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:root{--global-palette1:#2B6CB0;--global-palette2:#215387;--global-palette3:#1A202C;--global-palette4:#2D3748;--global-palette5:#4A5568;--global-palette6:#718096;--global-palette7:#EDF2F7;--global-palette8:#F7FAFC;--global-palette9:#ffffff;--global-palette9rgb:255, 255, 255;--global-palette-highlight:var(--global-palette1);--global-palette-highlight-alt:var(--global-palette2);--global-palette-highlight-alt2:var(--global-palette9);--global-palette-btn-bg:var(--global-palette1);--global-palette-btn-bg-hover:var(--global-palette2);--global-palette-btn:var(--global-palette9);--global-palette-btn-hover:var(--global-palette9);--global-body-font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";--global-heading-font-family:Besley, serif;--global-primary-nav-font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica 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.has-theme-palette-4-color{color:var(--global-palette4);}:root .has-theme-palette-5-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette5);}:root .has-theme-palette-5-color{color:var(--global-palette5);}:root .has-theme-palette-6-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette6);}:root .has-theme-palette-6-color{color:var(--global-palette6);}:root .has-theme-palette-7-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette7);}:root .has-theme-palette-7-color{color:var(--global-palette7);}:root .has-theme-palette-8-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette8);}:root .has-theme-palette-8-color{color:var(--global-palette8);}:root .has-theme-palette-9-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette9);}:root .has-theme-palette-9-color{color:var(--global-palette9);}:root .has-theme-palette1-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette1);}:root .has-theme-palette1-color{color:var(--global-palette1);}:root .has-theme-palette2-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette2);}:root .has-theme-palette2-color{color:var(--global-palette2);}:root .has-theme-palette3-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette3);}:root .has-theme-palette3-color{color:var(--global-palette3);}:root .has-theme-palette4-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette4);}:root .has-theme-palette4-color{color:var(--global-palette4);}:root .has-theme-palette5-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette5);}:root .has-theme-palette5-color{color:var(--global-palette5);}:root .has-theme-palette6-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette6);}:root .has-theme-palette6-color{color:var(--global-palette6);}:root .has-theme-palette7-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette7);}:root .has-theme-palette7-color{color:var(--global-palette7);}:root .has-theme-palette8-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette8);}:root .has-theme-palette8-color{color:var(--global-palette8);}:root .has-theme-palette9-background-color{background-color:var(--global-palette9);}:root .has-theme-palette9-color{color:var(--global-palette9);}body{background:#edf2f7;}body, input, select, optgroup, textarea{font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:19px;line-height:1.6;letter-spacing:-0.02em;font-family:var(--global-body-font-family);color:var(--global-palette4);}.content-bg, body.content-style-unboxed .site{background:var(--global-palette9);}@media all and (max-width: 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.wp-block-cover__inner-container{max-width:var(--global-content-width);}.content-width-narrow .content-container.site-container, .content-width-narrow .hero-container.site-container{max-width:var(--global-content-narrow-width);}@media all and (min-width: 1570px){.wp-site-blocks .content-container .alignwide{margin-left:-115px;margin-right:-115px;width:unset;max-width:unset;}}@media all and (min-width: 1260px){.content-width-narrow .wp-site-blocks .content-container .alignwide{margin-left:-130px;margin-right:-130px;width:unset;max-width:unset;}}.content-style-boxed .wp-site-blocks .entry-content .alignwide{margin-left:-1.1rem;margin-right:-1.1rem;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.content-style-boxed .wp-site-blocks .entry-content .alignwide{margin-left:-2rem;margin-right:-2rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.content-style-boxed .wp-site-blocks .entry-content .alignwide{margin-left:-1.5rem;margin-right:-1.5rem;}}.content-area{margin-top:1.78rem;margin-bottom:1.78rem;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.content-area{margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:3rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.content-area{margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:2rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){:root{--global-content-edge-padding:0.5rem;}}.entry-content-wrap{padding:1.1rem;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.entry-content-wrap{padding:2rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.entry-content-wrap{padding:1.5rem;}}.entry.single-entry{box-shadow:0px 15px 15px -10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.entry.loop-entry{box-shadow:0px 15px 15px -10px rgba(0,0,0,0.05);}.loop-entry .entry-content-wrap{padding:1.2rem;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.loop-entry .entry-content-wrap{padding:2rem;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.loop-entry .entry-content-wrap{padding:1.5rem;}}.primary-sidebar.widget-area .widget{margin-bottom:1.5em;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:18px;color:var(--global-palette4);}.primary-sidebar.widget-area 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767px){.wp-site-blocks .page-title h1{font-size:30px;}}.page-title .entry-meta{font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-size:17px;}.entry-hero.page-hero-section .entry-header{min-height:200px;}.loop-entry.type-post h2.entry-title{font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;color:var(--global-palette4);}.loop-entry.type-post .entry-meta{font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-size:17px;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-facebook:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-facebook:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-facebook:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#3b5998;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-facebook:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-facebook:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-facebook:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#3b5998;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-instagram:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-instagram:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-instagram:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#517fa4;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-instagram:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-instagram:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-instagram:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#517fa4;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-twitter:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-twitter:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-twitter:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#1DA1F2;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-twitter:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-twitter:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-twitter:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#1DA1F2;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-youtube:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-youtube:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-youtube:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#FF3333;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-youtube:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-youtube:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-youtube:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#FF3333;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-facebook_group:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-facebook_group:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-facebook_group:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#3b5998;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-facebook_group:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-facebook_group:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-facebook_group:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#3b5998;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-vimeo:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-vimeo:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-vimeo:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#4EBBFF;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-vimeo:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-vimeo:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-vimeo:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#4EBBFF;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-pinterest:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-pinterest:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-pinterest:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#C92228;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-pinterest:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-pinterest:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-pinterest:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#C92228;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-linkedin:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-linkedin:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-linkedin:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#4875B4;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-linkedin:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-linkedin:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-linkedin:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#4875B4;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-medium:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-medium:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-medium:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#181818;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-medium:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-medium:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-medium:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#181818;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-wordpress:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-wordpress:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-wordpress:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#00749C;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-wordpress:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-wordpress:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-wordpress:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#00749C;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-reddit:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-reddit:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-reddit:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#ff4500;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline 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body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-patreon:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#052D49;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-github:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-github:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-github:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#4078c0;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-github:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-github:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-github:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#4078c0;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-dribbble:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-dribbble:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-dribbble:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#EA4C89;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-dribbble:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-dribbble:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-dribbble:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#EA4C89;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-behance:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-behance:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-behance:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#1769ff;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-behance:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-behance:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-behance:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#1769ff;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-vk:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-vk:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-vk:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#45668e;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-vk:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-vk:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-vk:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#45668e;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-xing:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-xing:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-xing:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#006567;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-xing:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-xing:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-xing:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#006567;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-rss:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-rss:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-rss:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#FF6200;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-rss:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-rss:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-rss:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#FF6200;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-email:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-email:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-email:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#181818;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-email:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-email:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-email:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#181818;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-phone:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-phone:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-phone:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#181818;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-phone:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-phone:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-phone:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#181818;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-whatsapp:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-whatsapp:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-whatsapp:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#28cf54;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-whatsapp:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-whatsapp:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-whatsapp:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#28cf54;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-google_reviews:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-google_reviews:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-google_reviews:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#DB4437;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-google_reviews:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-google_reviews:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-google_reviews:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#DB4437;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-telegram:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-telegram:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-telegram:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#0088cc;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-telegram:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-telegram:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-telegram:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#0088cc;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-yelp:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-yelp:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-yelp:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#c41200;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-yelp:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-yelp:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-yelp:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#c41200;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-trip_advisor:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-trip_advisor:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-trip_advisor:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#00af87;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-trip_advisor:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-trip_advisor:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-trip_advisor:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#00af87;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-imdb:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-imdb:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-imdb:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#F5C518;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-imdb:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-imdb:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-imdb:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#F5C518;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-soundcloud:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-soundcloud:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-soundcloud:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#ff7700;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-soundcloud:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-soundcloud:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-soundcloud:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#ff7700;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-tumblr:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-tumblr:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-tumblr:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#32506d;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-tumblr:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-tumblr:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-tumblr:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#32506d;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-tiktok:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-tiktok:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-tiktok:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#69C9D0;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-tiktok:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-tiktok:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-tiktok:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#69C9D0;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover .social-link-discord:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until .social-link-discord:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always .social-link-discord:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){background:#7289DA;}body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-hover.social-style-outline .social-link-discord:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore):hover, body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-until.social-style-outline .social-link-discord:not(:hover):not(.skip):not(.ignore), body.social-brand-colors .social-show-brand-always.social-style-outline .social-link-discord:not(.ignore-brand):not(.skip):not(.ignore){color:#7289DA;}
/* Kadence Header CSS */
@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.mobile-transparent-header #masthead{position:absolute;left:0px;right:0px;z-index:100;}.mobile-transparent-header #masthead, .mobile-transparent-header .site-top-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner, .mobile-transparent-header .site-main-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner, .mobile-transparent-header .site-bottom-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner{background:transparent;}.site-header-row-tablet-layout-fullwidth, .site-header-row-tablet-layout-standard{padding:0px;}}@media all and (min-width: 1025px){.transparent-header #masthead{position:absolute;left:0px;right:0px;z-index:100;}.transparent-header #masthead, .transparent-header .site-top-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner, .transparent-header .site-main-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner, .transparent-header .site-bottom-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner{background:transparent;}}.site-branding a.brand img{max-width:340px;}.site-branding a.brand img.svg-logo-image{width:340px;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.site-branding a.brand img{max-width:285px;}.site-branding a.brand img.svg-logo-image{width:285px;}}.site-branding{padding:8px 0px 0px 1px;}#masthead, #masthead .kadence-sticky-header.item-is-fixed:not(.item-at-start):not(.site-header-row-container), #masthead .kadence-sticky-header.item-is-fixed:not(.item-at-start) > .site-header-row-container-inner{background:#ffffff;}.site-main-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner{border-bottom:5px solid transparent;}.site-main-header-inner-wrap{min-height:80px;}.site-top-header-inner-wrap{min-height:0px;}.site-bottom-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner{background:#797876;}.site-bottom-header-inner-wrap{min-height:0px;}.site-bottom-header-wrap .site-header-row-container-inner>.site-container{padding:1px 100px 0px 90px;}.header-navigation[class*="header-navigation-style-underline"] .header-menu-container.primary-menu-container>ul>li>a:after{width:calc( 100% - 1.3em);}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item > a{padding-left:calc(1.3em / 2);padding-right:calc(1.3em / 2);padding-top:0.17em;padding-bottom:0.17em;color:var(--global-palette9);}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item > .dropdown-nav-special-toggle{right:calc(1.3em / 2);}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul li.menu-item > a{font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:19px;font-family:var(--global-primary-nav-font-family);text-transform:none;}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item > a:hover{color:#ffd49c;}.main-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item.current-menu-item > a{color:var(--global-palette9);}.header-navigation[class*="header-navigation-style-underline"] .header-menu-container.secondary-menu-container>ul>li>a:after{width:calc( 100% - 1.2em);}.secondary-navigation .secondary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item > a{padding-left:calc(1.2em / 2);padding-right:calc(1.2em / 2);padding-top:0.6em;padding-bottom:0.6em;color:var(--global-palette5);}.secondary-navigation .primary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item > .dropdown-nav-special-toggle{right:calc(1.2em / 2);}.secondary-navigation .secondary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item > a:hover{color:var(--global-palette-highlight);}.secondary-navigation .secondary-menu-container > ul > li.menu-item.current-menu-item > a{color:var(--global-palette3);}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul.sub-menu, .header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul.submenu{background:#797876;box-shadow:0px 2px 13px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul li.menu-item, .header-menu-container ul.menu > li.kadence-menu-mega-enabled > ul > li.menu-item > a{border-bottom:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul li.menu-item > a{width:200px;padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em;color:var(--global-palette8);font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:19px;line-height:0.34;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";text-transform:none;}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul li.menu-item > a:hover{color:#ffd49c;background:var(--global-palette4);}.header-navigation .header-menu-container ul ul li.menu-item.current-menu-item > a{color:var(--global-palette9);background:#797876;}.mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open{color:var(--global-palette5);padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em;font-size:14px;}.mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open.menu-toggle-style-bordered{border:1px solid currentColor;}.mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open .menu-toggle-icon{font-size:20px;}.mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open:hover, .mobile-toggle-open-container .menu-toggle-open:focus{color:var(--global-palette-highlight);}.mobile-navigation ul li{font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:21px;line-height:1.4;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;text-transform:capitalize;}.mobile-navigation ul li a{padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em;}.mobile-navigation ul li > a, .mobile-navigation ul li.menu-item-has-children > .drawer-nav-drop-wrap{background:#797876;color:var(--global-palette9);}.mobile-navigation ul li > a:hover, .mobile-navigation ul li.menu-item-has-children > .drawer-nav-drop-wrap:hover{background:#2d3748;}.mobile-navigation ul li.current-menu-item > a, .mobile-navigation ul li.current-menu-item.menu-item-has-children > .drawer-nav-drop-wrap{background:#797876;color:var(--global-palette9);}.mobile-navigation ul li.menu-item-has-children .drawer-nav-drop-wrap, .mobile-navigation ul li:not(.menu-item-has-children) a{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--global-palette4);}.mobile-navigation:not(.drawer-navigation-parent-toggle-true) ul li.menu-item-has-children .drawer-nav-drop-wrap button{border-left:1px dotted var(--global-palette4);}#mobile-drawer .drawer-header .drawer-toggle{padding:0.6em 0.15em 0.6em 0.15em;font-size:24px;}#main-header .header-button{border:2px none transparent;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px -7px rgba(0,0,0,0);}#main-header .header-button:hover{box-shadow:0px 15px 25px -7px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}.header-social-wrap .header-social-inner-wrap{font-size:1em;gap:0.3em;}.header-social-wrap .header-social-inner-wrap .social-button{border:2px none transparent;border-radius:3px;}.header-mobile-social-wrap .header-mobile-social-inner-wrap{font-size:1em;gap:0.3em;}.header-mobile-social-wrap .header-mobile-social-inner-wrap .social-button{border:2px none transparent;border-radius:3px;}.search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open{background:var(--global-palette9);color:var(--global-palette5);padding:0.37em 0.2em 0.3em 0.7em;margin:33px 0px 0px 0px;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-size:16px;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,"Helvetica Neue",sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol";}.search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open.search-toggle-style-bordered{border:1px solid currentColor;}.search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open .search-toggle-icon{font-size:1em;}.search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open:hover, .search-toggle-open-container .search-toggle-open:focus{color:var(--global-palette-highlight);background:var(--global-palette9);}#search-drawer .drawer-inner{background:#0a0d11;}.mobile-header-button-wrap .mobile-header-button-inner-wrap .mobile-header-button{border:2px none transparent;box-shadow:0px 0px 0px -7px rgba(0,0,0,0);}.mobile-header-button-wrap .mobile-header-button-inner-wrap .mobile-header-button:hover{box-shadow:0px 15px 25px -7px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);}
/* Kadence Pro Header CSS */
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<style id="kadence-blocks-global-variables-inline-css">
:root {--global-kb-font-size-sm:clamp(0.8rem, 0.73rem + 0.217vw, 0.9rem);--global-kb-font-size-md:clamp(1.1rem, 0.995rem + 0.326vw, 1.25rem);--global-kb-font-size-lg:clamp(1.75rem, 1.576rem + 0.543vw, 2rem);--global-kb-font-size-xl:clamp(2.25rem, 1.728rem + 1.63vw, 3rem);--global-kb-font-size-xxl:clamp(2.5rem, 1.456rem + 3.26vw, 4rem);--global-kb-font-size-xxxl:clamp(2.75rem, 0.489rem + 7.065vw, 6rem);}
</style>
<style id="kadence_blocks_css-inline-css">
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<h1 class="entry-title">Amish Beliefs</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-meta-divider-vline">
<span class="posted-by"><span class="meta-label">By</span><span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://amishamerica.com/author/erik-wesner/">Erik Wesner</a></span></span><div class="meta-comments"><a class="meta-comments-link anchor-scroll" href="#comments">3 Comments</a></div></div><!-- .entry-meta -->
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<p><em><span style="font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0px;">What do the Amish believe? Common questions on Amish beliefs.</span></em></p>
<p><img decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-52198" src="https://amishamerica.com/images/christian-cross.png" alt="christian-cross" width="540" height="316" srcset="https://amishamerica.com/images/christian-cross.png 540w, https://amishamerica.com/images/christian-cross-200x117.png 200w, https://amishamerica.com/images/christian-cross-250x146.png 250w, https://amishamerica.com/images/christian-cross-500x293.png 500w, https://amishamerica.com/images/christian-cross-110x64.png 110w" sizes="(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px"></p><div id="AdThrive_Content_1_tablet" class="adthrive-ad adthrive-content adthrive-content-1 adthrive-ad-cls" style="min-height: 250px;"></div>
<ol>
<li><a href="#christian">Are the Amish Christian?</a></li>
<li><a href="#basic-beliefs">What are some basic Amish religious beliefs?</a></li>
<li><a href="#war">Why don’t Amish fight in wars?</a></li>
<li><a href="#technology">Do Amish think technology is evil?</a></li>
<li><a href="#separation">Why do Amish believe in separation from the world?</a></li>
<li><a href="#baptism-age">When do Amish get baptized?</a></li>
<li><a href="#assurance">Do Amish believe in assurance of salvation?</a></li>
<li><a href="#shunning">Why do Amish practice shunning?</a></li>
<li><a href="#insurance">Do Amish carry insurance?</a></li>
<li><a href="#sundays">Why don’t Amish work on Sundays?</a></li>
<li><a href="#hypocrites">Are the Amish hypocrites?</a></li>
</ol>
<p><a href="https://amishamerica.com/faq/"><em>Back to FAQ main page</em></a></p>
<p><a name="christian"></a></p><div class="slick-inline-search-panel" data-config="page-DCM" style="min-height: 350px; margin: 50px 15px;"></div>
<h2>Are the Amish Christian?</h2>
<p>Yes. Though visibly different from most other Christian groups, the Amish are a Christian church which adheres to many of the same basic tenets as other Christian denominations. Amish origins date to the <a href="https://amishamerica.com/who-are-the-anabaptists/">Anabaptist movement</a> of the 16th century, an offshoot movement from European state churches of the time.</p><div id="AdThrive_Content_2_tablet" class="adthrive-ad adthrive-content adthrive-content-2 adthrive-ad-cls" style="min-height: 250px;"></div>
<p><a name="basic-beliefs"></a></p>
<h2>What are some characteristic Amish religious beliefs?</h2>
<p><a href="https://amishamerica.com/shunning/">Social shunning</a>, adult baptism, twice-yearly Communion, untrained ministers, <a href="https://amishamerica.com/church/#footwashing">the practice of footwashing</a>, and non-resistance are among the beliefs and practices which make the Amish distinct from many other Christian denominations.<br>
<a name="war"></a></p>
<h2>Why don’t Amish fight in wars?</h2>
<p>Amish believe in non-resistance. This is somewhat different than saying Amish are pacifists. Non-resistance includes other uses of force, including law enforcement, legal suits, and wielding political power. This means Amish not only do not serve in the military, they also do not serve as police officers, run for political office, or file lawsuits. <a href="https://amishamerica.com/why-dont-amish-serve-in-the-military/">Read more</a>.<br>
<a name="technology"></a></p>
<h2>Do Amish think technology is evil?</h2>
<p>No. Not inherently. However, Amish believe that unfettered use of technology can <em>lead</em> to evil. Therefore they restrict the technologies they use. Some Amish use more technology, some less. This can depend on various factors including tradition, economics, and the worldview of the local church’s members. More on <a href="https://amishamerica.com/do-amish-use-technology/">the Amish & Technology</a>.<br>
<a name="separation"></a></p>
<h2>Why do Amish believe in separation from the world?</h2>
<figure id="attachment_53060" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-53060" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="wp-image-53060 size-full" src="https://amishamerica.com/images/berne-indiana-family-in-carriage.jpg" alt="berne-indiana-family-in-carriage" width="300" height="218" srcset="https://amishamerica.com/images/berne-indiana-family-in-carriage.jpg 300w, https://amishamerica.com/images/berne-indiana-family-in-carriage-200x145.jpg 200w, https://amishamerica.com/images/berne-indiana-family-in-carriage-250x182.jpg 250w, https://amishamerica.com/images/berne-indiana-family-in-carriage-137x100.jpg 137w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-53060" class="wp-caption-text">Amish look for guidance to Corinthians 6:14: “Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers…”</figcaption></figure>
<p>Amish base this belief in a few Biblical passages, such as Romans 12:2 – “And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.”</p><div id="AdThrive_Content_3_tablet" class="adthrive-ad adthrive-content adthrive-content-3 adthrive-ad-cls" style="min-height: 250px;"></div>
<p>Amish traditionally maintain boundaries between themselves and non-Amish, though it’s common that they have relationships with non-Amish as personal friends, business associates, and in other settings.</p>
<p><a name="baptism-age"></a></p>
<h2>When do Amish get baptized?</h2>
<p>Amish believe in adult baptism. This was a fundamental issue leading to the formation of the Anabaptist branch of Christianity. Most Amish today choose to be baptized between the ages of 18-22, though baptism may occur at earlier or later ages. <a href="https://amishamerica.com/when-do-amish-get-baptized/">More</a>.</p>
<p><a name="assurance"></a></p>
<h2>Do Amish believe in assurance of salvation?</h2>
<p>Most Amish do not profess a belief in assurance of salvation, in the way that a member of an Evangelical denomination might. Amish more often speak of a “living hope” of salvation. However, some Amish do claim assurance of salvation. This is most often seen in the <a href="https://amishamerica.com/whats-the-difference-between-new-order-and-old-order-amish/">New Order Amish churches</a>.</p>
<p><a name="shunning"></a></p>
<h2>Why do Amish practice shunning?</h2>
<p>Amish believe social shunning is a Biblically-mandated practice that Christians are obligated to perform for the sake of their fellow church members. Excommunication and subsequent church discipline (Amish use the term <em>Meidung</em> for shunning) are intended to encourage an errant member to cease sinful behavior and repent, and also to preserve the purity of the church.</p>
<p>Shunning is meant to be done in a spirit of love for the wayward brother, though that may not always be the case in practice. More <a href="https://amishamerica.com/shunning/">questions on the practice</a>.</p><div id="AdThrive_Content_4_tablet" class="adthrive-ad adthrive-content adthrive-content-4 adthrive-ad-cls" style="min-height: 250px;"></div>
<p><a name="insurance"></a></p>
<h2>Do Amish carry insurance?</h2>
<p>Amish do not generally purchase commercial insurance policies. A key tenet of Amish belief is reliance on community. Thus, the community bears the burdens of costs incurred due to medical expenses, disaster or other hardship.</p>
<p>In the case of larger expenses that can’t be handled by the immediate community, Amish may reach out to members in other churches and settlements. Amish in some places have also more formally organized this assistance in the form of community-administered aid plans.<br>
<a name="sundays"></a></p>
<h2>Why don’t Amish work on Sundays?</h2>
<p>Can they do any tasks at all on Sundays? For the Amish, Sunday is a day of rest and a day to honor God. This is why you see the “No Sunday Sales” signs on Amish businesses, and why it is always a day off for Amish people. However, certain tasks which have to be done, such as feeding animals or milking cows, are still performed.<br>
<a name="hypocrites"></a></p>
<h2>Are the Amish hypocrites?</h2>
<p><em>I see the Amish using technology and getting involved with worldly things. Isn’t this hypocritical?</em></p>
<p>Some Amish may criticize other Amish for what they feel as “backsliding” or going too far towards the ways of the world. Different Amish groups are more, or less, progressive on <a href="https://amishamerica.com/technology/">technology</a>. Even though they don’t always agree on how much is too much, most Amish have more beliefs and practices that unite them than divide them.</p><div id="AdThrive_Content_5_tablet" class="adthrive-ad adthrive-content adthrive-content-5 adthrive-ad-cls" style="min-height: 250px;"></div>
<div style="border: solid 1px #000000; background-color: #fff98c; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; padding: 5px 10px 5px 10px; border-radius: 5px;"><strong>More questions on the Amish?</strong> Get answers to <strong>300+</strong> questions in 41 categories at the <a href="https://amishamerica.com/faq/">FAQ main page</a>.</div>
<p><strong>References:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><em>1001 Questions and Answers on the Christian Life</em>. Aylmer, ON: Pathway Publishers, 1992.</li>
<li><em>The Truth in Word and Work</em>. Baltic, Ohio: Amish Brotherhood Publications, 1983.</li>
<li>Kraybill, Donald B., Karen Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt. <em>The Amish</em>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.</li>
<li>Hurst, Charles E., and David L. McConnell. <i>An Amish Paradox: Diversity & Change in the World’s Largest Amish Community</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.</li>
<li>Kraybill, Donald B., ed. <em>The Amish and the State</em> (2nd ed). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.</li>
<li>Kraybill, Donald B, and Marc A. Olshan, eds. <em>The Amish Struggle with Modernity</em>. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1994.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>To Cite this Page:</strong> Wesner, Erik J. “Beliefs.” <em>Amish America</em>. Erik Wesner, 23 Jan. 2015. Web. [Date Accessed]. <https://amishamerica.com/beliefs/>.</p>
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<p class="comments-title">3 Comments</p><!-- .comments-title --> <ol class="comment-list">
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<img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/11408d44b807f850c0a75913b67da966?s=60&d=mm&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/11408d44b807f850c0a75913b67da966?s=120&d=mm&r=pg 2x" class="avatar avatar-60 photo" height="60" width="60" loading="lazy" decoding="async"><cite class="fn">Terry Shryock</cite> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
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<a href="https://amishamerica.com/beliefs/#comment-664039">December 18, 2019 at 3:32 pm </a> </div><!-- .comment-meta -->
<p class="comment-title">Assurance of salvation </p> <div class="comment-text"><p>I am shocked to learn that assurance of salvation is NOT the normal belief among the Amish. Since they offer Biblical support for most (if not all) other beliefs, any idea what scripture leads them to NOT embrace the assurance of salvation tenet?</p>
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<img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3af055513e20486ffc015552a92cf6bc?s=60&d=mm&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3af055513e20486ffc015552a92cf6bc?s=120&d=mm&r=pg 2x" class="avatar avatar-60 photo" height="60" width="60" loading="lazy" decoding="async"><cite class="fn">MARY</cite> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
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<a href="https://amishamerica.com/beliefs/#comment-705769">March 1, 2022 at 10:57 am </a> </div><!-- .comment-meta -->
<p class="comment-title">amish beliefs</p> <div class="comment-text"><p>Erik, How are you doing? Hey long time since we’ve chatted. I need to connect with you about taking old photos and info off for The Connection. Can you email me please? Thanks!</p>
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<div class="reply"><a class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-705769" data-commentid="705769" data-postid="50305" data-belowelement="div-comment-705769" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Reply to MARY" aria-label="Reply to MARY">Reply</a> </div>
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<img alt="" src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d89a051d21297ae56fdc13384bbde029?s=60&d=mm&r=pg" srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d89a051d21297ae56fdc13384bbde029?s=120&d=mm&r=pg 2x" class="avatar avatar-60 photo" height="60" width="60" loading="lazy" decoding="async"><cite class="fn">Abbie</cite> </div><!-- .comment-author -->
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<a href="https://amishamerica.com/beliefs/#comment-719197">March 24, 2023 at 11:01 am </a> </div><!-- .comment-meta -->
<p class="comment-title">Amish Beliefs</p> <div class="comment-text"><p>Hello Erik,<br>
I am researching the Amish for a school project and was wondering if you could answer a few questions:<br>
1. What do you identify as the most important or distinct practices of your culture?<br>
2. How is social power, authority, or social roles on a hierarchy expressed in your culture?<br>
3. In class, we learned that in “honor-oriented societies,” worth comes from one’s role or group membership and in “justice-oriented societies,” worth comes from what one does or doesn’t do. What is the role of honor/shame in your culture? Are honor/pride and dishonor/shame important concepts in your culture?</p>
<p>If you would be able to respond to some or all of these, I would really appreciate it!<br>
Thanks!</p>
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<p style="font-weight: 300;font-size: 1em;line-height: 140%"><b>Hi, I'm Erik.</b> Since 2004, I've visited <a href="https://amishamerica.com/my-amish-settlement-list/">70+ Amish communities</a> in 17 states. I love spending time with Amish friends & sharing what I've learned with you here. Welcome! | <a href="https://amishamerica.com/about/">About Erik</a></p></div></section><section id="block-21" class="widget widget_block widget_media_image">
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0!==t.featureRolloutId&&this._enabledFeatureRolloutIds.push(t.featureRolloutId)}))}constructor(e){super(),this._featureRollouts=e,this._setEnabledFeatureRolloutIds()}}class W{get enabled(){return!!this._clsGlobalData&&!!this._clsGlobalData.siteAds&&((e,t=j)=>{if(!e)return!1;for(let i=0;i<t.length;i++)if(!e[t[i]])return!1;return!0})(this._clsGlobalData.siteAds)}get error(){return!(!this._clsGlobalData||!this._clsGlobalData.error)}set siteAds(e){this._clsGlobalData.siteAds=e}get siteAds(){return this._clsGlobalData.siteAds}set disableAds(e){this._clsGlobalData.disableAds=e}get disableAds(){return this._clsGlobalData.disableAds}set enabledLocations(e){this._clsGlobalData.enabledLocations=e}get enabledLocations(){return this._clsGlobalData.enabledLocations}get injectedFromPlugin(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedFromPlugin}set injectedFromPlugin(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedFromPlugin=e}get injectedFromSiteAds(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedFromSiteAds}set injectedFromSiteAds(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedFromSiteAds=e}overwriteInjectedSlots(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots=e}setInjectedSlots(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots=this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots||[],this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots.push(e)}get injectedSlots(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots}setInjectedVideoSlots(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedVideoSlots=this._clsGlobalData.injectedVideoSlots||[],this._clsGlobalData.injectedVideoSlots.push(e)}get injectedVideoSlots(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedVideoSlots}setInjectedScripts(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedScripts=this._clsGlobalData.injectedScripts||[],this._clsGlobalData.injectedScripts.push(e)}get getInjectedScripts(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedScripts}setExperiment(e,t,i=!1){this._clsGlobalData.experiments=this._clsGlobalData.experiments||{},this._clsGlobalData.siteExperiments=this._clsGlobalData.siteExperiments||{};(i?this._clsGlobalData.siteExperiments:this._clsGlobalData.experiments)[e]=t}getExperiment(e,t=!1){const i=t?this._clsGlobalData.siteExperiments:this._clsGlobalData.experiments;return i&&i[e]}setWeightedChoiceExperiment(e,t,i=!1){this._clsGlobalData.experimentsWeightedChoice=this._clsGlobalData.experimentsWeightedChoice||{},this._clsGlobalData.siteExperimentsWeightedChoice=this._clsGlobalData.siteExperimentsWeightedChoice||{};(i?this._clsGlobalData.siteExperimentsWeightedChoice:this._clsGlobalData.experimentsWeightedChoice)[e]=t}getWeightedChoiceExperiment(e,t=!1){var i,n;const s=t?null==(i=this._clsGlobalData)?void 0:i.siteExperimentsWeightedChoice:null==(n=this._clsGlobalData)?void 0:n.experimentsWeightedChoice;return s&&s[e]}get branch(){return this._clsGlobalData.branch}get bucket(){return this._clsGlobalData.bucket}set videoDisabledFromPlugin(e){this._clsGlobalData.videoDisabledFromPlugin=e}get videoDisabledFromPlugin(){return this._clsGlobalData.videoDisabledFromPlugin}set targetDensityLog(e){this._clsGlobalData.targetDensityLog=e}get targetDensityLog(){return this._clsGlobalData.targetDensityLog}shouldHalveIOSDensity(){const e=new U(this.enabled&&this._clsGlobalData&&this._clsGlobalData.siteAds&&"featureRollouts"in this._clsGlobalData.siteAds&&this._clsGlobalData.siteAds.featureRollouts||{});return((e=navigator.userAgent)=>/iP(hone|od|ad)/i.test(e))()&&e.isRolloutEnabled("iOS-Resolution")}getTargetDensity(e){return this.shouldHalveIOSDensity()?e/2:e}get removeVideoTitleWrapper(){return this._clsGlobalData.siteAds.adOptions.removeVideoTitleWrapper}constructor(){this._clsGlobalData=window.adthriveCLS}}class q{static getScrollTop(){return(window.pageYOffset||document.documentElement.scrollTop)-(document.documentElement.clientTop||0)}static getScrollBottom(){return this.getScrollTop()+(document.documentElement.clientHeight||0)}static shufflePlaylist(e){let t,i,n=e.length;for(;0!==n;)i=Math.floor(Math.random()*e.length),n-=1,t=e[n],e[n]=e[i],e[i]=t;return e}static isMobileLandscape(){return window.matchMedia("(orientation: landscape) and (max-height: 480px)").matches}static playerViewable(e){const t=e.getBoundingClientRect();return this.isMobileLandscape()?window.innerHeight>t.top+t.height/2&&t.top+t.height/2>0:window.innerHeight>t.top+t.height/2}static createQueryString(e){return Object.keys(e).map((t=>`${t}=${e[t]}`)).join("&")}static createEncodedQueryString(e){return Object.keys(e).map((t=>`${t}=${encodeURIComponent(e[t])}`)).join("&")}static setMobileLocation(e){return"top-left"===(e=e||"bottom-right")?e="adthrive-collapse-top-left":"top-right"===e?e="adthrive-collapse-top-right":"bottom-left"===e?e="adthrive-collapse-bottom-left":"bottom-right"===e?e="adthrive-collapse-bottom-right":"top-center"===e&&(e=E()?"adthrive-collapse-top-center":"adthrive-collapse-bottom-right"),e}static addMaxResolutionQueryParam(e){const t=`max_resolution=${E()?"320":"1280"}`,[i,n]=String(e).split("?");return`${i}?${n?n+`&${t}`:t}`}}class Q{constructor(e){this._clsOptions=e,this.removeVideoTitleWrapper=w(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.removeVideoTitleWrapper,!1);const t=this._clsOptions.siteAds.videoPlayers;this.footerSelector=w(t&&t.footerSelector,""),this.players=w(t&&t.players.map((e=>(e.mobileLocation=q.setMobileLocation(e.mobileLocation),e))),[]),this.relatedSettings=t&&t.contextual}}class K{constructor(e){this.mobileStickyPlayerOnPage=!1,this.playlistPlayerAdded=!1,this.relatedPlayerAdded=!1,this.footerSelector="",this.removeVideoTitleWrapper=!1,this.videoAdOptions=new Q(e),this.players=this.videoAdOptions.players,this.relatedSettings=this.videoAdOptions.relatedSettings,this.removeVideoTitleWrapper=this.videoAdOptions.removeVideoTitleWrapper,this.footerSelector=this.videoAdOptions.footerSelector}}class J{setExperimentKey(e=!1){this._clsOptions.setExperiment(this.abgroup,this.result,e)}constructor(){this._clsOptions=new W,this.shouldUseCoreExperimentsConfig=!1}}class Y extends J{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new z(.1).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.key="RemoveLargeSize",this.abgroup="smhd100",this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}function X(e,t,i,n){var s,o=arguments.length,r=o<3?t:null===n?n=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t,i):n;if("object"==typeof Reflect&&"function"==typeof Reflect.decorate)r=Reflect.decorate(e,t,i,n);else for(var a=e.length-1;a>=0;a--)(s=e[a])&&(r=(o<3?s(r):o>3?s(t,i,r):s(t,i))||r);return o>3&&r&&Object.defineProperty(t,i,r),r}function Z(e,t){if("object"==typeof Reflect&&"function"==typeof Reflect.metadata)return Reflect.metadata(e,t)}"function"==typeof SuppressedError&&SuppressedError;const ee=(e,t,i,n,s,o)=>{const r=Math.round(o-s),a=[],l=[];a.push("(",i.map((()=>"%o")).join(", "),")"),l.push(...i),void 0!==n&&(a.push(" => %o"),l.push(n)),a.push(` %c(${r}ms)`),l.push("color: #999;")},te=(e,t,i)=>{const n=void 0!==i.get?i.get:i.value;return function(...i){try{const s=F(),o=n.apply(this,i);if(o instanceof Promise)return o.then((e=>{const t=F();return ee(0,0,i,e,s,t),Promise.resolve(e)})).catch((i=>{throw i.logged||(C.error(e,t,i),i.logged=!0),i}));{const e=F();return ee(0,0,i,o,s,e),o}}catch(i){throw i.logged||(C.error(e,t,i),i.logged=!0),i}}},ie=(t,i=!1)=>n=>{const s=Object.getOwnPropertyNames(n.prototype).filter((e=>i||0!==e.indexOf("_"))).map((e=>[e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n.prototype,e)]));for(const[i,o]of s)void 0!==o&&"function"==typeof o.value?n.prototype[i]=te(t,i,o):void 0!==o&&void 0!==o.get&&"function"==typeof o.get&&Object.defineProperty(n.prototype,i,e({},o,{get:te(t,i,o)}))};class ne extends J{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new z(this.weight).get()}constructor(e){super(),this._result=!1,this.key="ParallaxAdsExperiment",this.abgroup="parallax",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.5;!!E()&&e.largeFormatsMobile&&(this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey())}}ne=X([ie("ParallaxAdsExperiment"),Z("design:type",Function),Z("design:paramtypes",["undefined"==typeof AdTypes?Object:AdTypes])],ne);class se extends J{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new z(1).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.key="mrsf",this.abgroup="mrsf",E()&&(this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey())}}const oe=[[728,90],[300,250],[300,600],[320,50],[970,250],[160,600],[300,1050],[336,280],[970,90],[300,50],[320,100],[468,60],[250,250],[120,240],[1,1],[300,300],[552,334],[300,420],[728,250],[320,300],[300,390]],re=[[300,600],[160,600]],ae=new Map([[d.Footer,1],[d.Header,2],[d.Sidebar,3],[d.Content,4],[d.Recipe,5],["Sidebar_sticky",6],["Below Post",7]]),le=(e,t)=>{const{location:i,sticky:n}=e;if(i===d.Recipe&&t){const{recipeMobile:e,recipeDesktop:i}=t;if(E()&&(null==e?void 0:e.enabled))return!0;if(!E()&&(null==i?void 0:i.enabled))return!0}return i===d.Footer||n},ce=(e,t)=>{const i=t.adUnits,n=(e=>!!e.adTypes&&new ne(e.adTypes).result)(t),s=new Y,o=new se;return i.filter((e=>void 0!==e.dynamic&&e.dynamic.enabled)).map((i=>{const r=i.location.replace(/\s+/g,"_"),a="Sidebar"===r?0:2;return{auctionPriority:ae.get(r)||8,location:r,sequence:w(i.sequence,1),sizes:(l=i.adSizes,oe.filter((([e,t])=>l.some((([i,n])=>e===i&&t===n))))).filter((t=>((e,[t,i],n,s,o)=>{const{location:r,sequence:a}=e;if(r===d.Footer)return!("phone"===n&&320===t&&100===i);if(r===d.Header)return!(i>100&&s.result);if(r===d.Recipe)return!(o.result&&"phone"===n&&(300===t&&390===i||320===t&&300===i));if(r===d.Sidebar){const t=e.adSizes.some((([,e])=>e<=300)),n=i>300;return!(!n||t)||9===a||(a&&a<=5?!n||e.sticky:!n)}return!0})(i,t,e,s,o))).concat(n&&i.location===d.Content?re:[]),devices:i.devices,pageSelector:w(i.dynamic.pageSelector,"").trim(),elementSelector:w(i.dynamic.elementSelector,"").trim(),position:w(i.dynamic.position,"beforebegin"),max:Math.floor(w(i.dynamic.max,0)),spacing:w(i.dynamic.spacing,0),skip:Math.floor(w(i.dynamic.skip,0)),every:Math.max(Math.floor(w(i.dynamic.every,1)),1),classNames:i.dynamic.classNames||[],sticky:le(i,t.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig),stickyOverlapSelector:w(i.stickyOverlapSelector,"").trim(),autosize:i.autosize,special:w(i.targeting,[]).filter((e=>"special"===e.key)).reduce(((e,t)=>e.concat(...t.value)),[]),lazy:w(i.dynamic.lazy,!1),lazyMax:w(i.dynamic.lazyMax,a),lazyMaxDefaulted:0!==i.dynamic.lazyMax&&!i.dynamic.lazyMax,name:i.name};var l}))},de=(e,t)=>{const i=(e=>{let t=e.clientWidth;if(getComputedStyle){const i=getComputedStyle(e,null);t-=parseFloat(i.paddingLeft||"0")+parseFloat(i.paddingRight||"0")}return t})(t),n=e.sticky&&e.location===d.Sidebar;return e.sizes.filter((t=>{const s=!e.autosize||(t[0]<=i||t[0]<=320),o=!n||t[1]<=window.innerHeight-100;return s&&o}))};class ue{constructor(e){this.clsOptions=e,this.enabledLocations=[d.Below_Post,d.Content,d.Recipe,d.Sidebar]}}const he=e=>`adthrive-${e.location.replace("_","-").toLowerCase()}`,pe=e=>`${he(e)}-${e.sequence}`;function me(e,t){void 0===t&&(t={});var i=t.insertAt;if(e&&"undefined"!=typeof document){var n=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0],s=document.createElement("style");s.type="text/css","top"===i&&n.firstChild?n.insertBefore(s,n.firstChild):n.appendChild(s),s.styleSheet?s.styleSheet.cssText=e:s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(e))}}const _e=e=>e.some((e=>null!==document.querySelector(e)));class ge extends J{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new z(1).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.key="RemoveRecipeCap",this.abgroup="rrc",this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}class ye extends G{static fromArray(e,t){return new ye(e.map((([e,t])=>({choice:e,weight:t}))),t)}addChoice(e,t){this._choices.push({choice:e,weight:t})}get(){const e=(t=0,i=100,Math.random()*(i-t)+t);var t,i;let n=0;for(const{choice:t,weight:i}of this._choices)if(n+=i,n>=e)return t;return this._default}get totalWeight(){return this._choices.reduce(((e,{weight:t})=>e+t),0)}constructor(e=[],t){super(),this._choices=e,this._default=t}}const fe=()=>(e,t,i)=>{const n=i.value;n&&(i.value=function(...e){const t=(e=>{if(null===e)return null;const t=e.map((({choice:e})=>e));return(e=>{let t=5381,i=e.length;for(;i;)t=33*t^e.charCodeAt(--i);return t>>>0})(JSON.stringify(t)).toString(16)})(this._choices),i=this._expConfigABGroup?this._expConfigABGroup:this.abgroup,s=i?i.toLowerCase():this.key?this.key.toLowerCase():"",o=t?`${s}_${t}`:s,r=this.localStoragePrefix?`${this.localStoragePrefix}-${o}`:o,a=M.readInternalLocalStorage("adthrive_branch");!1===(a&&a.enabled)&&M.deleteLocalStorage(r);const l=(()=>n.apply(this,e))(),c=(d=this._choices,u=l,null!=(p=null==(h=d.find((({choice:e})=>e===u)))?void 0:h.weight)?p:null);var d,u,h,p;const[m,_]=R(r,l,c,{value:24,unit:"hours"});return this._stickyResult=m,this._stickyWeight=_,m})};class ve{get enabled(){return void 0!==this.experimentConfig}_isValidResult(e,t=()=>!0){return t()&&D(e)}}class Se extends ve{_isValidResult(e){return super._isValidResult(e,(()=>this._resultValidator(e)||"control"===e))}run(){if(!this.enabled)return C.error("CLSWeightedChoiceSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. Defaulting to control."),"control";if(!this._mappedChoices||0===this._mappedChoices.length)return C.error("CLSWeightedChoiceSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment variants found. Defaulting to control."),"control";const e=new ye(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(C.error("CLSWeightedChoiceSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to control."),"control")}constructor(...e){super(...e),this._resultValidator=()=>!0}}class be{getSiteExperimentByKey(e){const t=this.siteExperiments.filter((t=>t.key.toLowerCase()===e.toLowerCase()))[0],i=x("at_site_features"),n=(s=(null==t?void 0:t.variants[1])?null==t?void 0:t.variants[1].value:null==t?void 0:t.variants[0].value,o=i[e],typeof s==typeof o);var s,o;return t&&i[e]&&n&&(t.variants=[{displayName:"test",value:i[e],weight:100,id:0}]),t}constructor(e){var t,i;this.siteExperiments=[],this._clsOptions=e,this._device=E()?"mobile":"desktop",this.siteExperiments=null!=(i=null==(t=this._clsOptions.siteAds.siteExperiments)?void 0:t.filter((e=>{const t=e.key,i=N(e,this._device),n=T(this._clsOptions.siteAds,t,this._device);return i&&n})))?i:[]}}class Ce extends Se{get result(){return this._result}run(){if(!this.enabled)return C.error("CLSAdLayoutSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. Defaulting to empty class name."),"";const e=new ye(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(C.error("CLSAdLayoutSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to empty class name."),"")}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map((({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:t})))}constructor(e){super(),this._choices=[],this._mappedChoices=[],this._result="",this._resultValidator=e=>"string"==typeof e,this.key=c.AdLayout,this.abgroup=c.AdLayout,this._clsSiteExperiments=new be(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}}X([fe(),Z("design:type",Function),Z("design:paramtypes",[]),Z("design:returntype",void 0)],Ce.prototype,"run",null);class we extends Se{get result(){return this._result}run(){if(!this.enabled)return C.error("CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. Defaulting to control."),"control";const e=new ye(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(C.error("CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment","run","() => %o","Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to control."),"control")}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map((({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:"number"==typeof t?(t||0)/100:"control"})))}constructor(e){super(),this._choices=[],this._mappedChoices=[],this._result="control",this._resultValidator=e=>"number"==typeof e,this.key=c.AdDensity,this.abgroup=c.AdDensity,this._clsSiteExperiments=new be(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}}X([fe(),Z("design:type",Function),Z("design:paramtypes",[]),Z("design:returntype",void 0)],we.prototype,"run",null);class Oe extends J{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new z(this.weight).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this.abgroup="scae",this.key="StickyContainerAds",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.99,this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}Oe=X([ie("StickyContainerAdsExperiment"),Z("design:type",Function),Z("design:paramtypes",[])],Oe);class xe extends J{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new z(this.weight).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this.abgroup="scre",this.key="StickyContainerRecipe",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.99,this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}xe=X([ie("StickyContainerRecipeExperiment"),Z("design:type",Function),Z("design:paramtypes",[])],xe);const Ae="250px";class Ee{start(){try{var e,t;(e=>{const t=document.body,i=`adthrive-device-${e}`;if(!t.classList.contains(i))try{t.classList.add(i)}catch(e){C.error("BodyDeviceClassComponent","init",{message:e.message});const t="classList"in document.createElement("_");C.error("BodyDeviceClassComponent","init.support",{support:t})}})(this._device);const s=new Ce(this._clsOptions);if(s.enabled){const e=s.result,t=e.startsWith(".")?e.substring(1):e;if((e=>/^[-_a-zA-Z]+[-_a-zA-Z0-9]*$/.test(e))(t))try{document.body.classList.add(t)}catch(e){C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",`Uncaught CSS Class error: ${e}`)}else C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",`Invalid class name: ${t}`)}const o=ce(this._device,this._clsOptions.siteAds).filter((e=>this._locationEnabled(e))).filter((e=>{return t=e,i=this._device,t.devices.includes(i);var t,i})).filter((e=>{return 0===(t=e).pageSelector.length||null!==document.querySelector(t.pageSelector);var t})),r=this.inject(o);var i,n;if(null==(t=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(e=t.content)?void 0:e.enabled)if(this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment.result&&!_e(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig.blockedSelectors||[]))me(`\n .adthrive-device-phone .adthrive-sticky-content {\n height: 450px !important;\n margin-bottom: 100px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-content.adthrive-sticky {\n position: -webkit-sticky;\n position: sticky !important;\n top: 42px !important;\n margin-top: 42px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-content.adthrive-sticky:after {\n content: "— Advertisement. Scroll down to continue. —";\n font-size: 10pt;\n margin-top: 5px;\n margin-bottom: 5px;\n display:block;\n color: #888;\n }\n .adthrive-sticky-container {\n position: relative;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: flex-start;\n align-items: center;\n min-height:${(null==(n=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(i=n.content)?void 0:i.minHeight)||400}px !important;\n margin: 10px 0 10px 0;\n background-color: #FAFAFA;\n padding-bottom:0px;\n }\n `);r.forEach((e=>this._clsOptions.setInjectedSlots(e)))}catch(e){C.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",e)}}inject(e,t=document){this._densityDevice="desktop"===this._device?u.Desktop:u.Mobile,this._overrideDefaultAdDensitySettingsWithSiteExperiment();const i=this._clsOptions.siteAds,n=w(i.adDensityEnabled,!0),s=i.adDensityLayout&&n,o=e.filter((e=>s?e.location!==d.Content:e)),r=e.filter((e=>s?e.location===d.Content:null));return[...o.length?this._injectNonDensitySlots(o,t):[],...r.length?this._injectDensitySlots(r,t):[]]}_injectNonDensitySlots(e,t=document){var i;const n=[],s=[];if(this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment.result&&e.some((e=>e.location===d.Recipe&&e.sticky))&&!_e((null==(i=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)?void 0:i.blockedSelectors)||[])){var o,r;const e=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig;(e=>{me(`\n .adthrive-recipe.adthrive-sticky {\n position: -webkit-sticky;\n position: sticky !important;\n top: 42px !important;\n margin-top: 42px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-recipe-sticky-container {\n position: relative;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: flex-start;\n align-items: center;\n min-height:${e||400}px !important;\n margin: 10px 0 10px 0;\n background-color: #FAFAFA;\n padding-bottom:0px;\n }\n `)})("phone"===this._device?null==e||null==(o=e.recipeMobile)?void 0:o.minHeight:null==e||null==(r=e.recipeDesktop)?void 0:r.minHeight)}for(const i of e)this._insertNonDensityAds(i,n,s,t);return s.forEach((({location:e,element:t})=>{t.style.minHeight=this.locationToMinHeight[e]})),n}_injectDensitySlots(e,t=document){try{this._calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t)}catch(e){return[]}const{onePerViewport:i,targetAll:n,targetDensityUnits:s,combinedMax:o,numberOfUnits:r}=this._getDensitySettings(e,t);return this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice=i?window.innerHeight:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,r?(this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._findElementsForAds(r,i,n,o,s,t),this._insertAds()):[]}_overrideDefaultAdDensitySettingsWithSiteExperiment(){var e;if(null==(e=this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment)?void 0:e.enabled){const e=this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment.result;"number"==typeof e&&(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityEnabled=!0,this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityLayout[this._densityDevice].adDensity=e)}}_getDensitySettings(e,t=document){const i=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityLayout,n=this._determineOverrides(i.pageOverrides),s=n.length?n[0]:i[this._densityDevice],o=this._clsOptions.getTargetDensity(s.adDensity),r=s.onePerViewport,a=this._shouldTargetAllEligible(o),l=this._getTargetDensityUnits(o,a),c=this._getCombinedMax(e,t),d=Math.min(this._totalAvailableElements.length,l,...c>0?[c]:[]);return this._pubLog={onePerViewport:r,targetDensity:o,targetDensityUnits:l,combinedMax:c},{onePerViewport:r,targetAll:a,targetDensityUnits:l,combinedMax:c,numberOfUnits:d}}_determineOverrides(e){return e.filter((e=>{const t=V(e.pageSelector);return""===e.pageSelector||t.elements&&t.elements.length})).map((e=>e[this._densityDevice]))}_shouldTargetAllEligible(e){return e===this._densityMax}_getTargetDensityUnits(e,t){return t?this._totalAvailableElements.length:Math.floor(e*this._mainContentHeight/(1-e)/this._minDivHeight)-this._recipeCount}_getCombinedMax(e,t=document){return w(e.filter((e=>{let i;try{i=t.querySelector(e.elementSelector)}catch(e){}return i})).map((e=>Number(e.max)+Number(e.lazyMaxDefaulted?0:e.lazyMax))).sort(((e,t)=>t-e))[0],0)}_elementLargerThanMainContent(e){return e.offsetHeight>=this._mainContentHeight&&this._totalAvailableElements.length>1}_elementDisplayNone(e){const t=window.getComputedStyle(e,null).display;return t&&"none"===t||"none"===e.style.display}_isBelowMaxes(e,t){return this._adInjectionMap.map.length<e&&this._adInjectionMap.map.length<t}_findElementsForAds(e,t,i,n,s,o=document){this._clsOptions.targetDensityLog={onePerViewport:t,combinedMax:n,targetDensityUnits:s,targetDensityPercentage:this._pubLog.targetDensity,mainContentHeight:this._mainContentHeight,recipeCount:this._recipeCount,numberOfEls:this._totalAvailableElements.length};const r=e=>{for(const{dynamicAd:t,element:r}of this._totalAvailableElements)if(this._logDensityInfo(r,t.elementSelector,e),!(!i&&this._elementLargerThanMainContent(r)||this._elementDisplayNone(r))){if(!this._isBelowMaxes(n,s))break;this._checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:t,element:r,insertEvery:e,targetAll:i,target:o})}!this._usedAbsoluteMinimum&&this._smallerIncrementAttempts<5&&(++this._smallerIncrementAttempts,r(this._getSmallerIncrement(e)))},a=this._getInsertEvery(e,t,s);r(a)}_getSmallerIncrement(e){let t=.6*e;return t<=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice&&(t=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!0),t}_insertNonDensityAds(e,t,i,n=document){let s=0,o=0,r=0;e.spacing>0&&(s=window.innerHeight*e.spacing,o=s);const a=this._repeatDynamicAds(e),l=this.getElements(e.elementSelector,n);e.skip;for(let c=e.skip;c<l.length&&!(r+1>a.length);c+=e.every){let u=l[c];if(s>0){const{bottom:e}=O(u);if(e<=o)continue;o=e+s}const h=a[r],p=`${h.location}_${h.sequence}`;t.some((e=>e.name===p))&&(r+=1);const m=this.getDynamicElementId(h),_=he(e),g=pe(e),y=[e.location===d.Sidebar&&e.sticky&&e.sequence&&e.sequence<=5?"adthrive-sticky-sidebar":"",this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment.result&&e.location===d.Recipe&&e.sticky?"adthrive-recipe-sticky-container":"",_,g,...e.classNames],f=this.addAd(u,m,e.position,y);if(f){const s=de(h,f);if(s.length){const o={clsDynamicAd:e,dynamicAd:h,element:f,sizes:s,name:p,infinite:n!==document};t.push(o),i.push({location:h.location,element:f}),e.location===d.Recipe&&++this._recipeCount,r+=1}u=f}}}_insertAds(){const e=[];return this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._adInjectionMap.map.forEach((({el:t,dynamicAd:i,target:n},s)=>{const o=Number(i.sequence)+s,r=i.max,a=i.lazy&&o>r;i.sequence=o,i.lazy=a;const l=this._addContentAd(t,i,n);l&&(i.used=!0,e.push(l))})),e}_getInsertEvery(e,t,i){let n=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice;return this._moreAvailableElementsThanUnitsToInject(i,e)?(this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!1,n=this._useWiderSpacing(i,e)):(this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!0,n=this._useSmallestSpacing(t)),t&&window.innerHeight>n?window.innerHeight:n}_useWiderSpacing(e,t){return this._mainContentHeight/Math.min(e,t)}_useSmallestSpacing(e){return e&&window.innerHeight>this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice?window.innerHeight:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice}_moreAvailableElementsThanUnitsToInject(e,t){return this._totalAvailableElements.length>e||this._totalAvailableElements.length>t}_logDensityInfo(e,t,i){const{onePerViewport:n,targetDensity:s,targetDensityUnits:o,combinedMax:r}=this._pubLog;this._totalAvailableElements.length}_checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:t,element:i,insertEvery:n,targetAll:s,target:o=document}){(this._isFirstAdInjected()||this._hasProperSpacing(i,t,s,n))&&this._markSpotForContentAd(i,e({},t),o)}_isFirstAdInjected(){return!this._adInjectionMap.map.length}_markSpotForContentAd(e,t,i=document){const n="beforebegin"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position;this._adInjectionMap.add(e,this._getElementCoords(e,n),t,i),this._adInjectionMap.sort()}_hasProperSpacing(e,t,i,n){const s="beforebegin"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position,o="beforeend"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position,r=i||this._isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,n,s),a=o||this._isElementNotInRow(e,s),l=-1===e.id.indexOf(`AdThrive_${d.Below_Post}`);return r&&a&&l}_isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,t,i){const n=this._getElementCoords(e,i);let s=!1;for(let e=0;e<this._adInjectionMap.map.length;e++){const i=this._adInjectionMap.map[e].coords,o=this._adInjectionMap.map[e+1]&&this._adInjectionMap.map[e+1].coords;if(s=n-t>i&&(!o||n+t<o),s)break}return s}_isElementNotInRow(e,t){const i=e.previousElementSibling,n=e.nextElementSibling,s=t?!i&&n||i&&e.tagName!==i.tagName?n:i:n;return!(!s||0!==e.getBoundingClientRect().height)||(!s||e.getBoundingClientRect().top!==s.getBoundingClientRect().top)}_calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t=document){const[i,n]=((e,t,i=document)=>{const[n,s]=P(e,t,i);if(0===n.length)throw Error("No Main Content Elements Found");return[Array.from(n).reduce(((e,t)=>t.offsetHeight>e.offsetHeight?t:e))||document.body,s]})(e,this._adInjectionMap,t);this._mainContentDiv=i,this._totalAvailableElements=n,this._mainContentHeight=((e,t="div #comments, section .comments")=>{const i=e.querySelector(t);return i?e.offsetHeight-i.offsetHeight:e.offsetHeight})(this._mainContentDiv)}_getElementCoords(e,t=!1){const i=e.getBoundingClientRect();return(t?i.top:i.bottom)+window.scrollY}_addContentAd(e,t,i=document){var n,s;let o=null;const r=he(t),a=pe(t),l=(null==(s=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(n=s.content)?void 0:n.enabled)&&this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment.result?"adthrive-sticky-container":"",c=this.addAd(e,this.getDynamicElementId(t),t.position,[l,r,a,...t.classNames]);if(c){const e=de(t,c);if(e.length){c.style.minHeight=this.locationToMinHeight[t.location];o={clsDynamicAd:t,dynamicAd:t,element:c,sizes:e,name:`${t.location}_${t.sequence}`,infinite:i!==document}}}return o}getDynamicElementId(e){return`AdThrive_${e.location}_${e.sequence}_${this._device}`}getElements(e,t=document){return t.querySelectorAll(e)}addAd(e,t,i,n=[]){if(!document.getElementById(t)){const s=`<div id="${t}" class="adthrive-ad ${n.join(" ")}"></div>`;e.insertAdjacentHTML(i,s)}return document.getElementById(t)}_repeatDynamicAds(t){const i=[],n=this._removeRecipeCapExperiment.result&&t.location===d.Recipe?99:this.locationMaxLazySequence.get(t.location),s=t.lazy?w(n,0):0,o=t.max,r=t.lazyMax,a=0===s&&t.lazy?o+r:Math.min(Math.max(s-t.sequence+1,0),o+r),l=Math.max(o,a);for(let n=0;n<l;n++){const s=Number(t.sequence)+n;if("Recipe_1"!==t.name||5!==s){const r=t.lazy&&n>=o;i.push(e({},t,{sequence:s,lazy:r}))}}return i}_locationEnabled(e){const t=this._clsOptions.enabledLocations.includes(e.location),i=this._clsOptions.disableAds&&this._clsOptions.disableAds.all||document.body.classList.contains("adthrive-disable-all"),n=!document.body.classList.contains("adthrive-disable-content")&&!this._clsOptions.disableAds.reasons.has("content_plugin");return t&&!i&&n}constructor(e,t){this._clsOptions=e,this._adInjectionMap=t,this._recipeCount=0,this._mainContentHeight=0,this._mainContentDiv=null,this._totalAvailableElements=[],this._minDivHeight=250,this._densityDevice=u.Desktop,this._pubLog={onePerViewport:!1,targetDensity:0,targetDensityUnits:0,combinedMax:0},this._densityMax=.99,this._smallerIncrementAttempts=0,this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice=250,this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!1,this._infPageEndOffset=0,this.locationMaxLazySequence=new Map([[d.Recipe,5]]),this.locationToMinHeight={Below_Post:Ae,Content:Ae,Recipe:Ae,Sidebar:Ae};const{tablet:i,desktop:n}=this._clsOptions.siteAds.breakpoints;this._device=((e,t)=>{const i=window.innerWidth;return i>=t?"desktop":i>=e?"tablet":"phone"})(i,n),this._config=new ue(e),this._clsOptions.enabledLocations=this._config.enabledLocations,this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment=this._clsOptions.siteAds.siteExperiments?new we(this._clsOptions):null,this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment=new Oe,this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment=new xe,this._removeRecipeCapExperiment=new ge}}function Pe(e,t){if(null==e)return{};var i,n,s={},o=Object.keys(e);for(n=0;n<o.length;n++)i=o[n],t.indexOf(i)>=0||(s[i]=e[i]);return s}class ke{get enabled(){return!0}}class De extends ke{setPotentialPlayersMap(){const e=this._videoConfig.players||[],t=this._filterPlayerMap(),i=e.filter((e=>"stationaryRelated"===e.type&&e.enabled));return t.stationaryRelated=i,this._potentialPlayerMap=t,this._potentialPlayerMap}_filterPlayerMap(){const e=this._videoConfig.players,t={stickyRelated:[],stickyPlaylist:[],stationaryRelated:[]};return e&&e.length?e.filter((e=>{var t;return null==(t=e.devices)?void 0:t.includes(this._device)})).reduce(((e,t)=>(e[t.type]||(C.event(this._component,"constructor","Unknown Video Player Type detected",t.type),e[t.type]=[]),t.enabled&&e[t.type].push(t),e)),t):t}_checkPlayerSelectorOnPage(e){const t=this._potentialPlayerMap[e].map((e=>({player:e,playerElement:this._getPlacementElement(e)})));return t.length?t[0]:{player:null,playerElement:null}}_getOverrideElement(e,t,i){if(e&&t){const n=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,n),i=n}else{const{player:e,playerElement:t}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyPlaylist");if(e&&t){const n=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,n),i=n}}return i}_shouldOverrideElement(e){const t=e.getAttribute("override-embed");return"true"===t||"false"===t?"true"===t:!!this._videoConfig.relatedSettings&&this._videoConfig.relatedSettings.overrideEmbedLocation}_checkPageSelector(e,t,i=[]){if(e&&t&&0===i.length){return!("/"===window.location.pathname)&&C.event("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`PSNF: ${e} does not exist on the page`)),!1}return!0}_getElementSelector(e,t,i){return t&&t.length>i?t[i]:(C.event("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`ESNF: ${e} does not exist on the page`)),null)}_getPlacementElement(e){const{pageSelector:t,elementSelector:i,skip:n}=e,s=V(t),{valid:o,elements:r}=s,a=Pe(s,["valid","elements"]),l=L(i),{valid:c,elements:d}=l,u=Pe(l,["valid","elements"]);if(""!==t&&!o)return C.error("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`${t} is not a valid selector`),a),null;if(!c)return C.error("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`${i} is not a valid selector`),u),null;if(!this._checkPageSelector(t,o,r))return null;return this._getElementSelector(i,d,n)||null}_getEmbeddedPlayerType(e){let t=e.getAttribute("data-player-type");return t&&"default"!==t||(t=this._videoConfig.relatedSettings?this._videoConfig.relatedSettings.defaultPlayerType:"static"),this._stickyRelatedOnPage&&(t="static"),t}_getMediaId(e){const t=e.getAttribute("data-video-id");return!!t&&(this._relatedMediaIds.push(t),t)}_createRelatedPlayer(e,t,i,n){"collapse"===t?this._createCollapsePlayer(e,i):"static"===t&&this._createStaticPlayer(e,i,n)}_createCollapsePlayer(t,i){const{player:n,playerElement:s}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyRelated"),o=n||this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0];if(o&&o.playerId){this._shouldOverrideElement(i)&&(i=this._getOverrideElement(n,s,i)),i=document.querySelector(`#cls-video-container-${t} > div`)||i,this._createStickyRelatedPlayer(e({},o,{mediaId:t}),i)}else C.error(this._component,"_createCollapsePlayer","No video player found")}_createStaticPlayer(t,i,n){if(this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated.length&&this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0].playerId){const s=this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0];this._createStationaryRelatedPlayer(e({},s,{mediaOrPlaylistId:t}),i,n)}else C.error(this._component,"_createStaticPlayer","No video player found")}_shouldRunAutoplayPlayers(){return!(!this._isVideoAllowedOnPage()||!this._potentialPlayerMap.stickyRelated.length&&!this._potentialPlayerMap.stickyPlaylist.length)}_determineAutoplayPlayers(){const e=this._component,t="VideoManagerComponent"===e,i=this._context;if(this._stickyRelatedOnPage)return void C.event(e,"stickyRelatedOnPage",t&&{device:i&&i.device,isDesktop:this._device}||{});const{player:n,playerElement:s}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyPlaylist");n&&n.playerId&&n.playlistId&&s?this._createPlaylistPlayer(n,s):Math.random()<.01&&setTimeout((()=>{C.event(e,"noStickyPlaylist",t&&{vendor:"none",device:i&&i.device,isDesktop:this._device}||{})}),1e3)}_initializeRelatedPlayers(e){const t=new Map;for(let i=0;i<e.length;i++){const n=e[i],s=n.offsetParent,o=this._getEmbeddedPlayerType(n),r=this._getMediaId(n);if(s&&r){const e=(t.get(r)||0)+1;t.set(r,e),this._createRelatedPlayer(r,o,n,e)}}}constructor(e,t,i){super(),this._videoConfig=e,this._component=t,this._context=i,this._stickyRelatedOnPage=!1,this._relatedMediaIds=[],this._device=A()?"desktop":"mobile",this._potentialPlayerMap=this.setPotentialPlayersMap()}}class Re extends De{init(){this._initializePlayers()}_wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(e,t,i=0){if(e.parentNode){const 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