealth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and a friend from university, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a>, formed the Renova investment vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yenikeyeff_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yenikeyeff-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik and Vekselberg initially obtained a stake in the Irkutsk Aluminum Plant. They accumulated smelters and plants until their company Sual had become the second-largest aluminum firm in Russia. In 1996, they obtained a coal mine in Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1997, Blavatnik Access Industries united with Viktor Vekselberg's Renova Corp and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fridman" title="Mikhail Fridman">Mikhail Fridman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Group" title="Alfa Group">Alfa Group</a>, to form a company AAR (Alfa, Access, Renova).<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik’s key role within the group was to act as a connection to western businesses such as <a href="/wiki/British_Petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="British Petroleum">British Petroleum</a>. Fridman, who was highly politically connected, had been a member of Boris Yeltsin’s inner circle in the mid 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTRockyRoad_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTRockyRoad-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The first order of business for AAR was to buy 40 per cent of a struggling oil producer Tyumen Oil (TNK) for $800 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TNK was one of few remaining state-owned oil companies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyumen Oil was auctioned off with criteria that exactly matched AAR. AAR far outbid its competitors but did not end up buying it for the agreed sum. AAR reportedly paid just a quarter of the sum.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TNK then went on an acquisition spree, alighting on the oil company Sidanco, which was part-owned by the U.K. oil giant, British Petroleum.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTCourtOrder_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTCourtOrder-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, TNK acquired Sidanco's best assets via bankruptcy proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTCourtOrder_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTCourtOrder-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>BP later sued TNK in the New York courts, claiming that the Sidanco assets were acquired illegally. The 1999 lawsuit was resolved in 2003 when British Petroleum acquired TNK, for $8 billion, forming TNK-BP, one of the largest oil companies in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal, labelled in the press as "Russia's deal of the decade" gave BP unprecedented access to vital Russian oil and gas.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergKremlin_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergKremlin-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time that a foreign company was in control of a major producer in Russia's energy heartland.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTRockyRoad_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTRockyRoad-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal also made Len Blavatnik, Mikhail Fridman, German Khan and Viktor Vekselberg, who controlled half of TNK-BP, billions of dollars. 
<sup id="cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Fridman told the press: "Any business should be sold if you're offered the right price. If you don't, the market will punish you. Or God. Or maybe they are the same thing."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTRockyRoad_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTRockyRoad-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the purchase, Blavatnik, a U.S. citizen, was living in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTBPVISA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTBPVISA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013, the Russian oil company Rosneft paid AAR $28 billion in cash for its 50% stake in TNK-BP. Their original investment was $8 billion of assets. Up to this point, AAR had taken $19 billion in dividends from the joint venture.<sup id="cite_ref-FTTNKROSNEFT_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTTNKROSNEFT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sale represented the liquidation of the majority of Blavatnik's Russian assets.<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardMedBloomberg_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardMedBloomberg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 1999, Blavatnik sought to obtain the competing oil company Chernogorneft, which was being auctioned off. Blavatnik's TNK company obtained Chernogorneft at $180 million, even though the company had produced $1.2 billion worth of oil the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
In 2022, Blavatnik sold his stake in Russian aluminum producer United Co. Rusal International PJSC, divesting his last major asset in that country, according to Bloomberg News.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petrochemicals_and_oil">Petrochemicals and oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In August 2005, <a href="/wiki/Access_Industries" title="Access Industries">Access Industries</a> bought petrochemicals and plastics manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Basell_Polyolefins" title="Basell Polyolefins">Basell Polyolefins</a> from <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> for $5.7 billion. On December 20, 2007, Basell completed its acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/Lyondell_Chemical_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyondell Chemical Company">Lyondell Chemical Company</a> for an enterprise value of approximately $19 billion. The resulting company, <a href="/wiki/LyondellBasell" title="LyondellBasell">LyondellBasell</a> Industries then became the world's eighth largest chemical company based on net sales.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 6, 2009, the U.S. operations of LyondellBasell Industries filed for bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On April 30, 2010, LyondellBasell emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in a significantly improved financial position. As part of its exit financing, LyondellBasell raised $3.25 billion of first priority debt as well as $2.8 billion through the rights offering jointly underwritten by Access Industries, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Management">Apollo Management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ares_Management" title="Ares Management">Ares Management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LyondellBasell stock has increased 103% in value since April 2010. Access currently owns approximately 21% of LyondellBasell.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claim_against_JP_Morgan_Chase">Claim against JP Morgan Chase</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 2010, Blavatnik sued <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> after losing $100 million by allegedly following Morgan's advice three years earlier to buy mortgage securities with AAA <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating" title="Credit rating">credit ratings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the New York State Supreme Court ordered JPMorgan Chase to pay Blavatnik $50 million in damages.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Braithwaite_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braithwaite-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>At the time, Blavatnik told <i>The New York Times</i>: "The small guy can't get anywhere with suits like this. I am a wealthy man. I will spend whatever it takes."<sup id="cite_ref-protess_20110505_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protess_20110505-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In early 2010, Access Industries was reported as one of a handful of bidders for <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 6, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> announced its sale to Access for US$3.3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkerson_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkerson-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 20, 2011, an Access affiliate acquired Warner Music Group for $3.3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though WMG was the World's third largest record company<sup id="cite_ref-Dealbook2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dealbook2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considered a "trophy asset", it was also laden down with debt<sup id="cite_ref-debtsinkswarner_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debtsinkswarner-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and struggling to find an answer to online music piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharesale_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharesale-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2020, Warner Music announced it would proceed with an initial public offering that valued the company at $13.3 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange in June 2020. At which point, Blavatnik sold $1.9 billion of shares.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharesale_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharesale-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2012, Access Industries made €100 million investment in <a href="/wiki/Deezer" title="Deezer">Deezer</a>, the music streaming service.<sup id="cite_ref-FTDeezer_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTDeezer-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2014, Access acquired Perform Group for £702 million. Its rivals included Germany's Sportsman Media Group and IMG of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-name_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-name-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, Blavatnik launched Access Entertainment, which bought James Packer's stake in <a href="/wiki/RatPac_Entertainment" title="RatPac Entertainment">RatPac Entertainment</a> and a 24.9% stake in Bad Wolf in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017, Blatvatnik was named as possible purchaser of the publisher Time Inc. Blavatnik prepared the bid with Edgar "Ed" Bronfman Jr, the former chief executive of Warner Music.<sup id="cite_ref-FTTimeInc1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTTimeInc1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2017, Bronfman and Blavatnik walked away from the deal, citing valuation issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FTTimeInc2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTTimeInc2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2018, it was reported that Blavatnik was a front runner in the bidding to purchase Britain's third oldest theatre, the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket" title="Theatre Royal Haymarket">Theatre Royal Haymarket</a>. Sources reported that the bid was around £40 million.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik’s Access Entertainment finalized its purchase of the Theatre Royal Haymarket in June 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik also owns AI Film, the independent film and production company that backed <a href="/wiki/Lee_Daniels" title="Lee Daniels">Lee Daniels</a>’ film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler">The Butler</a></i> and the summer 2015 release <i>Mr. Holmes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an early investor in Rocket Internet and Beats Music, helped finance fashion designer Tory Burch, and, in 2013, paid $115 million for wireless spectrum in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik has been the owner of <a href="/wiki/DAZN_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="DAZN Group">DAZN Group</a> since 2014, when Access Industries increased its stake in the company from 42.5% to 77%.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DAZN">DAZN</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p><a href="/wiki/DAZN" title="DAZN">DAZN</a> (pronounced "da zone") has been described as the "Netflix of sports". The company is part of Perform Group, a U.K. based sports media company owned by Len Blavatnik's Access Industries.<sup id="cite_ref-DAZNRECAP_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAZNRECAP-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>DAZN specialise in buying rights to broadcast sports including football, boxing and Formula 1 motor racing, outside of their domestic markets. The sports streaming service is available in Japan, Germany and Canada. 
<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergDAZNrecap_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergDAZNrecap-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2018, DAZN signed an eight year, $1 billion deal with Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Boxing to stream fights on a new U.S. subscription service.<sup id="cite_ref-DAZNAlvaraz_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAZNAlvaraz-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2018, DAZN paid €600 million for domestic screening rights for Italian Serie A football matches in a three-year deal.<sup id="cite_ref-FTDAZNSERIEA_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTDAZNSERIEA-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was believed to involve 2.5 billion euros ($3 billion) of payments over its three-season lifespan
<sup id="cite_ref-NETFLIXOFSPORTS_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NETFLIXOFSPORTS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2018, DAZN signed the largest commercial deal in history with a single athlete when they paid Mexican boxer Saul "Canelo" Alvarez $365 million for the rights to screen 11 fights.<sup id="cite_ref-DAZNAlvaraz_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAZNAlvaraz-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>DAZN's last set of published results, for the year to 2019, showed a loss of more than $1.3 billion for continuing and discontinued operations.<sup id="cite_ref-BloombergDAZNrecap_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BloombergDAZNrecap-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company, which is dependent on subscriptions, saw revenue take a hit when the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> brought an abrupt halt to live sports.<sup id="cite_ref-NETFLIXOFSPORTS_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NETFLIXOFSPORTS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after the outbreak of the pandemic, DAZN was forced to tell European football leagues that it would not pay for games that had been put on hold.<sup id="cite_ref-OUTBREAK_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUTBREAK-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Executive Officer Simon Denyer explained: "With revenues dropping and investment not available, we can only survive by making some hard decisions."<sup id="cite_ref-OUTBREAK_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OUTBREAK-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In late 2020, DAZN unveiled a slate of original documentary programming featuring global sporting icons such as Ronaldo and British boxer Anthony Joshua.<sup id="cite_ref-NETFLIXOFSPORTS_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NETFLIXOFSPORTS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2022, Blavatnik agreed a $4.3 billion recapitalisation of DAZN. The <i>Financial Times</i> reported that this would enable the company to target new revenue streams in betting.<sup id="cite_ref-FTRecapDAZN1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTRecapDAZN1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Access Industries purchased the mobile phone technology company <a href="/wiki/Acision" title="Acision">Acision</a> from the IT Group Logica for £265 million in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-TimesFloat_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimesFloat-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, Access Industries owned 60% of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_Group&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ice Group (page does not exist)">Ice Group</a>, Norway's third largest telecoms company.<sup id="cite_ref-FTNorway_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTNorway-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_membership">Board membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Blavatnik is a member of the Global Advisory Board of the Centre for International Business and Management at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, a member of the board of Dean's Advisors at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>, a member of the Harvard Medical School Board of Fellows,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a member of the academic board at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanctions_during_Russo-Ukraine_War">Sanctions during Russo-Ukraine War</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In the wake of sanctions targeting Russian oligarchs during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, media attention debated Blavatnik's status as a Russian oligarch, and his corresponding connection to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>. Some outlets have suggested Blavatnik reputation laundered his money through philanthropic projects to avoid scrutiny, and that he maintains close connections to <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a>, an oligarch sanctioned by the US.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik denies connections to Putin,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has attempted to avoid the label of oligarch.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2023, Ukraine's President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> imposed personal sanctions against Blavatnik.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists,_February_2018_(4568).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists%2C_February_2018_%284568%29.jpg/250px-Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists%2C_February_2018_%284568%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists%2C_February_2018_%284568%29.jpg/250px-Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists%2C_February_2018_%284568%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists%2C_February_2018_%284568%29.jpg/375px-Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists%2C_February_2018_%284568%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists%2C_February_2018_%284568%29.jpg/500px-Reuven_Rivlin_hosting_young_scientists_who_have_been_awarded_the_Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists%2C_February_2018_%284568%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption>Blavatnik and Israeli President <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin" title="Reuven Rivlin">Reuven Rivlin</a> with young scientists who have been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists" title="Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists">Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists</a>, February 2018</figcaption></figure>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blavatnik_School_of_Government_(24501872420).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Blavatnik_School_of_Government_%2824501872420%29.jpg/250px-Blavatnik_School_of_Government_%2824501872420%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2643"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Blavatnik_School_of_Government_%2824501872420%29.jpg/250px-Blavatnik_School_of_Government_%2824501872420%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Blavatnik_School_of_Government_%2824501872420%29.jpg/375px-Blavatnik_School_of_Government_%2824501872420%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Blavatnik_School_of_Government_%2824501872420%29.jpg/500px-Blavatnik_School_of_Government_%2824501872420%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blavatnik_School_of_Government" title="Blavatnik School of Government">Blavatnik School of Government</a>, Oxford</figcaption></figure>
<p>Blavatnik, the Blavatnik Family Foundation and Access companies have supported many cultural and philanthropic institutions over the past 15 years, including serving as the primary benefactors for numerous major art and cultural exhibitions, including the British Museum, Tate Modern (which named a new wing the "Blavatnik Building" in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Royal Opera House, National Portrait Gallery, the Courtauld, and Museum of Modern Art. Since 2007, the Blavatnik Family Foundation together with the New York Academy of Sciences has supported the <a href="/wiki/Blavatnik_Awards_for_Young_Scientists" title="Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists">Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists</a>. The annual award recognizes the accomplishments of outstanding young scientists in the U.S., the U.K., and Israel in the areas of life sciences, physical sciences and engineering and provides all finalists with a significant cash prize.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, <i>The Times</i> newspaper described Blavatnik as "Britain's arts philanthropist-in-chief".<sup id="cite_ref-CourtauldTimes_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CourtauldTimes-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics characterize his donations as influence-buying and whitewashing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2023, Blavatnik halted donations to Harvard after controversial testimony by Harvard president <a href="/wiki/Claudine_Gay" title="Claudine Gay">Claudine Gay</a> before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik sponsors a <a href="/wiki/Colel_Chabad" title="Colel Chabad">Colel Chabad</a> 20,000-square-foot (1,900&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup>) food bank and warehouse in <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi" title="Kiryat Malakhi">Kiryat Malakhi</a>, Israel, which sends monthly food shipments to 5,000 poor families in 25 Israeli cities, and before Jewish holidays to 30,000 families in 73 Israeli cities, towns and villages.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik is also a financial supporter of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he funded the Blavatnik Fund for Innovation at Yale, which supports early-stage biotechnology companies, as well as the Blavatnik Fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2010, it was announced that Blavatnik and the Blavatnik Family Foundation would donate £75 million to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> to establish a new school of government.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gift is one of the largest philanthropic gifts in the university's 900-year history. Blavatnik also indicated the possibility of increasing his benefaction up to £100 million over time.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Blavatnik_School_of_Government" title="Blavatnik School of Government">Blavatnik School of Government</a> began accepting students in September 2012, and the new permanent home of the school was constructed on the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Observatory_Quarter" title="Radcliffe Observatory Quarter">Radcliffe Observatory Quarter</a>. The building, which was finished in summer 2015, was designed by the Swiss architects <a href="/wiki/Herzog_%26_de_Meuron" title="Herzog &amp; de Meuron">Herzog &amp; de Meuron</a>. The first dean of the school is professor <a href="/wiki/Ngaire_Woods" title="Ngaire Woods">Ngaire Woods</a>. At the time of the donation, Lord Patten, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, described it as "a once-in-a-century opportunity for Oxford."<sup id="cite_ref-PattenBBC_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PattenBBC-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2011, Blavatnik donated more than £50 million to the Tate Modern gallery in London – the largest donation in the gallery's history. In 2017, the gallery named their new £266 million extension building the Blavatnik Building.<sup id="cite_ref-FTTateModern_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTTateModern-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> announced a $50 million donation from Blavatnik's foundation to sponsor the establishment of the Blavatnik Biomedical Accelerator<sup id="cite_ref-FTHarvardDella_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTHarvardDella-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encourage life sciences entrepreneurship at the university<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and named the first five HBS graduates to receive the Blavatnik Fellowship in Life Science Entrepreneurship.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Blavatnik also announced three $250,000 national prizes, in conjunction with the New York Academy of Sciences, for young scientists restricted to scientists under the age of 42.<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardLifeScriences_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardLifeScriences-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Blavatnik told the media: "The Nobel's about $1 million, I thought $250,000 was big enough to make it really interesting but not big enough to be scary. There are a lot of rewards for established scientists, but I don't think young scientists get enough encouragement and support in a systematic way."<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardLifeScriences_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardLifeScriences-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2014, Blavatnik became a trustee of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTCarnegieGift_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTCarnegieGift-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the Blavatnik family foundation made a $25 million gift to Carnegie Hall. In response, Carnegie Hall renamed its first level of boxes "The Blavatnik Family First Tier". The boxes will carry the Blavatnik name until 2066.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTCarnegieGift_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTCarnegieGift-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, Blavatnik funded a new hall at the Victoria and Albert Museum redevelopment.<sup id="cite_ref-FTTateModern_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTTateModern-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, Blavatnik supported the $1.2 billion regeneration of rundown section of Miami's South Beach area into a centre for arts and culture. Blavatnik loaned the project an artwork by Damien Hirst titled "Gone But Not Forgotten". The work comprises a vitrine containing the gold-plated 10,000-year-old skeleton of a mammoth.<sup id="cite_ref-FTSouthBeach_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTSouthBeach-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> announced a $200 million donation from Blavatnik's foundation to sponsor research, investments in data science, and the creation of subsidized lab space for biotech startups.<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardMedBloomberg_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardMedBloomberg-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2018, Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Columbia_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science">School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> announced a gift from Blavatnik's foundation to fund engineering innovations in health.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(American_educator)" title="Samuel Johnson (American educator)">Samuel Johnson</a> Medal from the school.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In June 2020, on the day of the Warner initial public offering, Access announced a $100 million fund to support "charitable causes related to the music industry, social justice and campaigns against violence and racism", supported by the Blavatnik family foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharesale_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharesale-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2020, Blavatnik made a donation of £10 million towards the renovation of the Courtauld Institute of Art.<sup id="cite_ref-CourtauldTimes_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CourtauldTimes-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2021, Blavatnik donated half of the £15 million required to prevent the sale and dispersal of the Honresfield Library on the open market. The collection, originally created by Lancashire Industrialists William and Alfred Law, includes Brontë family manuscripts, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> letters, handwritten poems by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewels_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewels-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2022, Blavatnik made a multi-million pound contribution to the Imperial War Museum in London. The money will be used to establish the Blavatnik Art, Film and Photography Galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-Wartings_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wartings-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2023, Bloomberg reported that Blavatnik's Foundation will halt its funding at Harvard University until the university directly addresses what they see as rampant antisemitism at the school.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There is currently a scam circulating on the Internet that Blavatnik is giving away hundreds of thousands of dollars to private citizens.
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</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Political_donations">Political donations</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 2011, Blavatnik donated to both President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and his GOP rival, former Massachusetts governor <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik, who is closely associated with Russian oligarchs such as <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Deripaska" title="Oleg Deripaska">Oleg Deripaska</a>, is one of the largest donors to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">US Republican Party</a>, and in 2015–2016 donated a total of $7.35 million to six Republican political candidates, including South Carolina Senator <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a>, Florida Senator <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> and Arizona Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dallas_news_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallas_news-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2016, Blavatnik donated over $1 million to an anti-Donald Trump GOP group.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also donated $1 million to the committee for the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration of Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dallas_news_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallas_news-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2017, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Bo_Rothstein" title="Bo Rothstein">Bo Rothstein</a> resigned from the Blavatnik School of Government out of opposition to Blavatnik's politics.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik and his American wife, Emily, also donated to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> candidates <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017, after two senior Trump administration officials went on record as being lobbyists for Blavatnik's Access Industries,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blavatnik was mentioned in investigations led by Special Counsel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a> into Russian donations to the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since April 2016, Blavatnik contributed $383,000 to the Republican National Committee and $1 million to Trump's inauguration fund; he also made a donation to Trump's legal fund.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he did not give directly to the Trump campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2015 and 2017, Blavatnik contributed $3.5 million to Republican Senate Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a>'s super PAC.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik donated $5,200 to the <a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign">Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign</a> and $5,600 to the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik was involved in a long-standing <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a> group chat that existed from October 2023 through early May 2024 with some of the United States' most powerful business leaders with the stated goals of "chang[ing] the narrative" in favor of Israel and "help[ing] win the war" on U.S. public opinion following <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel"> Hamas's October 7th attack on Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chat_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chat-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the group chat discussed how they received private briefings by, and worked closely with, members of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_system_of_government" title="Israeli system of government"> Israeli government</a>, including former Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benny_Gantz" title="Benny Gantz">Benny Gantz</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_cabinet" title="Israeli war cabinet">Israeli war cabinet</a>; and Israel’s ambassador to the United States, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Herzog_(ambassador)" title="Michael Herzog (ambassador)"> Michael Herzog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chat_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chat-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Members of the 2023-2024 WhatsApp group chat, including Blavatnik, also held a video call in April 2024 with <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City"> New York City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a> in an effort to, according to reporting by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, "pressure Columbia’s president and trustees to permit the mayor to send police to the campus" to shut down <a href="/wiki/2024_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses" title="2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses"> criticism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)"> Israel's offensive military operations in Gaza</a>, which many campus protesters, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, civil servants, and governments around the world <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_2023_Israeli_attack_on_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of genocide in the 2023 Israeli attack on Gaza"> have alleged to be genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chat_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chat-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the video call, group members discussed making political donations to Adams.<sup id="cite_ref-chat_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chat-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A spokesperson for Blavatnik said he contributed $2,100 to Adams's reelection campaign in April 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-chat_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chat-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Blavatnik is married to Emily Appelson Blavatnik.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple have four children.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>He owns a <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade II listed building</a> on "the most expensive street in the world", <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace_Gardens" title="Kensington Palace Gardens">Kensington Palace Gardens</a> (number 15), which is valued at £200 million. He acquired the property in 2004. Other residents on the street include Israeli and Russian ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also has a residence in Manhattan valued at more than $250 million.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik is a friend of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> and has donated to a private legal defense fund for <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik is also a longtime friend and business partner of Ukrainian-born Russian oligarch <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vekselberg" title="Viktor Vekselberg">Viktor Vekselberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Yenikeyeff_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yenikeyeff-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of Russia's richest men, who is close to Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, and several other Russia-associated oligarchs who are under <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">international sanctions</a> for support of totalitarian regimes and criminal activities.<sup id="cite_ref-dallas_news_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallas_news-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blavatnik holds British and American citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth">Wealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List_2015" title="Sunday Times Rich List 2015">Sunday Times Rich List 2015</a></i>, Blavatnik was listed as the UK's richest person,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a fortune of £16.9 billion. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> ranks Blavatnik as the 59th richest in the world as of November 2019. As of 2019, Blavatnik was ranked 27th in the <i>Forbes</i> 400 list.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2021, he once again topped the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List_2021" title="Sunday Times Rich List 2021"><i>Sunday Times</i> Rich List</a>, having seen his wealth increase by £7.2 billion in the year to a total of £23 billion. In doing so, he replaced <a href="/wiki/James_Dyson" title="James Dyson">Sir James Dyson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>In 2013, Blavatnik was made chevalier of the French <a href="/wiki/Legion_d%27Honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion d'Honneur">Legion d'Honneur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Birthday_Honours" title="2017 Birthday Honours">2017 Birthday Honours</a> for services to philanthropy.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace_Gardens" title="Kensington Palace Gardens">Kensington Palace Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_Rich_List_2017" title="Sunday Times Rich List 2017">Sunday Times Rich List 2017</a></li></ul>
</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
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<dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Леонід Валентинович Блаватнік</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>:&nbsp;</small><span title="Ukrainian-language romanization"><i lang="uk-Latn">Leonid Valentynovych Blavatnik</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Леонид Валентинович Блаватник</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:&nbsp;</small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Leonid Valentinovich Blavatnik</i></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<dl><dt>References</dt></dl>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-forbes.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forbes.com_1-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/len-blavatnik/?list=billionaires">"#22 Len Blavatnik"</a>. <i>forbes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=forbes.com&amp;rft.atitle=%2322+Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Flen-blavatnik%2F%3Flist%3Dbillionaires&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/len-blavatnik/">"Len Blavatnik"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Flen-blavatnik%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-06-03/len-blavatnik-net-worth-quiet-billionaire-separates-fortune-from-russian-money">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Most Clever Oligarch' Severed His $37 Billion Fortune From Russian Roots"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. June 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&amp;rft.atitle=%27Most+Clever+Oligarch%27+Severed+His+%2437+Billion+Fortune+From+Russian+Roots&amp;rft.date=2022-06-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2022-06-03%2Flen-blavatnik-net-worth-quiet-billionaire-separates-fortune-from-russian-money&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/queens-birthday-honours-ukrainian-born-museum-donor-leonard-blavatnik-is-made-a-knight">"Queen's birthday honours: Ukrainian-born museum donor Leonard Blavatnik is made a knight"</a>. June 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Queen%27s+birthday+honours%3A+Ukrainian-born+museum+donor+Leonard+Blavatnik+is+made+a+knight&amp;rft.date=2017-06-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Fnews%2Fqueens-birthday-honours-ukrainian-born-museum-donor-leonard-blavatnik-is-made-a-knight&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/10/council-on-foreign-relations-leonard-blavatnik-russia/">"A Soviet-born billionaire is buying influence at US institutions. Anti-corruption activists are worried"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&amp;rft.atitle=A+Soviet-born+billionaire+is+buying+influence+at+US+institutions.+Anti-corruption+activists+are+worried.&amp;rft.aulast=Friedman&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F10%2Fcouncil-on-foreign-relations-leonard-blavatnik-russia%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BloombergProfileBillionaire-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergProfileBillionaire_7-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergProfileBillionaire_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergProfileBillionaire_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReporting2022" class="citation news cs1">Reporting, Bloomberg (April 2, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/leonard-blavatnik/">"Len Blavatnik"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft.date=2022-04-02&amp;rft.aulast=Reporting&amp;rft.aufirst=Bloomberg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fbillionaires%2Fprofiles%2Fleonard-blavatnik%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HaaretzMaariv-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaaretzMaariv_8-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaaretzMaariv_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/russian-born-u-s-billionaire-offers-to-buy-ma-ariv-1.249288">"Russian-born U.S. billionaire offers to buy Ma'ariv"</a>, haaretz.com; accessed February 23, 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=187418">"The world's 50 Richest Jews: 11-20: Len Blavatnik"</a>, jpost.com, September 7, 2010.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelsey2022" class="citation web cs1">Velsey, Kim (March 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.curbed.com/2022/03/russian-oligarch-real-estate-nyc-tour.html">"Secret Staircases and Gold Everything: A Tour of Russian-Billionaire New York"</a>. <i>Curbed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Curbed&amp;rft.atitle=Secret+Staircases+and+Gold+Everything%3A+A+Tour+of+Russian-Billionaire+New+York&amp;rft.date=2022-03-03&amp;rft.aulast=Velsey&amp;rft.aufirst=Kim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.curbed.com%2F2022%2F03%2Frussian-oligarch-real-estate-nyc-tour.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTPROFILE1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTPROFILE1_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoy" class="citation news cs1">Foy, Henry. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/c1889f48-871a-11e9-a028-86cea8523dc2">"From Russian oil to rock'n'roll: the rise of Len Blavatnik"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/gK9Kw">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=From+Russian+oil+to+rock%27n%27roll%3A+the+rise+of+Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft.aulast=Foy&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fc1889f48-871a-11e9-a028-86cea8523dc2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/10/philanthropist-len-blavatnik-returns-to-harvard-medical-school/">"Len Blavatnik visits Medical School, discusses philanthropy, science"</a>. <i>The Harvard Gazette</i>. October 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik+visits+Medical+School%2C+discusses+philanthropy%2C+science&amp;rft.date=2019-10-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2019%2F10%2Fphilanthropist-len-blavatnik-returns-to-harvard-medical-school%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineering.columbia.edu/blavatnik-fund">"The Blavatnik Fund for Engineering Innovations in Health"</a>. <i>Columbia Engineering</i>. January 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Columbia+Engineering&amp;rft.atitle=The+Blavatnik+Fund+for+Engineering+Innovations+in+Health&amp;rft.date=2019-01-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineering.columbia.edu%2Fblavatnik-fund&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-protess_20110505-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-protess_20110505_14-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-protess_20110505_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProtess2011" class="citation news cs1">Protess, Ben (May 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001101858/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/warner-music-suitors-record-of-deal-making/?nl=business&amp;emc=dlbkpma1">"Warner Music Suitor's Record of Deal-Making"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from the original on October 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Warner+Music+Suitor%27s+Record+of+Deal-Making&amp;rft.date=2011-05-05&amp;rft.aulast=Protess&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F05%2Fwarner-music-suitors-record-of-deal-making%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>:  CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTWarnerShares-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTWarnerShares_15-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnicolaou2020" class="citation news cs1">nicolaou, anna (June 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e1979389-6c35-4403-b1e9-6edd097e7372">"Warner Music lands $1.9bn share sale for owner Len Blavatnik"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Warner+Music+lands+%241.9bn+share+sale+for+owner+Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft.date=2020-06-03&amp;rft.aulast=nicolaou&amp;rft.aufirst=anna&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe1979389-6c35-4403-b1e9-6edd097e7372&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvide2011" class="citation news cs1">Ovide, Shira (May 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DLB-33193">"World's Newest Music Mogul: Who is Len Blavatnik?"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=World%27s+Newest+Music+Mogul%3A+Who+is+Len+Blavatnik%3F&amp;rft.date=2011-05-06&amp;rft.issn=0099-9660&amp;rft.aulast=Ovide&amp;rft.aufirst=Shira&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-DLB-33193&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlowe2018" class="citation news cs1">Marlowe, Ann (December 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/05/opinion/harvard-russian-oligarch-whitewash.html">"Opinion | Is Harvard Whitewashing a Russian Oligarch's Fortune?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+Is+Harvard+Whitewashing+a+Russian+Oligarch%27s+Fortune%3F&amp;rft.date=2018-12-05&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Marlowe&amp;rft.aufirst=Ann&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F12%2F05%2Fopinion%2Fharvard-russian-oligarch-whitewash.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/01/20/the-billionaires-playlist">"The Billionaire's Playlist"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. January 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&amp;rft.atitle=The+Billionaire%27s+Playlist&amp;rft.date=2014-01-13&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F01%2F20%2Fthe-billionaires-playlist&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYTLyondellChemical-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTLyondellChemical_19-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerced2007" class="citation news cs1">Merced, Michael (July 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/18/business/worldbusiness/18chemical.html">"Access Industries to Buy Lyondell Chemical"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Access+Industries+to+Buy+Lyondell+Chemical&amp;rft.date=2007-07-18&amp;rft.aulast=Merced&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F18chemical.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BloombergRussiasNewWealth-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergRussiasNewWealth_20-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergRussiasNewWealth_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarobin2002" class="citation news cs1">Starobin, Paul (August 5, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2002-08-04/russias-new-wealth">"Russia's New Wealth"</a>. <i>Businessweek</i>. Moscow<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Businessweek&amp;rft.atitle=Russia%27s+New+Wealth&amp;rft.date=2002-08-05&amp;rft.aulast=Starobin&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2002-08-04%2Frussias-new-wealth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Yenikeyeff-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yenikeyeff_21-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yenikeyeff_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yenikeyeff, Shamil, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/BP-Russian-billionaires-and-the-Kremlin.pdf">"BP, Russian billionaires, and the Kremlin: a Power Triangle that never was"</a>, <i>Oxford Energy Comment</i>, November 23, 2011; retrieved March 3, 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYTRockyRoad-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTRockyRoad_22-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTRockyRoad_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTRockyRoad_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernise2003" class="citation news cs1">Tavernise, Sabrina (February 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/19/business/a-rocky-road-led-to-big-russian-oil-deal.html">"A Rocky Road Led to Big Russian Oil Deal"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=A+Rocky+Road+Led+to+Big+Russian+Oil+Deal&amp;rft.date=2003-02-19&amp;rft.aulast=Tavernise&amp;rft.aufirst=Sabrina&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F02%2F19%2Fbusiness%2Fa-rocky-road-led-to-big-russian-oil-deal.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYTCourtOrder-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTCourtOrder_23-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTCourtOrder_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannerjee1999" class="citation news cs1">Bannerjee, Neela (November 24, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/24/business/international-business-foreign-investors-win-court-order-in-russian-oil-case.html">"INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS; Foreign Investors Win Court Order in Russian Oil Case"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=INTERNATIONAL+BUSINESS%3B+Foreign+Investors+Win+Court+Order+in+Russian+Oil+Case&amp;rft.date=1999-11-24&amp;rft.aulast=Bannerjee&amp;rft.aufirst=Neela&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F11%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Finternational-business-foreign-investors-win-court-order-in-russian-oil-case.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BloombergKremlin-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BloombergKremlin_24-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2007" class="citation news cs1">Bush, Jason (April 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-04-19/the-kremlins-big-squeezebusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice">"The Kremlin's Big Squeeze"</a>. <i>Businessweek</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Businessweek&amp;rft.atitle=The+Kremlin%27s+Big+Squeeze&amp;rft.date=2007-04-19&amp;rft.aulast=Bush&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2007-04-19%2Fthe-kremlins-big-squeezebusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYTBPVISA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTBPVISA_25-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2005" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew (July 25, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/business/worldbusiness/25venture.html">"Denied Visa, Chief of BP Joint Venture Is Forced to Leave Russia"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Denied+Visa%2C+Chief+of+BP+Joint+Venture+Is+Forced+to+Leave+Russia&amp;rft.date=2005-07-25&amp;rft.aulast=Kramer&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F25venture.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTTNKROSNEFT-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTTNKROSNEFT_26-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2012" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Courtney (December 12, 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/4d2423fc-4464-11e2-952a-00144feabdc0">"Rosneft makes agreement with AAR"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. Moscow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/9QM75">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Rosneft+makes+agreement+with+AAR&amp;rft.date=2012-12-12&amp;rft.aulast=Weaver&amp;rft.aufirst=Courtney&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F4d2423fc-4464-11e2-952a-00144feabdc0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HarvardMedBloomberg-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardMedBloomberg_27-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardMedBloomberg_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonJohn_LauermanMichael_McDonald2018" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Amanda L; John Lauerman; Michael McDonald (November 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-08/harvard-med-gets-record-gift-from-blavatnik-to-speed-research">"Harvard Med Gets Record Gift From Blavatnik to Speed Research"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&amp;rft.atitle=Harvard+Med+Gets+Record+Gift+From+Blavatnik+to+Speed+Research&amp;rft.date=2018-11-08&amp;rft.aulast=Gordon&amp;rft.aufirst=Amanda+L&amp;rft.au=John+Lauerman&amp;rft.au=Michael+McDonald&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2018-11-08%2Fharvard-med-gets-record-gift-from-blavatnik-to-speed-research&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-18/billionaire-blavatnik-said-to-unload-last-major-russia-asset-with-rusal-sale">"Billionaire Len Blavatnik Unloads Last Major Russia Asset With Rusal Sale"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. May 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&amp;rft.atitle=Billionaire+Len+Blavatnik+Unloads+Last+Major+Russia+Asset+With+Rusal+Sale&amp;rft.date=2023-05-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-05-18%2Fbillionaire-blavatnik-said-to-unload-last-major-russia-asset-with-rusal-sale&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i30/CENs-Global-Top-50-Chemical.html">"C&amp;EN's Global Top 50 Chemical Firms For 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_%26_Engineering_News" title="Chemical &amp; Engineering News">Chemical &amp; Engineering News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=C%26EN%27s+Global+Top+50+Chemical+Firms+For+2014&amp;rft.pub=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Farticles%2F92%2Fi30%2FCENs-Global-Top-50-Chemical.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224050200/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/business/02chemical.html?_r=1&amp;sq=blavatnik&amp;st=cse&amp;scp=1&amp;pagewanted=all">"LyondellBasell May Seek Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>. January 1, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/business/02chemical.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=LyondellBasell+May+Seek+Chapter+11+Bankruptcy+Protection&amp;rft.date=2009-01-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F01%2F02%2Fbusiness%2F02chemical.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN3018504120100430">LyondellBasell profile</a>; accessed February 23, 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/access-industries-buys-warner-music-group-for-3-3bn/">"Access Industries buys Warner Music Group for $3.3bn – Music Business Worldwide"</a>. <i>Music Business Worldwide</i>. May 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Music+Business+Worldwide&amp;rft.atitle=Access+Industries+buys+Warner+Music+Group+for+%243.3bn+%E2%80%93+Music+Business+Worldwide&amp;rft.date=2011-05-06&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicbusinessworldwide.com%2Faccess-industries-buys-warner-music-group-for-3-3bn%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Dealbook2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dealbook2_39-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerced2011" class="citation news cs1">Merced, Michael (May 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/05/06/warner-music-to-sell-itself-to-access-for-3-3-billion/">"Warner Music Is Sold, Ending a Long Auction"</a>. <i>Dealbook New York Times</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Dealbook+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Warner+Music+Is+Sold%2C+Ending+a+Long+Auction&amp;rft.date=2011-05-06&amp;rft.aulast=Merced&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdealbook.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F06%2Fwarner-music-to-sell-itself-to-access-for-3-3-billion%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-debtsinkswarner-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-debtsinkswarner_40-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisario2012" class="citation news cs1">Sisario, Ben (February 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/debt-sinks-warner-earnings-despite-hits-from-buble-and-black-keys/">"Debt Sinks Warner Earnings, Despite Hits From Bublé and Black Keys"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Debt+Sinks+Warner+Earnings%2C+Despite+Hits+From+Bubl%C3%A9+and+Black+Keys&amp;rft.date=2012-02-09&amp;rft.aulast=Sisario&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F02%2F09%2Fdebt-sinks-warner-earnings-despite-hits-from-buble-and-black-keys%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sharesale-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharesale_41-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharesale_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharesale_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolaou2020" class="citation news cs1">Nicolaou, Anna (June 3, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/e1979389-6c35-4403-b1e9-6edd097e7372">"Warner Music lands $1.9bn share sale for owner Len Blavatnik"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Warner+Music+lands+%241.9bn+share+sale+for+owner+Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft.date=2020-06-03&amp;rft.aulast=Nicolaou&amp;rft.aufirst=Anna&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fe1979389-6c35-4403-b1e9-6edd097e7372&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sisario-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sisario_42-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisario2020" class="citation news cs1">Sisario, Ben (May 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/business/media/warner-music-ipo.html">"Warner Music Launches Its I.P.O."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Warner+Music+Launches+Its+I.P.O.&amp;rft.date=2020-05-26&amp;rft.aulast=Sisario&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fwarner-music-ipo.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTDeezer-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTDeezer_43-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2015" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Adam (September 22, 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/bda497c0-60ee-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2">"Deezer takes fight to Spotify with Paris IPO"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/LOdbN">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Deezer+takes+fight+to+Spotify+with+Paris+IPO&amp;rft.date=2015-09-22&amp;rft.aulast=Thomson&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fbda497c0-60ee-11e5-9846-de406ccb37f2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-name-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-name_44-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookson2014" class="citation news cs1">Cookson, Robert (September 1, 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/01ca78ac-31b1-11e4-b377-00144feabdc0">"Perform Group surges on offer from Access Industries"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/HL5Ec">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Perform+Group+surges+on+offer+from+Access+Industries&amp;rft.date=2014-09-01&amp;rft.aulast=Cookson&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F01ca78ac-31b1-11e4-b377-00144feabdc0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarraclough2017" class="citation news cs1">Barraclough, Leo (March 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2017/tv/global/len-blavatnik-danny-cohen-access-bad-wolf-1202016848/">"Len Blavatnik, Danny Cohen's Access Entertainment Backs Bad Wolf (EXCLUSIVE)"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Variety&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik%2C+Danny+Cohen%27s+Access+Entertainment+Backs+Bad+Wolf+%28EXCLUSIVE%29&amp;rft.date=2017-03-27&amp;rft.aulast=Barraclough&amp;rft.aufirst=Leo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2017%2Ftv%2Fglobal%2Flen-blavatnik-danny-cohen-access-bad-wolf-1202016848%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsen2017" class="citation news cs1">Thomsen, Simon (April 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422062629/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/james-packer-has-sold-his-stake-in-hollywood-film-company-ratpac-entertainment-2017-4">"James Packer has sold his stake in Hollywood film company RatPac Entertainment"</a>. <i>Business Insider Australia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com.au/james-packer-has-sold-his-stake-in-hollywood-film-company-ratpac-entertainment-2017-4">the original</a> on April 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Insider+Australia&amp;rft.atitle=James+Packer+has+sold+his+stake+in+Hollywood+film+company+RatPac+Entertainment&amp;rft.date=2017-04-20&amp;rft.aulast=Thomsen&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com.au%2Fjames-packer-has-sold-his-stake-in-hollywood-film-company-ratpac-entertainment-2017-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTTimeInc1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTTimeInc1_47-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2017" class="citation news cs1">Bond, Shannon (February 17, 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/be251c14-cd1e-34b8-85be-3ff4c81be987">"Five suitors in the running for purchase of Time Inc"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/rxTso">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Five+suitors+in+the+running+for+purchase+of+Time+Inc&amp;rft.date=2017-02-17&amp;rft.aulast=Bond&amp;rft.aufirst=Shannon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fbe251c14-cd1e-34b8-85be-3ff4c81be987&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTTimeInc2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTTimeInc2_48-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2017" class="citation news cs1">Bond, Shannon (March 9, 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/9dc45ea0-046b-11e7-ace0-1ce02ef0def9">"Bronfman-backed group walks away from Time Inc"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/l3x8Z">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Bronfman-backed+group+walks+away+from+Time+Inc&amp;rft.date=2017-03-09&amp;rft.aulast=Bond&amp;rft.aufirst=Shannon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F9dc45ea0-046b-11e7-ace0-1ce02ef0def9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/billionaire-blavatnik-leads-race-to-buy-prized-west-end-theatre-11348588">"Billionaire Blavatnik leads race to buy prized West End theatre"</a>. <i>Sky News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sky+News&amp;rft.atitle=Billionaire+Blavatnik+leads+race+to+buy+prized+West+End+theatre&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Fbillionaire-blavatnik-leads-race-to-buy-prized-west-end-theatre-11348588&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2018" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Mark (June 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/jun/19/sir-leonard-blavatnik-buys-one-of-londons-oldest-theatres">"Sir Leonard Blavatnik buys one of London's oldest theatres"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Sir+Leonard+Blavatnik+buys+one+of+London%27s+oldest+theatres&amp;rft.date=2018-06-19&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2018%2Fjun%2F19%2Fsir-leonard-blavatnik-buys-one-of-londons-oldest-theatres&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershberg" class="citation web cs1">Hershberg, Marc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/marchershberg/2018/06/19/len-blavatnik-takes-over-west-end-theater-in-record-breaking-deal/?sh=510062771761">"Billionaire Takes Over West End Theater In Record-Breaking Deal"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Billionaire+Takes+Over+West+End+Theater+In+Record-Breaking+Deal&amp;rft.aulast=Hershberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Marc&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmarchershberg%2F2018%2F06%2F19%2Flen-blavatnik-takes-over-west-end-theater-in-record-breaking-deal%2F%3Fsh%3D510062771761&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.in/meet-len-blavatnik-the-richest-man-in-britain/Blavatnik-owns-AI-Film-the-independent-film-and-production-company-thats-behind-acclaimed-film-Lee-Daniels-The-Butler-and-the-summer-2015-release-Mr-Holmes-/slideshow/47790832.cms?from=mdr">"Blavatnik owns AI Film, the independent film and production company that's behind acclaimed film Lee Daniels' The Butler and the summer 2015 release Mr. Holmes"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=Blavatnik+owns+AI+Film%2C+the+independent+film+and+production+company+that%27s+behind+acclaimed+film+Lee+Daniels%27+The+Butler+and+the+summer+2015+release+Mr.+Holmes.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.in%2Fmeet-len-blavatnik-the-richest-man-in-britain%2FBlavatnik-owns-AI-Film-the-independent-film-and-production-company-thats-behind-acclaimed-film-Lee-Daniels-The-Butler-and-the-summer-2015-release-Mr-Holmes-%2Fslideshow%2F47790832.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/len-blavatnik/">"Len Blavatnik"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Flen-blavatnik%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbcnews.co.uk/technology/2014/11/13/perform-group-to-de-list-as-access-industries-takes-over/">"Perform Group to de-list as Access Industries takes over"</a>. <i>SBC News</i>. November 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=SBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Perform+Group+to+de-list+as+Access+Industries+takes+over&amp;rft.date=2014-11-13&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbcnews.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2F11%2F13%2Fperform-group-to-de-list-as-access-industries-takes-over%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DAZNRECAP-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAZNRECAP_55-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgini2022" class="citation news cs1">Agini, Samuel (February 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6cc8db53-d326-4ec0-b05a-d91358bf2212">"Len Blavatnik agrees $4.3bn recapitalisation of DAZN"</a>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik+agrees+%244.3bn+recapitalisation+of+DAZN&amp;rft.date=2022-02-18&amp;rft.aulast=Agini&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6cc8db53-d326-4ec0-b05a-d91358bf2212&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BloombergDAZNrecap-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergDAZNrecap_56-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BloombergDAZNrecap_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellier2022" class="citation news cs1">Hellier, David (February 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-18/billionaire-blavatnik-agrees-4-3-billion-recap-of-streamer-dazn">"Len Blavatnik Agrees $4.3 Billion DAZN Recapitalization"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik+Agrees+%244.3+Billion+DAZN+Recapitalization&amp;rft.date=2022-02-18&amp;rft.aulast=Hellier&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2022-02-18%2Fbillionaire-blavatnik-agrees-4-3-billion-recap-of-streamer-dazn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DAZNAlvaraz-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAZNAlvaraz_57-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAZNAlvaraz_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2018" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Murad (October 17, 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/38fa99fc-d206-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5">"Blavatnik-backed DAZN strike $365m deal with boxer Canelo Alvarez"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/l52n0">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Blavatnik-backed+DAZN+strike+%24365m+deal+with+boxer+Canelo+Alvarez&amp;rft.date=2018-10-17&amp;rft.aulast=Ahmed&amp;rft.aufirst=Murad&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F38fa99fc-d206-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTDAZNSERIEA-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTDAZNSERIEA_58-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2018" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Murad (June 13, 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/07d375ee-6ee5-11e8-92d3-6c13e5c92914">"DAZN to screen Italian football's top league"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/AIy27">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=DAZN+to+screen+Italian+football%27s+top+league&amp;rft.date=2018-06-13&amp;rft.aulast=Ahmed&amp;rft.aufirst=Murad&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F07d375ee-6ee5-11e8-92d3-6c13e5c92914&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NETFLIXOFSPORTS-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NETFLIXOFSPORTS_59-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NETFLIXOFSPORTS_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NETFLIXOFSPORTS_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellier2021" class="citation news cs1">Hellier, David (March 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-26/tycoon-s-netflix-of-sports-beats-sky-to-3-billion-trophy-deal">"Tycoon's 'Netflix of Sport' Beats Comcast to $3 Billion Deal"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&amp;rft.atitle=Tycoon%27s+%27Netflix+of+Sport%27+Beats+Comcast+to+%243+Billion+Deal&amp;rft.date=2021-03-21&amp;rft.aulast=Hellier&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-03-26%2Ftycoon-s-netflix-of-sports-beats-sky-to-3-billion-trophy-deal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-OUTBREAK-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OUTBREAK_60-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OUTBREAK_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovy-Williams2020" class="citation news cs1">Novy-Williams, Eben (March 31, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-31/dazn-is-said-to-tell-leagues-it-won-t-pay-for-games-on-hold">"DAZN Tells Leagues It Won't Pay for Games on Hold"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&amp;rft.atitle=DAZN+Tells+Leagues+It+Won%27t+Pay+for+Games+on+Hold&amp;rft.date=2020-03-31&amp;rft.aulast=Novy-Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Eben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-03-31%2Fdazn-is-said-to-tell-leagues-it-won-t-pay-for-games-on-hold&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTRecapDAZN1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTRecapDAZN1_61-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgini2022" class="citation news cs1">Agini, Samuel (February 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6cc8db53-d326-4ec0-b05a-d91358bf2212">"Len Blavatnik agrees $4.3bn recapitalisation of DAZN"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik+agrees+%244.3bn+recapitalisation+of+DAZN&amp;rft.date=2022-02-18&amp;rft.aulast=Agini&amp;rft.aufirst=Samuel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6cc8db53-d326-4ec0-b05a-d91358bf2212&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TimesFloat-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimesFloat_62-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshton2010" class="citation news cs1">Ashton, James (February 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/billionaire-len-blavatnik-eyes-pound400m-float-7gm39g73cn0">"Billionaire Len Blavatnik eyes £400m float"</a>. <i>TheTimes</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=TheTimes&amp;rft.atitle=Billionaire+Len+Blavatnik+eyes+%C2%A3400m+float&amp;rft.date=2010-02-21&amp;rft.aulast=Ashton&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbillionaire-len-blavatnik-eyes-pound400m-float-7gm39g73cn0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTNorway-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTNorway_63-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFildes2018" class="citation news cs1">Fildes, Nic (November 26, 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/9b4e961e-eda7-11e8-8180-9cf212677a57">"One of Europe's fastest-growing telecoms companies aims to raise £275m"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/CArlp">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=One+of+Europe%27s+fastest-growing+telecoms+companies+aims+to+raise+%C2%A3275m&amp;rft.date=2018-11-26&amp;rft.aulast=Fildes&amp;rft.aufirst=Nic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F9b4e961e-eda7-11e8-8180-9cf212677a57&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/leadership/board-fellows">"Board of Fellows | Harvard Medical School"</a>. <i>hms.harvard.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=hms.harvard.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Board+of+Fellows+%7C+Harvard+Medical+School&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhms.harvard.edu%2Fabout-hms%2Fleadership%2Fboard-fellows&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accessindustries.com/about/academic-boards-committees/">Academic Boards and Committees: Harvard University, Cambridge University, Tel Aviv University</a>"</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:7-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_66-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2022" class="citation web cs1">Chapman, Majlie de Puy Kamp,Isabelle (May 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/11/us/russian-oligarchs-philanthropy-ukraine-war-invs/index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's shameful': Russian-linked billionaires have given enormous sums to the West's leading educational and cultural institutions"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN&amp;rft.atitle=%27It%27s+shameful%27%3A+Russian-linked+billionaires+have+given+enormous+sums+to+the+West%27s+leading+educational+and+cultural+institutions&amp;rft.date=2022-05-11&amp;rft.aulast=Chapman&amp;rft.aufirst=Majlie+de+Puy+Kamp%2CIsabelle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F05%2F11%2Fus%2Frussian-oligarchs-philanthropy-ukraine-war-invs%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:9-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_67-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalbi2022" class="citation web cs1">Balbi, Danielle (June 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-06-03/the-big-take-how-billionaire-len-blavatnik-cut-russia-out-of-his-fortune">"Inside a Billionaire's Decades-Long Campaign to Sever His Fortune's Russian Roots"</a>. <i>www.bloomberg.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.bloomberg.com&amp;rft.atitle=Inside+a+Billionaire%27s+Decades-Long+Campaign+to+Sever+His+Fortune%27s+Russian+Roots&amp;rft.date=2022-06-03&amp;rft.aulast=Balbi&amp;rft.aufirst=Danielle&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Fnewsletters%2F2022-06-03%2Fthe-big-take-how-billionaire-len-blavatnik-cut-russia-out-of-his-fortune&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:8-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_68-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKashinskyMurray2022" class="citation web cs1">Kashinsky, Lisa; Murray, Stephanie (March 11, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/11/why-campaigns-arent-dumping-a-billionaire-with-russian-friends-00016499">"The megadonor with Russian allies campaigns don't talk about"</a>. <i>Politico</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Politico&amp;rft.atitle=The+megadonor+with+Russian+allies+campaigns+don%27t+talk+about&amp;rft.date=2022-03-11&amp;rft.aulast=Kashinsky&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa&amp;rft.au=Murray%2C+Stephanie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F03%2F11%2Fwhy-campaigns-arent-dumping-a-billionaire-with-russian-friends-00016499&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/8512023-49337">"УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №851/2023"</a>. <i>The Presidential Office of Ukraine</i>. December 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Presidential+Office+of+Ukraine&amp;rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%97+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%97%D0%98%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%98+%E2%84%96851%2F2023&amp;rft.date=2023-12-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.gov.ua%2Fdocuments%2F8512023-49337&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis-Petersen2017" class="citation news cs1">Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (May 4, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/may/04/tate-modern-names-extension-after-oligarch-donor-len-blavatnik">"Tate Modern names extension after billionaire Len Blavatnik"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Tate+Modern+names+extension+after+billionaire+Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft.date=2017-05-04&amp;rft.issn=0261-3077&amp;rft.aulast=Ellis-Petersen&amp;rft.aufirst=Hannah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2017%2Fmay%2F04%2Ftate-modern-names-extension-after-oligarch-donor-len-blavatnik&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyas.org/press-releases/prestigious-blavatnik-awards-for-young-scientists-in-the-uk-award-480-000-to-nine-uk-based-scientists/">"Prestigious Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists in the UK Award £480,000 (~$650,000) to Nine UK-based Scientists"</a>. The New York Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Prestigious+Blavatnik+Awards+for+Young+Scientists+in+the+UK+Award+%C2%A3480%2C000+%28~%24650%2C000%29+to+Nine+UK-based+Scientists&amp;rft.pub=The+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyas.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fprestigious-blavatnik-awards-for-young-scientists-in-the-uk-award-480-000-to-nine-uk-based-scientists%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyas.org/awards/blavatnik.aspx">Profile</a>, nyas.org; accessed February 23, 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-CourtauldTimes-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CourtauldTimes_74-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CourtauldTimes_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson2020" class="citation news cs1">Sanderson, David (December 16, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sir-leonard-blavatniks-art-of-giving-away-a-fortune-3388nfxcm">"Sir Leonard Blavatnik's art of giving away a fortune"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Sir+Leonard+Blavatnik%27s+art+of+giving+away+a+fortune&amp;rft.date=2020-12-16&amp;rft.aulast=Sanderson&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fsir-leonard-blavatniks-art-of-giving-away-a-fortune-3388nfxcm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_H._Haidar_and_Cam_E._Kettles2023" class="citation news cs1">Emma H. Haidar and Cam E. Kettles (December 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/12/22/blavatnik-halts-donations-antisemitism/">"Major Harvard Donor Len Blavatnik to Pause Donations to Harvard, Report Says"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&amp;rft.atitle=Major+Harvard+Donor+Len+Blavatnik+to+Pause+Donations+to+Harvard%2C+Report+Says&amp;rft.date=2023-12-22&amp;rft.au=Emma+H.+Haidar+and+Cam+E.+Kettles&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2023%2F12%2F22%2Fblavatnik-halts-donations-antisemitism%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colelchabad.org/Blavatnik_Food_Banks.bp">Colel Chabad profile</a>, colelchabad.org; accessed February 23, 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:6-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_77-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorayouw2022" class="citation web cs1">Porayouw, William (March 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2022/03/15/criticism-sparks-over-russia-linked-billionaire-yale-donor/">"Criticism sparks over Russia-linked billionaire Yale donor"</a>. <i>Yale Daily News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Yale+Daily+News&amp;rft.atitle=Criticism+sparks+over+Russia-linked+billionaire+Yale+donor&amp;rft.date=2022-03-15&amp;rft.aulast=Porayouw&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaledailynews.com%2Fblog%2F2022%2F03%2F15%2Fcriticism-sparks-over-russia-linked-billionaire-yale-donor%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2010/100617.html">Blavatnik donation of £75 million to Oxford University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722094440/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2010/100617.html">Archived</a> July 22, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ox.ac.uk; accessed February 23, 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2010" class="citation web cs1">Garner, Richard (September 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/oxford-expands-with-billionaires-16375m-gift-2083859.html">"Oxford expands with billionaire's £75m gift"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.atitle=Oxford+expands+with+billionaire%27s+%C2%A375m+gift&amp;rft.date=2010-09-20&amp;rft.aulast=Garner&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Foxford-expands-with-billionaires-16375m-gift-2083859.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PattenBBC-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PattenBBC_80-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Staff2010" class="citation news cs1">BBC Staff (September 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-11370396">"School of Government launched at Oxford University"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC&amp;rft.atitle=School+of+Government+launched+at+Oxford+University&amp;rft.date=2010-09-20&amp;rft.au=BBC+Staff&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-oxfordshire-11370396&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTTateModern-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTTateModern_81-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTTateModern_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickford2017" class="citation news cs1">Pickford, James (May 4, 2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/7eca48d6-30ec-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a">"Tate Modern names extension to mark donor's record £50m gift"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dEwFn">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Tate+Modern+names+extension+to+mark+donor%27s+record+%C2%A350m+gift&amp;rft.date=2017-05-04&amp;rft.aulast=Pickford&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F7eca48d6-30ec-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTHarvardDella-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTHarvardDella_82-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2013" class="citation news cs1">Bradshaw, Della (May 3, 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/b9b08a60-b3d1-11e2-ace9-00144feabdc0">"Harvard University receives $50m from MBA alumnus Len Blavatnik"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/WSDJq">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Harvard+University+receives+%2450m+from+MBA+alumnus+Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft.date=2013-05-03&amp;rft.aulast=Bradshaw&amp;rft.aufirst=Della&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fb9b08a60-b3d1-11e2-ace9-00144feabdc0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/4/29/capital-campaign-donation-innovation">$50 million donation to Harvard from Blavatnik</a>, thecrimson.com; accessed February 23, 2015.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbs.edu/news/releases/Pages/blavatnik-fellows-2013.aspx">"Harvard Business School Names First Blavatnik Fellows in Life Science Entrepreneurship – News – Harvard Business School"</a>. <i>www.hbs.edu</i>. September 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.hbs.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Harvard+Business+School+Names+First+Blavatnik+Fellows+in+Life+Science+Entrepreneurship+%E2%80%93+News+%E2%80%93+Harvard+Business+School&amp;rft.date=2013-09-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbs.edu%2Fnews%2Freleases%2FPages%2Fblavatnik-fellows-2013.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HarvardLifeScriences-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardLifeScriences_85-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardLifeScriences_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2013" class="citation news cs1">Lewin, Tamar (June 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/02/education/blavatnik-and-science-academy-to-give-3-new-prizes.html">"Billionaire and Science Academy Create Annual Prizes"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Billionaire+and+Science+Academy+Create+Annual+Prizes&amp;rft.date=2013-06-01&amp;rft.aulast=Lewin&amp;rft.aufirst=Tamar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2F02%2Feducation%2Fblavatnik-and-science-academy-to-give-3-new-prizes.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYTCarnegieGift-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTCarnegieGift_86-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTCarnegieGift_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2016" class="citation news cs1">Cooper, Michael (June 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/23/arts/music/with-big-gift-carnegie-to-name-tier-of-boxes-for-blavatnik-family.html">"With Big Gift, Carnegie to Name Tier of Boxes for Blavatnik Family"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=With+Big+Gift%2C+Carnegie+to+Name+Tier+of+Boxes+for+Blavatnik+Family&amp;rft.date=2016-06-22&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F06%2F23%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fwith-big-gift-carnegie-to-name-tier-of-boxes-for-blavatnik-family.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FTSouthBeach-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTSouthBeach_87-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrathall2016" class="citation news cs1">Wrathall, Claire (November 25, 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/720c967e-afe8-11e6-9c37-5787335499a0">"In Miami Beach, a once run-down district gets a bold new start"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/2FP7W">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&amp;rft.atitle=In+Miami+Beach%2C+a+once+run-down+district+gets+a+bold+new+start&amp;rft.date=2016-11-25&amp;rft.aulast=Wrathall&amp;rft.aufirst=Claire&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F720c967e-afe8-11e6-9c37-5787335499a0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHvala2017" class="citation web cs1">Hvala, Joanne (May 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.engineering.columbia.edu/spring2017/blavatnik-samuel-johnson-medal">"Think Big, Take Risks, and Choose Your Partners Wisely"</a>. <i>Columbia Engineering Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Columbia+Engineering+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Think+Big%2C+Take+Risks%2C+and+Choose+Your+Partners+Wisely&amp;rft.date=2017-05-16&amp;rft.aulast=Hvala&amp;rft.aufirst=Joanne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.engineering.columbia.edu%2Fspring2017%2Fblavatnik-samuel-johnson-medal&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-jewels-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewels_89-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson2021" class="citation news cs1">Sanderson, David (December 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britains-richest-man-saves-literary-crown-jewels-gdsjb6s0x">"Britain's richest man saves 'literary crown jewels'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Britain%27s+richest+man+saves+%27literary+crown+jewels%27&amp;rft.date=2021-12-16&amp;rft.aulast=Sanderson&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbritains-richest-man-saves-literary-crown-jewels-gdsjb6s0x&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Wartings-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wartings_90-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson2022" class="citation news cs1">Sanderson, David (February 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/britains-richest-man-sir-leonard-blavatnik-endows-photography-gallery-at-the-imperial-war-museum-q66gmzhbr">"Britain's richest man Sir Leonard Blavatnik endows photography gallery at the Imperial War Museum"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Britain%27s+richest+man+Sir+Leonard+Blavatnik+endows+photography+gallery+at+the+Imperial+War+Museum&amp;rft.date=2022-02-08&amp;rft.aulast=Sanderson&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbritains-richest-man-sir-leonard-blavatnik-endows-photography-gallery-at-the-imperial-war-museum-q66gmzhbr&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-21/harvard-s-financial-strain-grows-as-blavatnik-joins-donor-revolt?srnd=premium&amp;sref=MTy2GeXk">"Harvard Financial Pain Grows as Blavatnik Joins Donor Revolt"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. December 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&amp;rft.atitle=Harvard+Financial+Pain+Grows+as+Blavatnik+Joins+Donor+Revolt&amp;rft.date=2023-12-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-12-21%2Fharvard-s-financial-strain-grows-as-blavatnik-joins-donor-revolt%3Fsrnd%3Dpremium%26sref%3DMTy2GeXk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:5-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/investigators-follow-flow-money-trump-wealthy-donors-russian/story?id=50100024">Special counsel probing flow of Russian-American money to Trump political funds</a>". ABC News. September 26, 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-dallas_news-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dallas_news_93-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dallas_news_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dallas_news_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2017" class="citation web cs1">May, Ruth (August 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2017/08/03/tangled-web-connects-russian-oligarch-money-gop-campaigns">"GOP campaigns took $7.35 million from oligarch linked to Russia"</a>. <i>Dallas News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dallas+News&amp;rft.atitle=GOP+campaigns+took+%247.35+million+from+oligarch+linked+to+Russia&amp;rft.date=2017-08-03&amp;rft.aulast=May&amp;rft.aufirst=Ruth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2F2017%2F08%2F03%2Ftangled-web-connects-russian-oligarch-money-gop-campaigns&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2018" class="citation news cs1">May, Ruth (May 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2018/05/08/how-putin-s-oligarchs-funneled-millions-into-gop-campaigns/">"How Putin's oligarchs funneled millions into GOP campaigns: Campaign finance reports show troubling connections between a group of wealthy donors with ties to Russia and their political contributions to Trump and top Republican leaders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas News">Dallas News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Dallas+News&amp;rft.atitle=How+Putin%27s+oligarchs+funneled+millions+into+GOP+campaigns%3A+Campaign+finance+reports+show+troubling+connections+between+a+group+of+wealthy+donors+with+ties+to+Russia+and+their+political+contributions+to+Trump+and+top+Republican+leaders&amp;rft.date=2018-05-08&amp;rft.aulast=May&amp;rft.aufirst=Ruth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2F2018%2F05%2F08%2Fhow-putin-s-oligarchs-funneled-millions-into-gop-campaigns%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2018" class="citation news cs1">May, Ruth (May 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dallasnews.com/opinion/commentary/2018/05/18/the-simple-explanation-of-the-messy-russian-investigation-is-one-man-s-ego/">"The simple explanation of the messy Russian investigation is one man's ego: Vladimir Putin is an egotistical leader who has money, power, and a deep desire to protect his wealth by projecting his power"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas News">Dallas News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Dallas+News&amp;rft.atitle=The+simple+explanation+of+the+messy+Russian+investigation+is+one+man%27s+ego%3A+Vladimir+Putin+is+an+egotistical+leader+who+has+money%2C+power%2C+and+a+deep+desire+to+protect+his+wealth+by+projecting+his+power.&amp;rft.date=2018-05-18&amp;rft.aulast=May&amp;rft.aufirst=Ruth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2F2018%2F05%2F18%2Fthe-simple-explanation-of-the-messy-russian-investigation-is-one-man-s-ego%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngham2016" class="citation web cs1">Ingham, Tim (March 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/warner-owner-len-blavatnik-pumps-1m-into-anti-donald-trump-group/">"Warner owner Len Blavatnik pumps $1m into anti-Donald Trump group"</a>. <i>Music Business Worldwide</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Music+Business+Worldwide&amp;rft.atitle=Warner+owner+Len+Blavatnik+pumps+%241m+into+anti-Donald+Trump+group&amp;rft.date=2016-03-22&amp;rft.aulast=Ingham&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicbusinessworldwide.com%2Fwarner-owner-len-blavatnik-pumps-1m-into-anti-donald-trump-group%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2017" class="citation news cs1">Weaver, Matthew (August 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/aug/28/oxford-university-professor-bo-rothstein-resigns-donald-trump-protest">"Oxford University professor resigns in Donald Trump protest"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.atitle=Oxford+University+professor+resigns+in+Donald+Trump+protest&amp;rft.date=2017-08-28&amp;rft.aulast=Weaver&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2017%2Faug%2F28%2Foxford-university-professor-bo-rothstein-resigns-donald-trump-protest&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoffe2016" class="citation web cs1">Ioffe, Julia (July 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/07/democratic-national-convention-2016-russiasn-214123">"The Russians at the DNC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Politico&amp;rft.atitle=The+Russians+at+the+DNC&amp;rft.date=2016-07-29&amp;rft.aulast=Ioffe&amp;rft.aufirst=Julia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F07%2Fdemocratic-national-convention-2016-russiasn-214123&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters" class="citation news cs1">Walters, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.vice.com/en_ca/article/d35kgw/two-top-trump-officials-are-ex-lobbyists-for-a-billionaire-with-deep-ties-to-russian-oligarchs">"Exclusive: Two top Trump officials are ex-lobbyists for a billionaire with deep ties to Russian oligarchs"</a>. <i>VICE News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=VICE+News&amp;rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Two+top+Trump+officials+are+ex-lobbyists+for+a+billionaire+with+deep+ties+to+Russian+oligarchs&amp;rft.aulast=Walters&amp;rft.aufirst=Greg&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.vice.com%2Fen_ca%2Farticle%2Fd35kgw%2Ftwo-top-trump-officials-are-ex-lobbyists-for-a-billionaire-with-deep-ties-to-russian-oligarchs&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevintova2018" class="citation news cs1">Levintova, Hannah (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/04/special-counsel-robert-mueller-is-asking-russian-oligarchs-if-they-gave-money-to-trump/">"Special counsel Robert Mueller is asking Russian oligarchs if they gave money to Trump"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&amp;rft.atitle=Special+counsel+Robert+Mueller+is+asking+Russian+oligarchs+if+they+gave+money+to+Trump&amp;rft.date=2018-04&amp;rft.aulast=Levintova&amp;rft.aufirst=Hannah&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2F04%2Fspecial-counsel-robert-mueller-is-asking-russian-oligarchs-if-they-gave-money-to-trump%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Ross_and_Matthew_Mosk2018" class="citation web cs1">Brian Ross and Matthew Mosk (February 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/investigators-follow-flow-money-trump-wealthy-donors-russian/story?id=50100024">"Special counsel probing flow of Russian-American money to Trump political funds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Special+counsel+probing+flow+of+Russian-American+money+to+Trump+political+funds&amp;rft.date=2018-02-20&amp;rft.au=Brian+Ross+and+Matthew+Mosk&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Finvestigators-follow-flow-money-trump-wealthy-donors-russian%2Fstory%3Fid%3D50100024&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareene2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Pareene, Alex (March 21, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/153275/mitch-mcconnell-profile-nihilist-chief">"Nihilist In Chief"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583">0028-6583</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&amp;rft.atitle=Nihilist+In+Chief&amp;rft.date=2019-03-21&amp;rft.issn=0028-6583&amp;rft.aulast=Pareene&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F153275%2Fmitch-mcconnell-profile-nihilist-chief&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPALMA2020" class="citation web cs1">PALMA, BETHANIA (February 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/buttigieg-campaign-donation/">"Did a 'Russian-Linked Oligarch' Fund Pete Buttigieg's Presidential Campaign?"</a>. <i>snopes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=snopes.com&amp;rft.atitle=Did+a+%27Russian-Linked+Oligarch%27+Fund+Pete+Buttigieg%27s+Presidential+Campaign%3F&amp;rft.date=2020-02-12&amp;rft.aulast=PALMA&amp;rft.aufirst=BETHANIA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fbuttigieg-campaign-donation%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-chat-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chat_104-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chat_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chat_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chat_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chat_104-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatansonFelton2024" class="citation news cs1">Natanson, Hannah; Felton, Emmanuel (May 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2024/05/16/business-leaders-chat-group-eric-adams-columbia-protesters/">"Business titans privately urged NYC mayor to use police on Columbia protesters, chats show"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Business+titans+privately+urged+NYC+mayor+to+use+police+on+Columbia+protesters%2C+chats+show&amp;rft.date=2024-05-16&amp;rft.aulast=Natanson&amp;rft.aufirst=Hannah&amp;rft.au=Felton%2C+Emmanuel&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnation%2F2024%2F05%2F16%2Fbusiness-leaders-chat-group-eric-adams-columbia-protesters%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/filipino-housekeeper-claims-leonard-blavatnik-won-hire-ethnicity-article-1.980530">"Filipino housekeeper claims Leonard Blavatnik won't hire her because of her ethnicity – Virginia Lim files discrimination suit in U.S."</a>, nydailynews.com, November 21, 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColacello2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Colacello, Bob (January 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2018/01/le-bal-des-debutantes-paris">"Inside Paris's 25th Annual le Bal des Débutantes"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&amp;rft.atitle=Inside+Paris%27s+25th+Annual+le+Bal+des+D%C3%A9butantes&amp;rft.date=2018-01-09&amp;rft.aulast=Colacello&amp;rft.aufirst=Bob&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fstyle%2F2018%2F01%2Fle-bal-des-debutantes-paris&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journaldesfemmes.fr/people/evenements/2418380-bal-debutantes-2018-photos/2418430-elizabeth-starling-louis-julia-mccaw-et-laila-blavatnik">"Elizabeth Starling Louis, Julia McCaw et Laila Blavatnik"</a>. <i>www.journaldesfemmes.fr</i> (in French). November 27, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.journaldesfemmes.fr&amp;rft.atitle=Elizabeth+Starling+Louis%2C+Julia+McCaw+et+Laila+Blavatnik&amp;rft.date=2018-11-27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journaldesfemmes.fr%2Fpeople%2Fevenements%2F2418380-bal-debutantes-2018-photos%2F2418430-elizabeth-starling-louis-julia-mccaw-et-laila-blavatnik&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clementine, Katherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/news/west-london-news/rich-list-2015-kensington-property-9157406">" Rich List 2015: Kensington property owner Len Blavatnik top with £13.17 BILLION fortune "</a>, <i>Get West London</i>, May 1, 2015. Accessed May 28, 2015</span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPendleton2019" class="citation news cs1">Pendleton, Devon (April 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-04-26/the-meteoric-rise-of-billionaire-len-blavatnik">"The Meteoric Rise of Billionaire Len Blavatnik"</a>. Bloomberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Meteoric+Rise+of+Billionaire+Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft.date=2019-04-26&amp;rft.aulast=Pendleton&amp;rft.aufirst=Devon&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2019-04-26%2Fthe-meteoric-rise-of-billionaire-len-blavatnik&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/kremlin-linked-billionaire-netanyahu-friend-donated-to-trump-s-legal-fund-1.5453274">Kremlin-linked Billionaire, Netanyahu Friend Donated to Trump's Private Legal Fund</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. September 25, 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32464402">"Music boss Blavatnik named as Britain's richest man"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. April 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Music+boss+Blavatnik+named+as+Britain%27s+richest+man&amp;rft.date=2015-04-26&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-32464402&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/len-blavatnik/">"Len Blavatnik"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Len+Blavatnik&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Flen-blavatnik%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BBC_News-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_113-0" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57199171">"Leonard Blavatnik named UK's richest person with £23bn fortune"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. May 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Leonard+Blavatnik+named+UK%27s+richest+person+with+%C2%A323bn+fortune&amp;rft.date=2021-05-21&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-57199171&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/blavatnik-internship-program">"Blavatnik Internship Program"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&amp;rft.atitle=Blavatnik+Internship+Program&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fblavatnik-internship-program&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette61962" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61962/supplement/B2">"No. 61962"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). June 17, 2017. p.&nbsp;B2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&amp;rft.atitle=No.+61962&amp;rft.pages=B2&amp;rft.date=2017-06-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F61962%2Fsupplement%2FB2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALen+Blavatnik" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection">
<a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Len_Blavatnik&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet ">
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</div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8">
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/len-blavatnik/?sh=5c71ad5256f3">Len Blavatnik</a> - <i>Forbes</i> profile</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyondellbasell.com">LyondellBasell Corporate Website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyas.org/blavatnikawards">The New York Academy of Sciences' Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists</a></li></ul>
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	    <h4>Languages</h4>
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	        <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul>
	        <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="ليونارد بلافاتنيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليونارد بلافاتنيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Blavatnik" title="Len Blavatnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Len Blavatnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="لئونارد بلاواتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئونارد بلاواتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Blavatnik" title="Leonard Blavatnik – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leonard Blavatnik" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%8C_%EB%B8%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%88%ED%81%AC" title="렌 블라바트니크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="렌 블라바트니크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Blavatnik" title="Len Blavatnik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Len Blavatnik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Blavatnik" title="Len Blavatnik – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Len Blavatnik" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="לן בלווטניק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לן בלווטניק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="ليونارد بلافاتنيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليونارد بلافاتنيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Blavatnik" title="Leonard Blavatnik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leonard Blavatnik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA" title="လီယိုနာ့ဒ် ဘလာဗတ်နစ်ခ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လီယိုနာ့ဒ် ဘလာဗတ်နစ်ခ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="レオナルド・ブラバトニック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオナルド・ブラバトニック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Blavatnik" title="Leonard Blavatnik – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leonard Blavatnik" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Blavatnik" title="Len Blavatnik – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Len Blavatnik" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Блаватник, Леонид Валентинович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блаватник, Леонид Валентинович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="لێن بلاڤاتنیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لێن بلاڤاتنیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Blavatnik" title="Leonard Blavatnik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leonard Blavatnik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Леонард Блаватнік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леонард Блаватнік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="莱恩·布拉瓦特尼克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莱恩·布拉瓦特尼克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul>
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