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	<span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://hechingerreport.org/category/columnists/jill-barshay/" rel="category tag">Proof Points</a></span>			<h1 class="entry-title entry-title--with-subtitle">
			6 observations from a devastating international math test		</h1>
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			2023 TIMSS results show fewer U.S. students in the middle, a re-emergent gender gap and a silver lining		</div>
	
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					<span class="author-avatar"><img alt="Avatar photo" src="https://hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Barshay-80x80.jpg" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Barshay.jpg?fit=154%2C150&amp;ssl=1 2x" class="avatar avatar-80 photo" height="80" width="80"></span>
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				<span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://hechingerreport.org/author/jill-barshay/">Jill Barshay</a></span> 			</span><!-- .byline -->
			<span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-12-16T06:00:00-05:00">December 16, 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-12-18T15:43:17-05:00">December 18, 2024</time></span>				</div><!-- .meta-info -->
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<article id="post-105831" class="post-105831 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-coronavirus category-k12 category-math category-news category-jill-barshay tag-achievement-gap tag-coronavirus-and-education tag-data-and-research tag-gender tag-topic_international tag-stem tag-testing entry">
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		<p class="has-drop-cap">An abysmal showing by U.S. students on a recent international math test flabbergasted typically restrained education researchers.“It looks like student achievement just fell off a cliff,” said Dan Goldhaber, an economist at the American Institutes for Research.</p><p>The 2023 results of the <a href="https://www.iea.nl/studies/iea/timss/timss2023">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)</a>, which were released earlier this month, show that the severe declines in student achievement, previously reported on the <a href="https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-several-surprises-in-gloomy-naep-report/">2022 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)</a> and the <a href="https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-there-is-a-worldwide-problem-in-math-and-its-not-just-about-the-pandemic/">2022 Program of International Student Assessment (PISA)</a>, are stubbornly enduring and possibly becoming more severe.</p><h4 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center" id="top"><a href="#timss">See the TIMSS scores for yourself</a></h4><p>Is it time to panic? Here are my six takeaways, based on interviews with testing experts:</p><aside class="scaip scaip-1    "><style>@media ( min-width: 300px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-1{min-height: 100px;}}@media ( min-width: 728px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-1{min-height: 90px;}}</style>		<div class="newspack_global_ad scaip-1 fixed-height">
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		</aside><p><strong>1. A “dwindling middle” reflects growing inequality</strong></p><p>The very top fourth graders, who tested better than 90 percent of the nation, have held steady since 2019. Down a notch, at the 75th percentile – I think of this as the top of the average range – students appeared to slide a bit. But their decline was not statistically significant, meaning that not enough students took the TIMSS test to tell if their deterioration was real or a statistical fluke.</p><p>Next in line, students at the 50th percentile – dead in the middle – fell by a whopping 18 points, the equivalent of losing many months of learning. From there, the deterioration worsens. Students at the 25 percentile – the bottom of the average range – fell 29 points. And the bottom 10th percentile fell by 37 points.</p><aside>			<div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden  newspack-inline-popup  newspack-lightbox-no-border  newspack-newsletter-prompt-inline " role="button" tabindex="0" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#000" id="id_93162" data-segments="" data-frequency="0,0,0,month">
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		</aside><p>“There’s a dwindling middle,” said Peggy Carr, commissioner of the National Center for Education Statistics, which is responsible for administering TIMSS in this country. Carr said that this group of students is being pulled down to the bottom –&nbsp; a pattern she is seeing across different tests and different subjects since the pandemic.</p><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><h4 class="wp-block-heading">U.S. 4th-grade students on the TIMSS, 1995–2023, by student percentiles&nbsp;</h4></div></div></div></div>

<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdkNnjxbg1xnNvCFGVabHOyGZlN-5tq183Fz0Tp-vy0tFkwIATb3mfjwCURHMK6-b8HBSIJqz-SzdsCLqUsp3I666x7Fu2mZztXRaUFi7LWmwBWZeJ8eGN_c5Bi85bTdPlqGUpb0Q?key=QJuq5gSBDQiaIGA3_hefzF2U" alt=""><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><strong>Both average and below-average students slid on the 2023 international math test.</strong> Source: Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 1995-2023. Retrieved from <a href="https://nces.ed.gov/timss/results23/index.asp#/math/trends">NCES</a>.</figcaption></figure></div></div><p>Another way of understanding the shrinking middle is to see how few American children met basic math benchmarks. The test found that 13 percent of fourth graders could not add and subtract numbers with up to three digits, multiply and divide single-digit numbers and solve simple word problems. In 2019, the last time the test was administered, only 7 percent of fourth graders couldn’t handle these basics. In 2023, 32 percent of American fourth graders could not reach the second of four levels, called “intermediate,” which means they could not multiply three-digit numbers, add decimals or measure straight distances. In other words, a third of the fourth graders are struggling with grade-level math.</p><p>England, Germany, and Portugal all had more students hitting and surpassing these bottom two levels. (Click <a href="https://hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Percent-of-students-reaching-benchmarks-4th-TIMSS.pdf">here</a> to see how many fourth graders in each country reached the four levels: low, intermediate, high and advanced.)</p><aside class="scaip scaip-2    "><style>@media ( min-width: 300px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-2{min-height: 100px;}}@media ( min-width: 728px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-2{min-height: 90px;}}</style>		<div class="newspack_global_ad scaip-2 fixed-height">
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		</aside><p>“The dwindling of the middle is something that distinguishes the United States,” Carr said. Although the dwindling middle was most pronounced in fourth grade math, Carr said she noticed a similar decline in the skills of average U.S. adults, ages 16-65, on <a href="https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/2023/national_results.asp#a-first-look-at-2023-u-s-piaac-overall-results">another 2023 international assessment</a>, also released in this month.</p><p>The growing bifurcation of math skills between a small cluster at the top and growing cluster at the bottom, with a hollowing out of the middle, reflects the income distribution among U.S. households. “It looks like society,” said Goldhaber, a labor economist who worries that the academic losses triggered by the pandemic will make it harder for many young Americans to earn a good living.&nbsp; “They predict greater inequality in the future,” he said.</p><p><strong>2. The math skills of even the highest scoring eighth graders have deteriorated&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></p><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><h4 class="wp-block-heading">Eighth grade math achievement on the TIMSS test, 1995-2023, by student percentiles</h4></div></div>

<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="780" height="469" src="https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=780%2C469&amp;ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-105867" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=1024%2C616&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=300%2C181&amp;ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=150%2C90&amp;ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=768%2C462&amp;ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=1536%2C924&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=1200%2C722&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=1568%2C943&amp;ssl=1 1568w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=400%2C241&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?resize=706%2C425&amp;ssl=1 706w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM.png?w=1672&amp;ssl=1 1672w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-5.20.58-PM-1024x616.png?w=370&amp;ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px"><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 1995-2023. (Retrieved from <a href="https://nces.ed.gov/timss/results23/index.asp#/math/trends">NCES</a>.)</figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div><p>The math story with eighth graders is different from that of fourth graders. Achievement gaps between the bottom and the top scoring eighth graders have not widened. But the math scores of top students fell dramatically, 50 percent more than those at the bottom.</p><p>It’s not clear what’s behind the decline.</p><p>These eighth graders were in fifth grade when the pandemic hit in the spring of 2020. Despite tutoring and extra help at home, many students at the top 90th percentile appear not to have mastered middle school math skills as well as previous high-scoring eighth graders.</p><aside class="scaip scaip-3    "><style>@media ( min-width: 300px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-3{min-height: 100px;}}@media ( min-width: 728px ){.newspack_global_ad.scaip-3{min-height: 90px;}}</style>		<div class="newspack_global_ad scaip-3 fixed-height">
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		</aside><p>These results show the importance of math instruction at school as children get older, and how hard it is for even affluent families to make up for missed classroom time.</p><p><strong>3. The gender gap re-emerges</strong></p><p>Historically, American boys test better than girls in math. That gender gap disappeared in 2015 among eighth graders. But as scores plummeted, the gender gap reappeared in 2023. The gender gap never disappeared in fourth grade math, but in 2023, boys outscored girls by the widest margin ever.</p><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Boys once again outpace girls in eighth grade math</strong></h4></div></div>

<div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcrxzvERJ51T4S0CT_fn-AdRg0MJjHmDOqwBiPLUu-S1V-5jKVEiFYEGWjRIyiALHWFjm7KEHpiD2NFaX0yWIXqiRSPkR2Y3AqPOlzWxplu46KyXbM9o0gFQYdaLQRNsbzAlChtHg?key=QJuq5gSBDQiaIGA3_hefzF2U" alt=""><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2023 TIMSS</figcaption></figure></div></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><h4 class="wp-block-heading">An historic boy-girl gap in fourth grade math</h4>

<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXd73NNV45uvE95PCnaVOKX7UmzIfb2A7m76n7iNWmBPf5_rj1BhBKuvHAiJsjibR6i9p6mESGb6cSjgsWiwcKOHiwmq8IRwvIluSjpMga-8FWzPnevRZBJ3tDwSz5u37csKQnkpgQ?key=QJuq5gSBDQiaIGA3_hefzF2U" alt=""><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: National Center for Education Statistics, 2023 TIMSS</figcaption></figure></div></div><p><strong>4. ‘Crazy’ patterns around the world</strong></p><aside>			<div class="newspack-popup-container newspack-popup hidden  newspack-inline-popup     " role="button" tabindex="0" style="background-color:#00aeef;color:#000" id="id_102304" data-segments="" data-frequency="0,0,0,month">
				<div class="wp-block-group has-secondary-background-color has-background"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><h3 class="wp-block-heading">Solving math education</h3>

<p>Sign up for a limited-run newsletter that walks you through some of the most promising solutions for helping students conquer math.</p>

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		</aside><p>William Schmidt, a professor at Michigan State University, has studied international assessments for decades and has analyzed <a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Why-Schools-Matter%3A-A-Cross-National-Comparison-of-Schmidt/6e7898e8a750c5761e7be87d7732a36cc4cc0034">math curriculum around the world</a>. He called the 2023 TIMSS results the “craziest” he has ever seen and said it is difficult to make sense of the mixed results. Some high-performing nations fell considerably yet remained at the top. Meanwhile, students in Turkey, which had never been a high-performing nation, suddenly rose to the upper tier.* It will take time to sort out what all this means. (Here are the <a href="https://hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/TIMSS-4th-grade-math.pdf">international rankings for fourth grade</a> and <a href="https://hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/TIMSS-8th-grade-math-rankings.pdf">eighth grade math</a>.)</p><p>Students in Sweden, which kept schools open during the pandemic, posted sharply higher math scores between 2019 and 2023. Their <a href="https://timss2023.org/results/grade-4-math-achievement-trends/">fourth graders hit a </a>record. Still, analysts were unable to tell if shorter school closures were consistently linked to greater math gains. Sometimes, scores moved in opposite directions within the same country. For example, English <a href="https://timss2023.org/results/grade-4-math-achievement-trends/">fourth graders slipped</a> while the country’s <a href="https://timss2023.org/results/grade-8-math-achievement-trends/">eighth graders improved</a>. Covid closures were similar for both groups of students. Schmidt says it will take more time for researchers to gather this data and analyze it. (Here are the historical math scores, from 1995 to 2023, for each nation among <a href="https://timss2023.org/results/grade-4-math-achievement-trends/">fourth</a> and <a href="https://timss2023.org/results/grade-8-math-achievement-trends/">eighth</a> graders.)</p><p><strong>5. Calculating the Covid effect&nbsp;</strong></p><p>Another puzzle is how much of the decline in U.S. math scores to attribute to Covid and how much to attribute to other problems in American math education. Notably, math scores for U.S. fourth graders have been declining since 2011. Eighth graders have been posting lower math scores since 2015. They might well have continued declining between 2019 and 2023 had the pandemic never happened.</p><p><strong>6. Reasons to hope</strong></p><p>It is discouraging that the United States consistently ranks far behind the top 10 nations in math. (On the 2023 TIMSS, U.S. eighth graders ranked 22nd out of 44 countries and sub-national regions.)</p><p>Still, there are 360,000 American eighth graders in the top 10 percent who score at the most advanced of four levels. Mere average students in top-performing Singapore do just as well, but there are only 33,000 eighth graders in total in the city-state, according to Tom Loveless, an independent researcher who studies international assessments. Some of these advanced U.S. students may eventually develop the skills to cure cancer or find a cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels. Some will start companies and propel the American economy.</p><p>“One lesson from this is the sheer size of the United States makes up for a lot,” said Loveless. “We are producing 360,000 kids every year going into high school, and they know a tremendous amount of math.”</p><p>Another potential bright spot is that this TIMSS test was administered in the spring of 2023, a year and a half ago. Since then, several 2024 state tests show that students are rebounding, even if only by a small amount. Scores from the spring of 2024 are up in <a href="https://www.chalkbeat.org/newyork/2024/08/21/nyc-reads-2024-test-score-results-math-english/">New York</a>, <a href="https://www.fldoe.org/newsroom/latest-news/florida-students-demonstrate-success-in-second-year-of-first-in-the-nation-progress-monitoring-assessments.stml#:~:text=Scores%20over%20the%202023%2D2024,1%20on%20ELA%20since%202019.">Florida</a> and <a href="https://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/ne/yr24/yr24rel46.asp">California</a>. “Forty years from now, we might see these TIMSS scores as the bottom, representing the full impact of the pandemic,” said Loveless. “We might have progress from here on out.”</p><p>If there is a rebound, we should be able to detect it on the 2024 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) that was administered earlier this year. Those scores are expected to be released in early 2025. I’ll be watching for them.</p><p><em>*Update: After publication, a reader in Turkey wrote to tell me that the spike in math scores in her country reflected the fact that the weakest students were not part of the 2023 testing sample. The test took place after the 2023 earthquake, and more than 10 percent of the selected students were not able to take the test, according to a note in the <a href="https://timss2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/T23_TR_Chap9.pdf">TIMSS technical report</a>. The earthquake shuttered many schools in Southeast Anatolia, a poor region where children had historically ranked last within Turkey, according to Ekin Gamze Gencer, a policy analyst at the Education Reform Initiative, a think tank based in Turkey.</em><br></p><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="timss">Country rankings of eighth  graders on the 2023 TIMSS</h4>

<div class="wp-block-image"><figure data-wp-context="{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;676460a66a30b&quot;}" data-wp-interactive="core/image" class="aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="431" height="1024" data-wp-class--hide="state.isContentHidden" data-wp-class--show="state.isContentVisible" data-wp-init="callbacks.setButtonStyles" data-wp-on-async--click="actions.showLightbox" data-wp-on-async--load="callbacks.setButtonStyles" data-wp-on-async-window--resize="callbacks.setButtonStyles" src="https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.56.42-AM.png?resize=431%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-105834" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.56.42-AM.png?resize=431%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 431w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.56.42-AM.png?resize=126%2C300&amp;ssl=1 126w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.56.42-AM.png?resize=63%2C150&amp;ssl=1 63w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.56.42-AM.png?resize=400%2C950&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.56.42-AM.png?resize=150%2C356&amp;ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.56.42-AM.png?w=620&amp;ssl=1 620w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.56.42-AM-431x1024.png?w=370&amp;ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px"><button class="lightbox-trigger" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Enlarge image" data-wp-init="callbacks.initTriggerButton" data-wp-on-async--click="actions.showLightbox" data-wp-style--right="state.imageButtonRight" data-wp-style--top="state.imageButtonTop" style="right: 16px; top: 16px;">
			<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 12 12">
				<path fill="#fff" d="M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z"></path>
			</svg>
		</button><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Click the list to expand. Standard errors are in parentheses. The larger the number, the more the actual average score in the country’s population could deviate from the sample of students who took the TIMSS assessment. Source: 2023 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)<br></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide"><div class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><h4 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Country rankings of fourth graders on the 2023 TIMSS</h4>

<div class="wp-block-image"><figure data-wp-context="{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;676460a66b0a8&quot;}" data-wp-interactive="core/image" class="aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container"><img data-recalc-dims="1" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="315" height="1024" data-wp-class--hide="state.isContentHidden" data-wp-class--show="state.isContentVisible" data-wp-init="callbacks.setButtonStyles" data-wp-on-async--click="actions.showLightbox" data-wp-on-async--load="callbacks.setButtonStyles" data-wp-on-async-window--resize="callbacks.setButtonStyles" src="https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.52.34-AM.png?resize=315%2C1024&amp;ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-105836" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.52.34-AM.png?resize=315%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 315w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.52.34-AM.png?resize=92%2C300&amp;ssl=1 92w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.52.34-AM.png?resize=46%2C150&amp;ssl=1 46w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.52.34-AM.png?resize=400%2C1300&amp;ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.52.34-AM.png?resize=150%2C488&amp;ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.52.34-AM.png?w=456&amp;ssl=1 456w, https://i0.wp.com/hechingerreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Screen-Shot-2024-12-13-at-12.52.34-AM-315x1024.png?w=370&amp;ssl=1 370w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 315px) 100vw, 315px"><button class="lightbox-trigger" type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Enlarge image" data-wp-init="callbacks.initTriggerButton" data-wp-on-async--click="actions.showLightbox" data-wp-style--right="state.imageButtonRight" data-wp-style--top="state.imageButtonTop">
			<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12" height="12" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 12 12">
				<path fill="#fff" d="M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z"></path>
			</svg>
		</button><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Click the list to expand. Standard errors are in parentheses. Source: 2023 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)</figcaption></figure></div></div></div><h4 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center"><a href="#top">Back to the column</a></h4><p><em>Contact staff writer&nbsp;<a href="https://hechingerreport.org/author/jill-barshay/">Jill Barshay</a>&nbsp;at 212-678-3595 or <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></em>.</p><p><em>This story about <a href="https://hechingerreport.org/proof-points-2023-timss/">TIMSS</a> was written by Jill Barshay and produced by&nbsp;</em><a href="https://hechingerreport.org/special-reports/higher-education/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Hechinger Report</a><em>, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Sign up for</em><a href="https://hechingerreport.org/proofpoints/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proof Points</em></a><em>&nbsp;and other&nbsp;</em><a href="https://hechingerreport.org/newsletters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Hechinger newsletters</em></a><em>.</em></p><section id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text below-content widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><div style="border: solid 2px #ffcc33; padding:10px;">
	
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