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    <a name="top"></a><h1>Otsego Lake Association, New York</h1>
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          <h2>HABs</h2>
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            <li><a href="habs.html#what-are-habs">What are HABs</a></li>
             <li><a href="habs.html#Q&amp;A">Q&amp;A</a></li>
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    <div class="post"><a name="what-are-habs"><h1 class="title1"><strong>What are HABs</strong></h1></a>
      <p>Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, occur when colonies of algae — simple plants that live in the  freshwater — grow out of control and produce toxic or harmful effects on people, fish, shellfish, mammals&nbsp;and birds. The human illnesses caused by HABs, though rare, can be debilitating or even fatal.</p>
    
  <div class="post"><a name="Q&amp;A">
      <h1 class="title1"><strong>Q&amp;A</strong></h1></a>
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        <p><b>Q1</b> - Why are algal blooms occurring more frequently in lakes?</p>
        <p> <b>A1</b> - Higher  frequencies of HABs are often associated with one or more of the following: 1) higher  water temperatures due to climate change, 2) higher levels of nutrients in the  water due to human activities, and 3) changes in nutrient cycling within lakes  – incl. altered food webs due to invasive species. Researchers around the world  are trying to understand the interaction among these major drivers and others.</p>
<p><b>Q2</b>- Do algal blooms occur naturally?
</p>
        <p><b>A2</b> - Yes, cyanobacteria in the “primordial soup” in the very early stage of the earth after the Big Bang is the origin of oxygen in the atmosphere. All algae and plants today are descendants of cyanobacteria.
          
          </p>
        <p><b>Q3</b> - Are blooms triggered when the confluence of warm water temperature (24-25C), abundant nutrients and calm waters provide an optimum environment for reproduction of all phytoplankton?</p>
        <p> <b>A3</b> - Most freshwater algae (not cyanobacteria) in northern temperate zones do not do well at 24-25 deg C (but not entirely killed or anything like that – they can persist in the lower, cooler water column especially when water transparency is high, as there is still enough light for them). So the higher temperatures gives a competitive edge to cyanobacteria.</p>
<p><b>Q4</b> - Are cyanobacteria  naturally present within a waterbodies phytoplankton community and would  normally benefit (reproduce) proportionately within the phytoplankton community  during an algal bloom?</p>
<p><b>A4</b> - The  first part (“cyanobacteria  are naturally present within a waterbodies phytoplankton community”) is  correct. A “bloom” of algae is not necessarily bad – e.g., we sometimes refer  to an early spring boom of nutritious diatoms in the water as a bloom (which  feeds zooplankton and small fish to have a healthy start for the year). Harmful  algal/cyanobacterial blooms occur when one type of alga or cyanobacterium dominates a bloom to  the extent that it is considered harmful. A general increase in phytoplankton  density in warmer months (i.e., greener water or higher chlorophyll <em>a</em> concentrations) is not considered a bloom per se.</p>


<p><b>Q5</b> - Are cyanotoxins produced by cyanobacteria naturally  present in both the water column (extracellular) and within the bacteria (intracellular)?</p>
        <p><b>A5</b> - Cyanotoxins are NOT always present in water column,  and NOT all cyanobacteria contain toxins. Many lake samples with a lot of  cyanobacterial cells do not have any detectable amounts of cyanotoxins. Cyanotoxin  production requires extra nitrogen in addition to that required for regular growth and reproduction.  Many cyanobacteria do not even have the gene to make cyanotoxins. Even those  that have toxin-producing genes do not always express the genes (i.e., the gene  is not turned on). This is why NYSDEC’s policy is to make people avoid contact  with cyanobacterial blooms regardless of toxin production status. The same  bloom may not be producing toxins today, but if they have the gene for toxin  production, and if it is turned on for some reason overnight, the same bloom  may become toxic tomorrow.</p>
<p><b>Q6</b> - Do all  algal blooms contain some cyanotoxins as well as other pathogens?</p>
<p><b>A6</b> - No (for the reasons above).  [Cyanotoxins are technically toxins (chemicals made by cyanobacterial cells)  and not pathogens (disease-causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses,  and parasites) – the latter enter and reproduce within the animal body and then  cause illnesses. </p>
        <p><b>Q7</b> -What does the designation of a hazardous algal  bloom (HAB) mean?</p>
        <p><b>A7</b> - New York State (NYS) and many other states as well  as the general limnological research community define it as an overabundance of  a particular type of alga or cyanobacterium that causes problems, which are not  limited to toxin production and can include odors and dissolved oxygen  depletion from the decomposing algal/cyanobacterial biomass that can lead to the  death of fish and other aquatic animals.</p>
        <p><b>Q8</b> - Is the  municipal water  safe to drink?</p>
        <p><b>A8</b> - Standard municipal drinking water treatment systems are designed to remove  the microcystins at concentrations observed at Otsego Lake. Cyanobacterial HABs  interfering with drinking water treatment is a problem when the water is  pea-soup green with cyanobacteria. This does not apply to the current blooms at  Otsego Lake. The problem here is that the blooms in Otsego Lake have been accompanied, at times, by  unexpectedly high microcystins (types of cyanotoxin that the test performed at  BFS can detect) concentrations despite the relatively diffuse appearance of the  blooms. The highest microcystin  concentrations reported by BFS as surface accumulations (scums) so far were  around 50-60 micrograms per liter. The infamous HAB event in Toledo, OH, that  led to the shut-off of the municipal water system, was estimated to have  contained up to 4500 micrograms per liter in the raw water that actually entered the intake pipe. An extremely high concentration  of cyanobacterial cells in raw water, even without cyanotoxin production, can  be problematic if it overcomes the particle removal capacity of a water  treatment plant. For example, some non-toxic compounds from cyanobacterial  cells can impart moldy flavor in the finished water or react with chlorine and  produce carcinogens. </p>
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      <div class="post"><a name="brochures">
      <h1 class="title1"><strong>Brochures</strong></h1></a>
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       <div><a href="/documents/HABS/habsreportingguide.pdf">NYSDEC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Reporting Guide</a></div>
         <div><a href="/documents/HABS/habsprogramguide.pdf">NYSDEC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Program Guide </a></div>
         <div><a href="/documents/HABS/DECBrochure2017.pdf">NYSDEC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Brochure </a></div>
          <div><a href="/documents/HABS/habsbrochure.pdf">NYSDEC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Know it, Avoid it, Report it! </a></div>
        <div><a href="/documents/HABS/BGAandHealthNYSDOH.pdf">NYSDOH Blue-green Algae and Health Brochure</a></div> 
         <div><a href="/documents/HABS/PastedGraphic-1.pdf">NYSDOH Response for Beach Operators Fact Sheet</a><p></p>
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      <div class="post"><a name="links">
      <h1 class="title1"><strong>Links</strong></h1></a>
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     <a href="https://otsegocountyhabs.com/">Otsego County HAB Safety</a></div>
      <div><a href="https://suny.oneonta.edu/biological-field-station">SUNY Oneonta Biological Field Station HABs Updates</a></div>
       <div><a href="https://parks.ny.gov/parks/glimmerglass/details.aspx">Glimmerglass State Park Beach Closure Site</a></div>
       <div><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/77118.html">NYSDEC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)</a></div>
       <div><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/77145.html">NYSDEC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Additional Information</a></div>
       <div><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/83310.html">NYSDEC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Notifications Page</a></div>
       <div><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/81962.html">NYSDEC Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) Photo Gallery</a></div>
       <div><a href="https://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/67239.html">NYSDEC Lawn Fertilizer (NYS Nutrient Runoff Law)</a></div>
        <div><a href="https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/bluegreenalgae/">NYSDOH Harmful Blue-Green Algae Blooms Harmful Algal Blooms</a></div>
        <div><a href="https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/2849/index.htm">NYSDOH Blue-Green Algae Bloom Response for Beach Operators and Staff</a></div>
        <div><a href="https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/water/drinking/bluegreenalgae/bga_bathingbeaches.htm">NYSDOH Harmful Blue-green Algae Blooms at New York State Regulated Beaches</a></div>
        <div><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/habs/materials/factsheet-cyanobacterial-habs.html">CDC Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)-Associated Illness</a></div>
        <div><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Death-Life-Great-Lakes/dp/0393355551/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&amp;qid=&amp;sr=">Book - The Death and Life of the Great Lakes</a></div>
        <div><a href="/documents/habs/invasive-mussels.pdf">Article - Invasive mussels regulate nutrient cycling in largest freshwater system</a></div>
        <div><a href="/documents/habs/mussel-dominance.pdf">Article - Zebra or quagga mussel dominance in Onondaga Lake, NY</a></div>
        <div><a href="/documents/habs/invader-invaded.pdf">Article - Population dynamics of invasive mussels in Oneida Lake, NY.</a></div>
        <div><a href="https://www.pbs.org/video/mussel-pains-q4e8bk/">Video - Mussel Pains in the Great Lakes</a></div>
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