https://www.w3schools.com/r/default.asp

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链接 · 找到 74 个

从页面中识别出的传出链接

链接文本
https://pathfinder.w3schools.comYour W3Schools Dashboard My W3Schools
https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalogW3Schools CertificatesGet Certified
https://spaces.w3schools.com/space/Go to Your W3Schools Space Spaces
https://profile.w3schools.com/logoutLogoutLogout
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https://campus.w3schools.com What is a Certificate?

JavaScript 变量 · 找到 152 个

在页面窗口对象上加载的全局 JavaScript 变量是在函数外部声明的变量,可以从当前范围内的代码中的任何位置访问

名称类型
0object
1object
2object
3object
4object
5object
onbeforetoggleobject
documentPictureInPictureobject
onscrollendobject
subjectFolderstring

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                <div data-name="numpy" data-category="data_analytics" data-original-index="2">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/numpy-certification-exam" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-numpy" title="NumPy Certification Exam">
                    NumPy
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/numpy-certification-exam" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-numpy" title="NumPy Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/numpy-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-numpy" title="Paid NumPy Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="pandas" data-category="data_analytics" data-original-index="3">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/pandas-certification-exam" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-pandas" title="Pandas Certification Exam">
                    Pandas
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/pandas-certification-exam" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-pandas" title="Pandas Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/pandas-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-pandas" title="Paid Pandas Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="excel" data-category="data_analytics" data-original-index="4">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/excel-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-excel" title="Excel Certification Exam">
                    Excel
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/excel-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-excel" title="Excel Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="social media" data-category="data_analytics" data-original-index="5">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/social-media-marketing-course" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-some" title="Paid Social Media Course">
                    Social Media
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/social-media-marketing-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-some" title="Paid Social Media Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div class="black-box-container" data-original-index="6">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com" class="w3-bar-item w3-button ga-top-drop w3-center w3-round ga-top-drop-campus" title="W3Schools Campus" style="display: block; background-color: #21232c; border: 1px solid grey; width: 195px; margin-bottom: 16px">
                    What is a Certificate?
                  </a>
                </div>
              </div>

              <div class="certified_programs_links_list w3-hide-large w3-hide-small">
                <h3 class="tnb-nav-section-title" data-heading="programs_title">
                  Programs
                </h3>
                <div data-name="full access" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/w3schools-full-access-course" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-fullaccess" title="Paid Full Access Course">
                    Full Access
                    <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-green" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal">
                      Best Value!
                    </span>
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="front end" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/front-end-course" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-front-end" title="Paid Front End Course">
                    Front End
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/front-end-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-front-end" title="Front End Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/front-end-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-front-end" title="Paid Front End Development Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web design" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/modern-web-development-certification" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-dev" title="Web Development Certification">
                    Web Dev.
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/modern-web-development-certification" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-dev" title="Web Development Certification">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/learn-modern-web-development" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-dev" title="Paid Web Development Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web development" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-application-development-certificates" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-app" title="Web Application Development Certification">
                    Web App
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-application-development-certificates" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-app" title="Web Application Development Certification">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/web-application-development-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-app" title="Paid Web Application Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web app" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-design-certification" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-design" title="Web Design Certification Exam">
                    Web Design
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-design-certification" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-design" title="Web Design Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/learn-web-design" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-design" title="Paid Web Design Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="w3-col l4 m6">
              <div id="certified_javascript_links_list">
                <h3 class="tnb-nav-section-title" data-heading="javascript_title">
                  JavaScript
                </h3>
                <div data-name="javascript" data-category="javascript" data-original-index="0">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/javascript-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-js" title="JavaScript Certification Exam">
                    JavaScript
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/javascript-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-js" title="JavaScript Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/javascript-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-js" title="Paid JavaScript Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="react" data-category="javascript" data-original-index="1">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/react-js-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-react" title="React.js Certification Exam">
                    React
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/react-js-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-react" title="React.js Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/react-js-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-react" title="Paid React.js Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="jquery" data-category="javascript" data-original-index="2">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/jquery-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-jquery" title="jQuery Certification Exam">
                    jQuery
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/jquery-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-jquery" title="jQuery Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/jquery-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-jquery" title="Paid jQuery Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="vue" data-category="javascript" data-original-index="3">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/vue-js-certification-exam" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-vue" title="Vue Certification Exam">
                    Vue
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/vue-js-certification-exam" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-vue" title="Vue Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                </div>
              </div>

              <div class="certified_programs_links_list w3-hide-medium w3-hide-large">
                <h3 class="tnb-nav-section-title" data-heading="programs_title">
                  Programs
                </h3>
                <div data-name="full access" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/w3schools-full-access-course" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-fullaccess" title="Paid Full Access Course">
                    Full Access
                    <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-green" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal">
                      Best Value!
                    </span>
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="front end" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/front-end-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-front-end" title="Front End Certification Exam">
                    Front End
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/front-end-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-front-end" title="Front End Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/front-end-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-front-end" title="Paid Front End Development Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web dev." data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/modern-web-development-certification" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-dev" title="Web Development Certification">
                    Web Dev.
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/modern-web-development-certification" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-dev" title="Web Development Certification">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/learn-modern-web-development" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-dev" title="Paid Web Development Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web app" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-application-development-certificates" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-app" title="Web Application Development Certification">
                    Web App
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-application-development-certificates" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-app" title="Web Application Development Certification">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/web-application-development-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-app" title="Paid Web Application Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web design" data-category="programs">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-design-certification" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-design" title="Web Design Certification Exam">
                    Web Design
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-design-certification" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-design" title="Web Design Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/learn-web-design" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-design" title="Paid Web Design Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
              </div>
              <div class="certified_programs_links_list w3-hide-medium w3-hide-small" id="certified_programs_links_list_desktop">
                <h3 class="tnb-nav-section-title" data-heading="programs_title">
                  Programs
                </h3>
                <div data-name="full access" data-category="programs" data-original-index="0">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/w3schools-full-access-course" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-fullaccess" title="Paid Full Access Course">
                    Full Access
                    <span class="ribbon-topnav ws-green" style="font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal">
                      Best Value!
                    </span>
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="front end" data-category="programs" data-original-index="1">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/front-end-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-front-end" title="Front End Certification Exam">
                    Front End
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/front-end-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-front-end" title="Front End Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/front-end-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-front-end" title="Paid Front End Development Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web dev." data-category="programs" data-original-index="2">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/modern-web-development-certification" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-dev" title="Web Development Certification">
                    Web Dev.
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/modern-web-development-certification" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-dev" title="Web Development Certification">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/learn-modern-web-development" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-dev" title="Paid Web Development Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web app" data-category="programs" data-original-index="3">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-application-development-certificates" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-app" title="Web Application Development Certification">
                    Web App
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-application-development-certificates" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-app" title="Web Application Development Certification">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/web-application-development-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-app" title="Paid Web Application Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="web design" data-category="programs" data-original-index="4">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-design-certification" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-design" title="Web Design Certification Exam">
                    Web Design
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/web-design-certification" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-web-design" title="Web Design Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-best-sellers/products/learn-web-design" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-web-design" title="Paid Web Design Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="w3-col l4 m6">
              <div id="certified_backend_links_list">
                <br class="w3-hide-large w3-hide-small">
                <h3 class="tnb-nav-section-title" data-heading="backend_title">
                  Backend
                </h3>
                <div data-name="python" data-category="backend" data-original-index="0">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/python-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-python" title="Python Certification Exam">
                    Python
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/python-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-python" title="Python Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/python-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-python" title="Paid Python Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="sql" data-category="backend" data-original-index="1">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/sql-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-sql" title="SQL Certification Exam">
                    SQL
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/sql-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-sql" title="SQL Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/sql-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-sql" title="SQL Python Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="mysql" data-category="backend" data-original-index="2">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/mysql-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-mysql" title="MySQL Certification Exam">
                    MySQL
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/mysql-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-mysql" title="MySQL Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="php" data-category="backend" data-original-index="3">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/php-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-php" title="PHP Certification Exam">
                    PHP
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/php-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-php" title="PHP Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/php-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-php" title="Paid PHP Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="java" data-category="backend" data-original-index="4">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/java-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-java" title="Java Certification Exam">
                    Java
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/java-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-java" title="Java Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/course-catalog/products/java-course" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-course-java" title="Paid Java Course">
                    Course
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="c" data-category="backend" data-original-index="5">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/c-certification-exam" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-c" title="C Certification Exam">
                    C
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/products/c-certification-exam" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-c" title="C Certification Exam">
                    Certificate
                  </a>
                </div>
                <div data-name="c++" data-category="backend" data-original-index="6">
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/c-certificate" class="w3-bar-item w3-button acctop-link ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-cpp" title="C++ Certification Exam">
                    C++
                  </a>
                  <a target="_blank" href="https://campus.w3schools.com/collections/certifications/products/c-certificate" class="ws-btn acclink-text ga-top-drop ga-top-drop-cert-cpp" title="C++ Certification Exam">
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