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14px; font-family: inherit; line-height: 24px; padding: 8px 27px; font-weight: 500; margin: 0 8px 0 0; border-radius: 2px; white-space: nowrap; cursor: pointer; text-align: center; text-transform: none; min-height: 0; overflow-wrap: break-word;}.cky-btn:hover{opacity: 0.8;}.cky-btn-customize{color: #1863dc; background: transparent; border: 2px solid #1863dc;}.cky-btn-reject{color: #1863dc; background: transparent; border: 2px solid #1863dc;}.cky-btn-accept{background: #1863dc; color: #ffffff; border: 2px solid #1863dc;}.cky-btn:last-child{margin-right: 0;}@media (max-width: 768px){.cky-notice-group{display: block;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper{margin-left: 0;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn{flex: auto; max-width: 100%; margin-top: 10px; white-space: unset;}}@media (max-width: 576px){.cky-notice-btn-wrapper{flex-direction: column;}.cky-custom-brand-logo-wrapper, .cky-notice .cky-title, .cky-notice-des, .cky-notice-btn-wrapper{padding: 0 28px;}.cky-consent-container .cky-consent-bar{padding: 16.5px 0;}.cky-notice-des{max-height: 40vh; overflow-y: scroll;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn{width: 100%; padding: 8px; margin-right: 0;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-accept{order: 1;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-reject{order: 3;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-customize{order: 2;}}@media (max-width: 425px){.cky-custom-brand-logo-wrapper, .cky-notice .cky-title, .cky-notice-des, .cky-notice-btn-wrapper{padding: 0 24px;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper{flex-direction: column;}.cky-btn{width: 100%; margin: 10px 0 0 0;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-customize{order: 2;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-reject{order: 3;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-accept{order: 1; margin-top: 16px;}}@media (max-width: 352px){.cky-notice .cky-title{font-size: 16px;}.cky-notice-des *{font-size: 12px;}.cky-notice-des, .cky-btn{font-size: 12px;}}.cky-modal.cky-modal-open{display: flex; visibility: visible; -webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); -moz-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); -ms-transform: 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0 16px 0;}.cky-accordion-chevron{margin-right: 22px; position: relative; cursor: pointer;}.cky-accordion-chevron-hide{display: none;}.cky-accordion .cky-accordion-chevron i::before{content: ""; position: absolute; border-right: 1.4px solid; border-bottom: 1.4px solid; border-color: inherit; height: 6px; width: 6px; -webkit-transform: rotate(-45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-45deg); -ms-transform: rotate(-45deg); -o-transform: rotate(-45deg); transform: rotate(-45deg); transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; top: 8px;}.cky-accordion.cky-accordion-active .cky-accordion-chevron i::before{-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -moz-transform: rotate(45deg); -ms-transform: rotate(45deg); -o-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg);}.cky-audit-table{background: #f4f4f4; border-radius: 6px;}.cky-audit-table .cky-empty-cookies-text{color: inherit; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0; padding: 10px; word-break: break-word;}.cky-audit-table .cky-cookie-des-table{font-size: 12px; 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16px);}}@media (max-width: 576px){.cky-modal{max-width: 100%;}.cky-preference-center{max-height: 100vh;}.cky-prefrence-btn-wrapper{flex-direction: column;}.cky-accordion.cky-accordion-active .cky-accordion-body{padding-right: 0;}.cky-prefrence-btn-wrapper .cky-btn{width: 100%; margin: 10px 0 0 0;}.cky-prefrence-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-reject{order: 3;}.cky-prefrence-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-accept{order: 1; margin-top: 0;}.cky-prefrence-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-preferences{order: 2;}}@media (max-width: 425px){.cky-accordion-chevron{margin-right: 15px;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper{margin-top: 0;}.cky-accordion.cky-accordion-active .cky-accordion-body{padding: 0 15px;}}@media (max-width: 352px){.cky-preference-header .cky-preference-title{font-size: 16px;}.cky-preference-header{padding: 16px 24px;}.cky-preference-content-wrapper *, .cky-accordion-header-des *, .cky-dma-content-wrapper *{font-size: 12px;}.cky-preference-content-wrapper, .cky-preference-body-wrapper .cky-dma-content-wrapper, .cky-preference-content-wrapper .cky-show-more, .cky-accordion-header .cky-always-active, .cky-accordion-header-des, .cky-preference-content-wrapper .cky-show-desc-btn, .cky-notice-des a.cky-policy, .cky-dma-content-wrapper a.cky-policy{font-size: 12px;}.cky-accordion-header .cky-accordion-btn{font-size: 14px;}}.cky-switch{display: flex;}.cky-switch input[type="checkbox"]{position: relative; width: 44px; height: 24px; margin: 0; background: #d0d5d2; -webkit-appearance: none; border-radius: 50px; cursor: pointer; outline: 0; border: none; top: 0;}.cky-switch input[type="checkbox"]:checked{background: #1863dc;}.cky-switch input[type="checkbox"]:before{position: absolute; content: ""; height: 20px; width: 20px; left: 2px; bottom: 2px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: white; -webkit-transition: 0.4s; transition: 0.4s; margin: 0;}.cky-switch input[type="checkbox"]:after{display: none;}.cky-switch input[type="checkbox"]:checked:before{-webkit-transform: translateX(20px); -ms-transform: translateX(20px); transform: translateX(20px);}@media (max-width: 425px){.cky-switch input[type="checkbox"]{width: 38px; height: 21px;}.cky-switch input[type="checkbox"]:before{height: 17px; width: 17px;}.cky-switch input[type="checkbox"]:checked:before{-webkit-transform: translateX(17px); -ms-transform: translateX(17px); transform: translateX(17px);}}.cky-consent-bar .cky-banner-btn-close{position: absolute; right: 9px; top: 5px; background: none; border: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 0; margin: 0; min-height: 0; line-height: 0; height: auto; width: auto; text-shadow: none; box-shadow: none;}.cky-consent-bar .cky-banner-btn-close img{height: 9px; width: 9px; margin: 0;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-do-not-sell{font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; padding: 6px 0; margin: 0; font-weight: 500; background: none; border-radius: 2px; border: none; white-space: nowrap; cursor: pointer; text-align: left; color: #1863dc; background: transparent; border-color: transparent; box-shadow: none; text-shadow: none;}.cky-consent-bar .cky-banner-btn-close:focus-visible,.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-do-not-sell:focus-visible,.cky-opt-out-btn-wrapper .cky-btn:focus-visible,.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper input[type="checkbox"].cky-opt-out-checkbox:focus-visible{outline: 2px solid #1863dc; outline-offset: 2px;}@media (max-width: 768px){.cky-notice-btn-wrapper{margin-left: 0; margin-top: 10px; justify-content: left;}.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-do-not-sell{padding: 0;}}@media (max-width: 352px){.cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-do-not-sell, .cky-notice-des a.cky-policy{font-size: 12px;}}.cky-opt-out-wrapper{padding: 12px 0;}.cky-opt-out-wrapper .cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper{display: flex; align-items: center;}.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper .cky-opt-out-checkbox-label{font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; line-height: 24px; margin: 0 0 0 12px; cursor: pointer; word-break: break-word;}.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper input[type="checkbox"].cky-opt-out-checkbox{background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #000000; width: 20px; height: 18.5px; margin: 0; -webkit-appearance: none; position: relative; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; border-radius: 2px; cursor: pointer;}.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper input[type="checkbox"].cky-opt-out-checkbox:checked{background-color: #1863dc; border: none;}.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper input[type="checkbox"].cky-opt-out-checkbox:checked::after{left: 6px; bottom: 4px; width: 7px; height: 13px; border: solid #ffffff; border-width: 0 3px 3px 0; border-radius: 2px; -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); -ms-transform: rotate(45deg); transform: rotate(45deg); content: ""; position: absolute; box-sizing: border-box;}.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper.cky-disabled .cky-opt-out-checkbox-label,.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper.cky-disabled input[type="checkbox"].cky-opt-out-checkbox{cursor: no-drop;}.cky-gpc-wrapper{margin: 0 0 0 32px;}.cky-footer-wrapper .cky-opt-out-btn-wrapper{display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 22px 24px;}.cky-opt-out-btn-wrapper .cky-btn{flex: auto; max-width: 100%; text-shadow: none; box-shadow: none;}.cky-opt-out-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-cancel{border: 1px solid #dedfe0; background: transparent; color: #858585;}.cky-opt-out-btn-wrapper .cky-btn-confirm{background: #1863dc; color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #1863dc;}@media (max-width: 352px){.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper .cky-opt-out-checkbox-label{font-size: 14px;}.cky-gpc-wrapper .cky-gpc-desc, .cky-gpc-wrapper .cky-gpc-desc *{font-size: 12px;}.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper input[type="checkbox"].cky-opt-out-checkbox{width: 16px; height: 16px;}.cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper input[type="checkbox"].cky-opt-out-checkbox:checked::after{left: 5px; bottom: 4px; width: 3px; height: 9px;}.cky-gpc-wrapper{margin: 0 0 0 28px;}}.video-placeholder-youtube{background-size: 100% 100%; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: #b2b0b059; position: relative; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; max-width: 100%;}.video-placeholder-text-youtube{text-align: center; align-items: center; padding: 10px 16px; background-color: #000000cc; color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid; border-radius: 2px; cursor: pointer;}.video-placeholder-normal{background-image: url("https://cdn-cookieyes.com/assets/images/cky-placeholder.svg"); background-size: 80px; background-position: center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: #b2b0b059; position: relative; display: flex; align-items: flex-end; justify-content: center; max-width: 100%;}.video-placeholder-text-normal{align-items: center; padding: 10px 16px; text-align: center; border: 1px solid; border-radius: 2px; cursor: pointer;}.cky-rtl{direction: rtl; text-align: right;}.cky-rtl .cky-banner-btn-close{left: 9px; right: auto;}.cky-rtl .cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn:last-child{margin-right: 8px;}.cky-rtl .cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn:first-child{margin-right: 0;}.cky-rtl .cky-notice-btn-wrapper{margin-left: 0; margin-right: 15px;}.cky-rtl .cky-prefrence-btn-wrapper .cky-btn{margin-right: 8px;}.cky-rtl .cky-prefrence-btn-wrapper .cky-btn:first-child{margin-right: 0;}.cky-rtl .cky-accordion .cky-accordion-chevron i::before{border: none; border-left: 1.4px solid; border-top: 1.4px solid; left: 12px;}.cky-rtl .cky-accordion.cky-accordion-active .cky-accordion-chevron i::before{-webkit-transform: rotate(-135deg); -moz-transform: rotate(-135deg); -ms-transform: rotate(-135deg); -o-transform: rotate(-135deg); transform: rotate(-135deg);}@media (max-width: 768px){.cky-rtl .cky-notice-btn-wrapper{margin-right: 0;}}@media (max-width: 576px){.cky-rtl .cky-notice-btn-wrapper .cky-btn:last-child{margin-right: 0;}.cky-rtl .cky-prefrence-btn-wrapper .cky-btn{margin-right: 0;}.cky-rtl .cky-accordion.cky-accordion-active .cky-accordion-body{padding: 0 22px 0 0;}}@media (max-width: 425px){.cky-rtl .cky-accordion.cky-accordion-active .cky-accordion-body{padding: 0 15px 0 0;}}.cky-rtl .cky-opt-out-btn-wrapper .cky-btn{margin-right: 12px;}.cky-rtl .cky-opt-out-btn-wrapper .cky-btn:first-child{margin-right: 0;}.cky-rtl .cky-opt-out-checkbox-wrapper .cky-opt-out-checkbox-label{margin: 0 12px 0 0;} .cky-btn-customize {
order: 3;
}
.cky-btn-reject {
order: 2;
}
.cky-btn-accept {
order: 1;
}
.cky-btn:last-child {
margin-right: 10px;
}
@media(max-width: 576px) {
.cky-btn:last-child {
margin-right: 0;
}
}
.cky-notice .cky-title {
font-weight: 600;
}
.cky-audit-table {
background-color: #ffffff !important;
}
.cky-audit-table ul li div, .cky-audit-table ul li div p {
color: #0C1C2C
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Stripe uses a cookie to remember who you are and to enable the website to process payments without storing any credit card information on the website's own servers.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>__stripe_sid</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 hour</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>Stripe is used to enable credit card payments. 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This ensures that the Fundraise Up service works more effectively, helping to increase engagement and improve the giving experience for your visitors.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>fundraiseup_stat</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>This cookie is used to determine whether the user has given us permission to track their actions. If permission is granted, we will collect and analyze anonymous statistics about how visitors use the site. This data helps us optimize site functionality and provide a higher quality user experience.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>fundraiseup_cid</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month 4 days</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>Stores a unique user identifier that fundraiseup uses for fraud prevention, tracking, and our AI features.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wordpress_3bfbfe98d54dc8c51c7a7b4ee1b5d2b9</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>Cookie to store authentication details for the Wordpress admin area</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wordpress_sec_3bfbfe98d54dc8c51c7a7b4ee1b5d2b9</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>To provide protection against hackers, store account details.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wordpress_logged_in_3bfbfe98d54dc8c51c7a7b4ee1b5d2b9</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>Cookie which indicates a logged in user in Wordpress.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wp-settings-0</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>To store preferences of logged-in wordpress users</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wp-settings-time-0</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>To store user preferences</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>_can2_session</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>Action Network sets this cookie to maintain user sessions.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wordpress_test_cookie</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>WordPress sets this cookie to determine whether cookies are enabled on the users' browsers.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>fundraiseup_session</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>A temporary session ID used for domain-specific elements such as the reminder, message bar, and social proof elements as well as some anti-fraud features. First party cookie.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wordpressuser_3bfbfe98d54dc8c51c7a7b4ee1b5d2b9</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>Cookie for Wordpress users</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wordpresspass_3bfbfe98d54dc8c51c7a7b4ee1b5d2b9</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>WordPress login authentication cookie.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wp-postpass_3bfbfe98d54dc8c51c7a7b4ee1b5d2b9</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>past</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>Used by wordpress websites for security / login purposes</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>enforce_policy</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>PayPal sets this cookie for secure transactions.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>ts</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month 4 days</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>PayPal sets this cookie to enable secure transactions through PayPal.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>ts_c</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month 4 days</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>PayPal sets this cookie to make safe payments through PayPal.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="cky-accordion" id="ckyDetailCategoryfunctional"><div class="cky-accordion-item"><div class="cky-accordion-chevron"><i class="cky-chevron-right"></i></div><div class="cky-accordion-header-wrapper"><div class="cky-accordion-header"><button class="cky-accordion-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Functional" data-cky-tag="detail-category-title" style="color: #0C1C2C;">Functional</button><div class="cky-switch" data-cky-tag="detail-category-toggle"><input type="checkbox" id="ckySwitchfunctional" aria-label="Enable Functional" style="background-color: rgb(210, 82, 56);"></div></div><div class="cky-accordion-header-des" data-cky-tag="detail-category-description" style="color: #0C1C2C;"><p>Functional cookies help perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collecting feedback, and other third-party features.</p></div></div></div><div class="cky-accordion-body"><div class="cky-audit-table" data-cky-tag="audit-table" style="color: #d0d0d0; border-color: #474444; background-color: #2a2a2a;"><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>loglevel</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>Never Expires</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>This cookie, set by livestream, is necessary to watch videos from livestream.com.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>VISITOR_INFO1_LIVE</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>6 months</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>YouTube sets this cookie to measure bandwidth, determining whether the user gets the new or old player interface.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>yt-remote-device-id</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>Never Expires</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>YouTube sets this cookie to store the user's video preferences using embedded YouTube videos.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>yt-remote-connected-devices</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>Never Expires</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>YouTube sets this cookie to store the user's video preferences using embedded YouTube videos.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>vuid</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month 4 days</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>Vimeo installs this cookie to collect tracking information by setting a unique ID to embed videos on the website.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>wp-wpml_current_language</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>WordPress multilingual plugin sets this cookie to store the current language/language settings.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>lang</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>9 hours</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>LinkedIn sets this cookie to remember a user's language setting.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>yt-remote-session-app</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>The yt-remote-session-app cookie is used by YouTube to store user preferences and information about the interface of the embedded YouTube video player.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>yt-remote-cast-installed</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>The yt-remote-cast-installed cookie is used to store the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>yt-remote-session-name</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>The yt-remote-session-name cookie is used by YouTube to store the user's video player preferences using embedded YouTube video.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>yt-remote-fast-check-period</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>The yt-remote-fast-check-period cookie is used by YouTube to store the user's video player preferences for embedded YouTube videos.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>x-pp-s</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>PayPal sets this cookie to process payments on the site.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>tsrce</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>3 days</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>PayPal sets this cookie to enable the PayPal payment service on the website.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>nsid</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>PayPal sets this cookie to enable the PayPal payment service on the website.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="cky-accordion" id="ckyDetailCategoryanalytics"><div class="cky-accordion-item"><div class="cky-accordion-chevron"><i class="cky-chevron-right"></i></div><div class="cky-accordion-header-wrapper"><div class="cky-accordion-header"><button class="cky-accordion-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Analytics" data-cky-tag="detail-category-title" style="color: #0C1C2C;">Analytics</button><div class="cky-switch" data-cky-tag="detail-category-toggle"><input type="checkbox" id="ckySwitchanalytics" aria-label="Enable Analytics" style="background-color: rgb(210, 82, 56);"></div></div><div class="cky-accordion-header-des" data-cky-tag="detail-category-description" style="color: #0C1C2C;"><p>Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. These cookies help provide information on metrics such as the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc.</p></div></div></div><div class="cky-accordion-body"><div class="cky-audit-table" data-cky-tag="audit-table" style="color: #d0d0d0; border-color: #474444; background-color: #2a2a2a;"><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>YSC</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>session</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>YouTube sets this cookie to track the views of embedded videos on YouTube pages.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>yt.innertube::requests</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>Never Expires</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>YouTube sets this cookie to register a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>yt.innertube::nextId</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>Never Expires</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>YouTube sets this cookie to register a unique ID to store data on what videos from YouTube the user has seen.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>_ga</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month 4 days</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>Google Analytics sets this cookie to calculate visitor, session and campaign data and track site usage for the site's analytics report. The cookie stores information pseudonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>_ga_*</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month 4 days</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>Google Analytics sets this cookie to store and count page views.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>atid</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>AT Internet sets this cookie to store the visitor ID which helps in identifying the user. These cookies are used for web traffic measurement.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>atidx</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>AT Internet sets this cookie to store the visitor ID which helps in identifying the user. These cookies are used for web traffic measurement.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>idrxvr</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 year 1 month</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>This cookie is used for analyzing the traffic. The cookie collects information on the user activity and identifies the issues for improving the service.</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>browser_id</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>5 years</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>This cookie is used for identifying the visitor browser on re-visit to the website.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>VISITOR_PRIVACY_METADATA</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>6 months</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>YouTube visitor privacy metadata cookie</p></div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>Never Expires</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>The cookie ytidb::LAST_RESULT_ENTRY_KEY is used by YouTube to store the last search result entry that was clicked by the user. This information is used to improve the user experience by providing more relevant search results in the future.</div></li></ul><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>TESTCOOKIESENABLED</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 minute</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div><p>Used to track user’s interaction with embedded content.</p></div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="cky-accordion" id="ckyDetailCategoryperformance"><div class="cky-accordion-item"><div class="cky-accordion-chevron"><i class="cky-chevron-right"></i></div><div class="cky-accordion-header-wrapper"><div class="cky-accordion-header"><button class="cky-accordion-btn" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Performance" data-cky-tag="detail-category-title" style="color: #0C1C2C;">Performance</button><div class="cky-switch" data-cky-tag="detail-category-toggle"><input type="checkbox" id="ckySwitchperformance" aria-label="Enable Performance" style="background-color: rgb(210, 82, 56);"></div></div><div class="cky-accordion-header-des" data-cky-tag="detail-category-description" style="color: #0C1C2C;"><p>Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors.</p></div></div></div><div class="cky-accordion-body"><div class="cky-audit-table" data-cky-tag="audit-table" style="color: #d0d0d0; border-color: #474444; background-color: #2a2a2a;"><ul class="cky-cookie-des-table"><li><div>Cookie</div><div>l7_az</div></li><li><div>Duration</div><div>1 hour</div></li><li><div>Description</div><div>This cookie is necessary for the PayPal login function on the website.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="cky-accordion" id="ckyDetailCategoryadvertisement"><div class="cky-accordion-item"><div class="cky-accordion-chevron"><i class="cky-chevron-right"></i></div><div class="cky-accordion-header-wrapper"><div class="cky-accordion-header"><button class="cky-accordion-btn" 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https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner-750x315.jpg 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner.jpg 1500w" alt="Map showing Niger, Chad and Sudan"></div></figure></div><div class="cx-section"><div class="columns"><div class="column col-8 col-md-12"><div class="container grid-sm"><div class="cx-breadcrumb"><ul class="breadcrumb"><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/">Home</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item"><a href="/blog">Blog</a></li><li class="breadcrumb-item">Chad’s Recent Outages Highlight Resiliency Gaps</li></ul></div><h1>Chad’s Recent Outages Highlight Resiliency Gaps</h1><div class="tile"><div class="tile-icon"><figure class="avatar avatar-xl"><img src="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Kevin-Chege_1_resized-150x150-1.jpg" alt="Picture of Kevin Chege"></figure></div><div class="tile-content"><div class="tile-title cx-author-name"><a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/blog?author=8">Kevin Chege</a></div><div class="tile-subtitle cx-author-description">Resilience Insights, Internet Society</div></div><div class="tile-content"><div class=""><div class="cx-category-label">Categories: </div><div class="cx-category-value"><a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/blog?category=Resilience">Resilience</a></div></div></div></div><div><div class="cx-social-media-share-bar"><div class="icon-list"><div class="btn-icon"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet/?text=Chad%E2%80%99s%20Recent%20Outages%20Highlight%20Resiliency%20Gaps&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpulse.internetsociety.org%2Fblog%2Fchads-recent-outages-highlight-resiliency-gaps" target="twitter"><img alt="Twitter logo" src="/assets/icons/logo-twitter-gray.svg"></a></div><div class="btn-icon"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpulse.internetsociety.org%2Fblog%2Fchads-recent-outages-highlight-resiliency-gaps" target="linkedin"><img 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<p>In 2024, the central African country Chad has experienced several Internet outages (Figure 1), including an <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/shutdowns/internet-connectivity-disrupted-in-chad-amidst-unrest">intentional, ongoing shutdown that began on 28 February</a> that has cost the country more than <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/netloss">USD $1M in GDP loss</a>.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="576" src="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-1024x576.png" alt="Screenshot of a timeseries graph showing peaks and outages of Internet traffic in Chad as measured by Cloudflare since December 2023. There are 13 outages highlighted." class="wp-image-16319" srcset="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-1024x576.png 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-300x169.png 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-768x432.png 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-1536x864.png 1536w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-750x422.png 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111.png 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 1 — Internet traffic trends for Chad from December 2023. Source: <a href="https://radar.cloudflare.com/traffic/td?dateRange=12w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cloudflare</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Most of these outages presumably stem from the country’s poor Internet resilience — 24% as per the Pulse Internet Resilience Index, ranked 2nd last for all African countries (Figure 2).</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="868" src="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-1024x868.png" alt="Screenshot of the Internet Resilience Index scores for all countries in Africa. Chad is ranked 2nd last with a score of 24%." class="wp-image-16322" srcset="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-1024x868.png 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-300x254.png 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-768x651.png 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-1536x1302.png 1536w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-2048x1736.png 2048w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-750x636.png 750w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 2 — Pulse Internet Resilience Index scores for Africa. Source: <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/resilience">Pulse</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>If we drill down into its Internet Resilience profile (Figure 3), we can see several areas where Chad scores low on resiliency, particularly in Internet Infrastructure and Performance.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="430" src="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-1024x430.png" alt="Screenshot of Chad's Internet Resilience Index Profile showing 25 metric associated with Infrastructure, Performance, Security and Market Readiness." class="wp-image-16325" style="width:1200px;height:auto" srcset="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-1024x430.png 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-300x126.png 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-768x323.png 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-750x315.png 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1.png 1500w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 3 — Pulse Internet Resilience Index profile for Chad based on the four pillars that contribute to the smooth operation of the Internet: Infrastructure, Performance, Security, and Market Readiness. Source: <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/en/resilience?search=td">Pulse</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>In terms of Internet Infrastructure, there are two critical challenges the country faces that may be playing a part in the current non-intentional outages they are facing:</p>
<ul>
<li>A lack of international links – being a landlocked country, Chad relies on its neighbors to access international fiber connectivity. This is primarily via three cross-border terrestrial fiber links to <a href="https://www.ecofinagency.com/telecom/1504-43540-cameroon-chad-sudan-to-soon-be-connected-by-terrestrial-fiber-cable" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sudan</a> and <a href="https://www.businessincameroon.com/telecom/2003-3149-camtel-will-install-the-chadian-fibre-optic-network" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cameroon</a>.</li>
<li>A lack of Internet Exchange Points (<a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ixps" target="_self" title="Internet Exchange Points" class="encyclopedia">IXPs</a>) – Chad has only one <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ixp" target="_self" title="Internet Exchange Point" class="encyclopedia">IXP</a>, managed by the Agence de Développement des Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication (ADETIC). IXPs play a critical role in keeping local connectivity flowing in the event of a break to International links. While its neighbor Sudan has only one IXP, it enjoys more international resiliency with terrestrial fiber links to Ethiopia, Egypt, South Sudan, and Chad and submarine cable links via Port Sudan.</li>
</ul>
<p>A failure or disruption of either the single IXP or the three main international links would seriously impact the connectivity available in the country. Satellite could provide some redundancy; however, reports show there is limited use of low earth orbit (LEO) in Chad, with Starlink still seeking a license <a href="https://www.wearetech.africa/en/fils-uk/news/telecom/chad-telecom-regulator-condemns-unauthorized-marketing-of-starlink-services" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">from the regulator as of September 2023</a>.</p>
<p>Regarding Internet Performance, <a href="https://www.speedtest.net/awards/chad/2023/?award_type=carrier&time_period=q2-q3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data from Ookla for 2023</a> shows that the median download speed for the best-performing mobile connectivity was 15.5Mbps (ranked 127th globally) and 12.9Mbps for upload speeds. It’s worth noting that this differs considerably from <a href="https://radar.cloudflare.com/quality/td?dateRange=52w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cloudflare</a> data, which shows that in the last 12 months, the median mobile Internet download speed has been 4 Mbps.</p>
<p>Given its geographic size and the spread of its 17M population — <a href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=TD" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">24% of the population lives in urban areas</a> — improving coverage and mobile Internet performance will be critical for increasing the number of Internet users in the country (currently ~3M).</p>
<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Building on Successes</h2>
<p>While there are many challenges associated with Chad’s Internet resilience, a few successes are worth highlighting and from which the country can hopefully build upon to improve its overall resilience.</p>
<p>The most notable is the number of Internet users in Chad who benefit from increased online security thanks to the widespread usage of <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#dnssec" target="_self" title="Domain Name System Security Extensions" class="encyclopedia">DNSSEC</a>-validating <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#dns" target="_self" title="Domain Name System" class="encyclopedia">DNS</a> servers, with a <a href="https://stats.labs.apnic.net/dnssec/TD" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reported</a> 77% usage. Chad’s overall domain name system security resilience could increase significantly if the country code top-level domain (.td) adopts DNSSEC.</p>
<p>The country also has a 100% level of protection against distributed denial of service (<a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ddos" target="_self" title="Distributed Denial of Service" class="encyclopedia">DDoS</a>) attacks, according to CyberGreen. And it has an improving routing security resilience score of 49% thanks to the growing number of networks adopting routing security best current practices, including signing route origin authorization for their <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ipv4" target="_self" title="Internet Protocol version 4" class="encyclopedia">IPv4</a> and <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ipv6" target="_self" title="Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the latest version of the fundamental technology (Internet Protocol) that powers the Internet. The previous version, IPv4, is still operating on many networks worldwide. However, as each device connected to the Internet must have a unique identifier, it can only support an Internet of a few billion devices. By…" class="encyclopedia">IPv6</a> address space.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="538" src="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-1024x538.png" alt="Screenshot showing the percentages for Naming Security Adoption (97%) Routing Security Adoption (11%) and Routing Security Coverage IPv4 (8%) for Chad." class="wp-image-16328" style="width:1200px;height:auto" srcset="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-1024x538.png 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-300x158.png 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-768x403.png 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-750x394.png 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1.png 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px"></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Figure 4 — DNSSEC and Routing Security Adoption are relatively high for Chad compared to other resilience metrics. Source: <a href="https://pulse.internetsociety.org/reports/td">Pulse</a>.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Despite its lack of IXP redundancy, data from <a href="https://www.peeringdb.com/ix/4081" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PeeringDB shows</a> at least nine networks peering at the IXP, representing almost all visible networks in Chad. This means there is a high level of peering happening in the country, and most local traffic stays local, reducing the cost of international transit and overall latency.</p>
<p>Finally, Chad’s Infrastructure resilience score may improve shortly thanks to the proposed <a href="https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-Z1-GB0-033" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trans-Sahara Optical Fibre Backbone (TSB) Project</a> (scheduled for completion in 2025), which involves laying 1,510 kilometers of optical fiber cables across Niger, and Chad to provide alternative access to international traffic through the Algerian and Nigerian coasts.</p>
<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity">
<p>Photo by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jonnyentropy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nova Bubba</a> via <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jonnyentropy/2384086715/in/photolist-4CF4Vn-21YEkRs-FXNnkh-Epvs3P-2g4n75V-ftw9GU-ftvfry-2p4E4ft-ftfRTP-2nZRwpL-2o9NEwF-ftwajf-2o7BEN9-nsDTfL-RWSNU-RYJQc-nK6crA-2nDAtR6-2nqr5s8-7P4pR9-238mtD7-2o5bSto-ax2war-23iPm3d-2nej9yu-ax2u7t-6UuGR-2o8darK-71vLRF-4toTVY-2gP1wHV-2noDU81-2nvighQ-2mU5gS6-G9wbm4-4tjR9B-4tjR4n-K3XHUK-6rYzKZ-btgeo3-2o2JpR6-ax5cmA-2nc1RM5-2iXSnqb-btGi9h-F5DBKb-2o6mg3Z-2rVY9y-2ooWyRY-2ixcXgw">Flickr</a>.</p>
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type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"slug":"chads-recent-outages-highlight-resiliency-gaps","post":{"id":"cG9zdDoxNjMxOA==","guid":"https://pulse-wp.internetsociety.org/?p=16318","slug":"chads-recent-outages-highlight-resiliency-gaps","databaseId":16318,"oid":"chads-recent-outages-highlight-resiliency-gaps","date":"2024-03-12T03:05:50","modified":"2024-04-01T15:28:09","modifiedGmt":"2024-04-01T14:28:09","title":"Chad’s Recent Outages Highlight Resiliency Gaps","excerpt":"\u003cp\u003eChad has experienced more than 12 Internet outages so far in 2024.\u003c/p\u003e\n","content":"\n\u003cp\u003eIn 2024, the central African country Chad has experienced several Internet outages (Figure 1), including an\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/shutdowns/internet-connectivity-disrupted-in-chad-amidst-unrest\"\u003eintentional, ongoing shutdown that began on 28 February\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;that has cost the country more than\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/netloss\"\u003eUSD $1M in GDP loss\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111.png\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of a timeseries graph showing peaks and outages of Internet traffic in Chad as measured by Cloudflare since December 2023. There are 13 outages highlighted.\" class=\"wp-image-16319\" srcset=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-1024x576.png 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-300x169.png 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-768x432.png 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-1536x864.png 1536w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111-750x422.png 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/cloudflare-radar-traffic-trends-xy-20240311-202403111.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eFigure 1 \u0026mdash; Internet traffic trends for Chad from December 2023. Source:\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://radar.cloudflare.com/traffic/td?dateRange=12w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eCloudflare\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eMost of these outages presumably stem from the country\u0026rsquo;s poor Internet resilience \u0026mdash; 24% as per the Pulse Internet Resilience Index, ranked 2nd last for all African countries (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1.png\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"868\" src=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-1024x868.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of the Internet Resilience Index scores for all countries in Africa. Chad is ranked 2nd last with a score of 24%.\" class=\"wp-image-16322\" srcset=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-1024x868.png 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-300x254.png 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-768x651.png 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-1536x1302.png 1536w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-2048x1736.png 2048w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/resilience-Africa1-750x636.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eFigure 2 \u0026mdash; Pulse Internet Resilience Index scores for Africa. Source:\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/resilience\"\u003ePulse\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIf we drill down into its Internet Resilience profile (Figure 3), we can see several areas where Chad scores low on resiliency, particularly in Internet Infrastructure and Performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1.png\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"430\" src=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-1024x430.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of Chad's Internet Resilience Index Profile showing 25 metric associated with Infrastructure, Performance, Security and Market Readiness.\" class=\"wp-image-16325\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-1024x430.png 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-300x126.png 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-768x323.png 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1-750x315.png 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/IRI_country-profile_Chad1.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eFigure 3 \u0026mdash; Pulse Internet Resilience Index profile for Chad based on the four pillars that contribute to the smooth operation of the Internet: Infrastructure, Performance, Security, and Market Readiness. Source:\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/en/resilience?search=td\"\u003ePulse\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of Internet Infrastructure, there are two critical challenges the country faces that may be playing a part in the current non-intentional outages they are facing:\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA lack of international links \u0026ndash; being a landlocked country, Chad relies on its neighbors to access international fiber connectivity. This is primarily via three cross-border terrestrial fiber links to\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.ecofinagency.com/telecom/1504-43540-cameroon-chad-sudan-to-soon-be-connected-by-terrestrial-fiber-cable\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eSudan\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.businessincameroon.com/telecom/2003-3149-camtel-will-install-the-chadian-fibre-optic-network\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eCameroon\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cli\u003eA lack of Internet Exchange Points (\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ixps\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Internet Exchange Points\" class=\"encyclopedia\"\u003eIXPs\u003c/a\u003e) \u0026ndash; Chad has only one \u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ixp\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Internet Exchange Point\" class=\"encyclopedia\"\u003eIXP\u003c/a\u003e, managed by the Agence de D\u0026eacute;veloppement des Technologies de l\u0026rsquo;Information et de la Communication (ADETIC). IXPs play a critical role in keeping local connectivity flowing in the event of a break to International links. While its neighbor Sudan has only one IXP, it enjoys more international resiliency with terrestrial fiber links to Ethiopia, Egypt, South Sudan, and Chad and submarine cable links via Port Sudan.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eA failure or disruption of either the single IXP or the three main international links would seriously impact the connectivity available in the country. Satellite could provide some redundancy; however, reports show there is limited use of low earth orbit (LEO) in Chad, with Starlink still seeking a license\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.wearetech.africa/en/fils-uk/news/telecom/chad-telecom-regulator-condemns-unauthorized-marketing-of-starlink-services\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003efrom the regulator as of September 2023\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding Internet Performance,\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.speedtest.net/awards/chad/2023/?award_type=carrier\u0026amp;time_period=q2-q3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003edata from Ookla for 2023\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;shows that the median download speed for the best-performing mobile connectivity was 15.5Mbps (ranked 127th globally) and 12.9Mbps for upload speeds. It\u0026rsquo;s worth noting that this differs considerably from\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://radar.cloudflare.com/quality/td?dateRange=52w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eCloudflare\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;data, which shows that in the last 12 months, the median mobile Internet download speed has been 4 Mbps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eGiven its geographic size and the spread of its 17M population \u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?locations=TD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003e24% of the population lives in urban areas\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026mdash; improving coverage and mobile Internet performance will be critical for increasing the number of Internet users in the country (currently ~3M).\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"\u003eBuilding on Successes\u003c/h2\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eWhile there are many challenges associated with Chad\u0026rsquo;s Internet resilience, a few successes are worth highlighting and from which the country can hopefully build upon to improve its overall resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe most notable is the number of Internet users in Chad who benefit from increased online security thanks to the widespread usage of \u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#dnssec\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Domain Name System Security Extensions\" class=\"encyclopedia\"\u003eDNSSEC\u003c/a\u003e-validating \u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#dns\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Domain Name System\" class=\"encyclopedia\"\u003eDNS\u003c/a\u003e servers, with a\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://stats.labs.apnic.net/dnssec/TD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ereported\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;77% usage. Chad\u0026rsquo;s overall domain name system security resilience could increase significantly if the country code top-level domain (.td) adopts DNSSEC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eThe country also has a 100% level of protection against distributed denial of service (\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ddos\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Distributed Denial of Service\" class=\"encyclopedia\"\u003eDDoS\u003c/a\u003e) attacks, according to CyberGreen. And it has an improving routing security resilience score of 49% thanks to the growing number of networks adopting routing security best current practices, including signing route origin authorization for their \u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ipv4\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Internet Protocol version 4\" class=\"encyclopedia\"\u003eIPv4\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/glossary#ipv6\" target=\"_self\" title=\"Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the latest version of the fundamental technology (Internet Protocol) that powers the Internet. The previous version, IPv4, is still operating on many networks worldwide. However, as each device connected to the Internet must have a unique identifier, it can only support an Internet of a few billion devices. By\u0026hellip;\" class=\"encyclopedia\"\u003eIPv6\u003c/a\u003e address space.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1.png\"\u003e\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" src=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-1024x538.png\" alt=\"Screenshot showing the percentages for Naming Security Adoption (97%) Routing Security Adoption (11%) and Routing Security Coverage IPv4 (8%) for Chad.\" class=\"wp-image-16328\" style=\"width:1200px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-1024x538.png 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-300x158.png 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-768x403.png 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1-750x394.png 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Country-report-social_Chad1.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"\u003eFigure 4 \u0026mdash;\u0026nbsp;DNSSEC and Routing Security Adoption are relatively high for Chad compared to other resilience metrics. Source: \u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/reports/td\"\u003ePulse\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/figcaption\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eDespite its lack of IXP redundancy, data from\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://www.peeringdb.com/ix/4081\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003ePeeringDB shows\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;at least nine networks peering at the IXP, representing almost all visible networks in Chad. This means there is a high level of peering happening in the country, and most local traffic stays local, reducing the cost of international transit and overall latency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, Chad\u0026rsquo;s Infrastructure resilience score may improve shortly thanks to the proposed\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-Z1-GB0-033\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eTrans-Sahara Optical Fibre Backbone (TSB) Project\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;(scheduled for completion in 2025), which involves laying 1,510 kilometers of optical fiber cables across Niger, and Chad to provide alternative access to international traffic through the Algerian and Nigerian coasts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003chr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\u003e\n\n\n\n\u003cp\u003ePhoto by \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jonnyentropy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"\u003eNova Bubba\u003c/a\u003e via \u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/jonnyentropy/2384086715/in/photolist-4CF4Vn-21YEkRs-FXNnkh-Epvs3P-2g4n75V-ftw9GU-ftvfry-2p4E4ft-ftfRTP-2nZRwpL-2o9NEwF-ftwajf-2o7BEN9-nsDTfL-RWSNU-RYJQc-nK6crA-2nDAtR6-2nqr5s8-7P4pR9-238mtD7-2o5bSto-ax2war-23iPm3d-2nej9yu-ax2u7t-6UuGR-2o8darK-71vLRF-4toTVY-2gP1wHV-2noDU81-2nvighQ-2mU5gS6-G9wbm4-4tjR9B-4tjR4n-K3XHUK-6rYzKZ-btgeo3-2o2JpR6-ax5cmA-2nc1RM5-2iXSnqb-btGi9h-F5DBKb-2o6mg3Z-2rVY9y-2ooWyRY-2ixcXgw\"\u003eFlickr\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n","featuredImage":{"sourceUrl":"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner.jpg","srcSet":"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner-300x126.jpg 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner-1024x430.jpg 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner-768x323.jpg 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner-750x315.jpg 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner.jpg 1500w","description":null,"caption":null,"altText":"Map showing Niger, Chad and Sudan","mediaType":"image","mimeType":"image/jpeg","mediaItemUrl":"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Chad-map_banner.jpg","link":"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/blog/chads-recent-outages-highlight-resiliency-gaps/chad-map_banner"},"author":{"databaseId":8,"username":null,"firstName":"Kevin","lastName":"Chege","name":"\u003ca href=\"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/blog?author=8\"\u003eKevin Chege\u003c/a\u003e","nickname":null,"nicename":null,"description":"Resilience Insights, Internet 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choice.\u003c/p\u003e\n","featuredImage":{"sourceUrl":"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Fibre_UK_banner.jpg","srcSet":"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Fibre_UK_banner-300x126.jpg 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Fibre_UK_banner-1024x430.jpg 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Fibre_UK_banner-768x323.jpg 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Fibre_UK_banner-750x315.jpg 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Fibre_UK_banner.jpg 1500w","description":null,"caption":null,"altText":"Sign saying Fibre installation in 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community.\u003c/p\u003e\n","featuredImage":{"sourceUrl":"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Activate-Rights-Community-Group-Photo.jpg","srcSet":"https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Activate-Rights-Community-Group-Photo-300x126.jpg 300w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Activate-Rights-Community-Group-Photo-1024x430.jpg 1024w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Activate-Rights-Community-Group-Photo-768x323.jpg 768w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Activate-Rights-Community-Group-Photo-750x315.jpg 750w, https://pulse.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Activate-Rights-Community-Group-Photo.jpg 1500w","description":null,"caption":null,"altText":"Photo of Activate Rights community gathering in Barishal, a southern district of Bangladesh – Activate 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Readiness","resilience:label.pillar#/infrastructure":"Infrastructure","resilience:label.dimension#/cable_ecosystem":"Cable ecosystem","resilience:label.indicator#/exit_points":"Exit points","resilience:label.indicator#/fibre_10km_reach":"Fibre 10km reach","resilience:label.dimension#/mobile_connectivity":"Mobile connectivity","resilience:label.indicator#/network_coverage":"Network coverage","resilience:label.indicator#/spectrum_allocation":"Spectrum allocation","resilience:label.dimension#/enabling_infrastructure":"Enabling infrastructure","resilience:label.indicator#/datacenters":"Data centers","resilience:label.indicator#/number_of_ixps":"Number of IXPs","resilience:label.indicator#/power_availability":"Power availability","resilience:label.pillar#/performance":"Performance","resilience:label.dimension#/fixed_networks":"Fixed networks","resilience:label.indicator#/fixed_download":"Fixed download","resilience:label.indicator#/fixed_latency":"Fixed latency","resilience:label.indicator#/fixed_upload":"Fixed upload","resilience:label.dimension#/mobile_networks":"Mobile networks","resilience:label.indicator#/mobile_download":"Mobile download","resilience:label.indicator#/mobile_latency":"Mobile latency","resilience:label.indicator#/mobile_upload":"Mobile upload","resilience:label.indicator#/fixed_jitter":"Fixed jitter","resilience:label.indicator#/mobile_jitter":"Mobile jitter","resilience:label.indicator#/upstream_redundancy":"Upstream redundancy","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/fixed_jitter":"Median jitter observed to the nearest Ookla server. Higher score = lower latency. Source Ookla","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/mobile_jitter":"Median jitter observed to the nearest Ookla server. Higher score = lower latency. Source Ookla","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/upstream_redundancy":"Average number of upstream providers for a country ASN. Source = CAIDA","resilience:label.pillar#/security":"Security","resilience:label.dimension#/enabling_technologies":"Enabling technologies","resilience:label.indicator#/https":"Secure web traffic","resilience:label.indicator#/ipv6":"IPv6 adoption","resilience:label.dimension#/dns_ecosystem":"Domain name system security","resilience:label.indicator#/dnssec":"DNSSEC adoption","resilience:label.indicator#/dnssec_validation":"DNSSEC validation","resilience:label.dimension#/routing_hygiene":"Routing hygiene","resilience:label.indicator#/manrs":"MANRS","resilience:label.dimension#/security_threat":"Security threat","resilience:label.indicator#/ddos_potential":"DDoS protection","resilience:label.indicator#/global_cybersecurity_index":"Global cybersecurity","resilience:label.indicator#/secure_internet_servers":"Secure Internet servers","resilience:label.indicator#/spam_infections":"Protection against spam","resilience:label.pillar#/market_readiness":"Market readiness","resilience:label.dimension#/market_structure":"Market structure","resilience:label.indicator#/affordability":"Affordability","resilience:label.indicator#/as_hegemony":"Upstream provider diversity","resilience:label.indicator#/market_concentration":"Market diversity","resilience:label.dimension#/traffic_localization":"Traffic localization","resilience:label.indicator#/domain_count":"Domain count","resilience:label.indicator#/egdi":"EGDI","resilience:label.indicator#/peering_efficiency":"Peering efficiency","resilience:tooltip.pillar#/infrastructure":"The existence and availability of physical infrastructure that provides Internet connectivity","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/cable_ecosystem":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/exit_points":"Exit points (terrestrial or submarine) used for upstream Internet connectivity. Source: Africa Bandwidth Maps","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/fibre_10km_reach":"Percentage of the population within 10km of a fiber connection point. Source:ITU","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/mobile_connectivity":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/network_coverage":"Mobile network coverage including 2G/3G/4G with a composite score provided by GSMA. Source: GSMA","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/spectrum_allocation":"Spectrum allocation (composite score). Source: GSMA","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/enabling_infrastructure":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/datacenters":"Number of data centers. Source: Datacentermap","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/number_of_ixps":"Number of Internet Exchange Points(IXP). Sources: Packet Clearing Houce (PCH), PeeringDB","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/power_availability":"Getting Electricity Index incorporating the quality of power supply. Source: World Bank","resilience:tooltip.pillar#/performance":"The ability of the network to provide end-users with seamless and reliable access to Internet services","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/fixed_networks":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/fixed_download":"Median download throughput measured to the nearest Ookla server. Source: Ookla","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/fixed_latency":"Median latency observed to the nearest Ookla server. Higher score = lower latency. Source: Ookla","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/fixed_upload":"Median upload throughput measured to the nearest Ookla server. Source: Ookla","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/mobile_networks":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/mobile_download":"Median download throughput measured to the nearest Ookla server. Source: Ookla","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/mobile_latency":"Median latency observed to the nearest Ookla server. Higher score = lower latency. Source: Ookla","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/mobile_upload":"Median upload throughput measured to the nearest Ookla server. Source: Ookla","resilience:tooltip.pillar#/security":"The ability of the network to resist intentional or unintentional disruptions through the adoption of security technologies and best practices","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/enabling_technologies":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/https":"Web pageloads using HTTPS. Source: Mozilla","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/ipv6":"IPv6 enabled end-users. Sources: Akamai, Facebook, Google, APNIC","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/dns_ecosystem":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/dnssec":"Is the ccTLD signed? Source: ICANN","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/dnssec_validation":"Users validating DNSSEC. Source: APNIC","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/routing_hygiene":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/manrs":"MANRS score (Filtering, Global Coordination, IRR, RPKI). 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Source: ITU/A4AI","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/as_hegemony":"GINI Coefficient is used to calculate the inequality in the dependency on specific networks for upstream connectivity. Source: Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ)","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/market_concentration":"Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) calculates the market concentration based on market shareinformation per network. Source: APNIC","resilience:tooltip.dimension#/traffic_localization":"","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/domain_count":"Domains registered by ccTLD. Source: DomainTools","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/egdi":"E-Government Development Index. Source: UN","resilience:tooltip.indicator#/peering_efficiency":"Ratio of networks peering at Internet Exchange Points to the total number of networks for the country. 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