- Scan ID:
- da0dba68-4545-4585-909e-d55a83d4cc9eFinished
- Submitted URL:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_disinhibition_effect
- Report Finished:
Links · 61 found
The outgoing links identified from the page
| Link | Text |
|---|---|
| https://www.wikilm.es/ | Wiki Loves Monuments: Photograph a monument, help Wikipedia and win!Learn more |
| https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F | বাংলা |
| https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Disinhibition_Effect | Deutsch |
| https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8_%ED%83%88%EC%96%B5%EC%A0%9C_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC | 한국어 |
| https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F | עברית |
| https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E8%84%B1%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C | 日本語 |
| https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlayn_inhibisyon_effekti | Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча |
| https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8 | Русский |
| https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkoestottomuus | Suomi |
| https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%96 | Українська |
JavaScript Variables · 38 found
Global JavaScript variables loaded on the window object of a page, are variables declared outside of functions and accessible from anywhere in the code within the current scope
| Name | Type |
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| onbeforetoggle | object |
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| onscrollend | object |
| RLCONF | object |
| RLSTATE | object |
| RLPAGEMODULES | object |
| RLQ | object |
| isCompatible | function |
| mediaWiki | object |
| mw | object |
Console log messages · 6 found
Messages logged to the web console
| Type | Category | Log |
|---|---|---|
| warning | other |
|
| warning | other |
|
| warning | other |
|
| warning | other |
|
| warning | other |
|
| warning | other |
|
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The raw HTML body of the page
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Online disinhibition effect</span></h1>
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<li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="অনলাইন ডিজইনহিবিশন এফেক্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনলাইন ডিজইনহিবিশন এফেক্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Disinhibition_Effect" title="Online Disinhibition Effect – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Online Disinhibition Effect" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8_%ED%83%88%EC%96%B5%EC%A0%9C_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="온라인 탈억제 효과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온라인 탈억제 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1-%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אפקט הדיס-אינהיבציה המקוון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקט הדיס-אינהיבציה המקוון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E8%84%B1%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="オンライン脱抑制効果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オンライン脱抑制効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlayn_inhibisyon_effekti" title="Onlayn inhibisyon effekti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Onlayn inhibisyon effekti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Эффект растормаживания в Сети – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эффект растормаживания в Сети" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkoestottomuus" title="Verkkoestottomuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkoestottomuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Ефект розгальмування в Мережі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефект розгальмування в Мережі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E5%8E%BB%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="網路去抑制效應 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="網路去抑制效應" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lack of restraint in online interactions</div>
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</p><p>The <b>online disinhibition effect</b> refers to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">restraint</a> one feels when communicating <a href="/wiki/Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">online</a> in comparison to communicating <a href="/wiki/Offline" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline">in-person</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People tend to feel safer saying things online that they would not say in real life because they have the ability to remain completely <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymous and invisible</a> when on particular websites, and as a result, free from potential consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from anonymity, other factors such as <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_communication" title="Asynchronous communication">asynchronous communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> deficit, or individual personality and cultural factors also contribute to online disinhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manifestations of such an effect could be in both positive and negative directions; thus, online disinhibition could be classified as either <i>benign</i> disinhibition or <i>toxic</i> disinhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_disinhibition_effect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Benign online disinhibition describes a situation in which people get some benefit from the absence of restraint in <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of benign online disinhibition can be seen as self-disclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of Internet anonymity, people could share personal feelings or disclose themselves in the way they are reluctant to do in real life.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, young people feel relieved when revealing untold secrets or personally embarrassing details in online chats.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such self-disclosures enable people to establish an intimate interpersonal relationship sooner<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stronger when compared with real life face-to-face communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The online disinhibition effect also provides chances to express themselves for people who are unwilling to communicate in the real world, like people who are introverted, shy, socially phobic and individuals with a stutter or impaired hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Another type of online disinhibition is called toxic disinhibition, which represents an increased tendency towards online flaming and inappropriate behaviors. These often contain hostile language, swearing, and even threats.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This norm describes the negative side effect of the loss of inhibition on the cyberspace. The antisocial behaviors caused by toxic disinhibition not only occur in multiple online platforms like social media, blogs, hate sites, and comment sections, but also exist in diverse forms which include cyberbullying, social loafing and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>However, the distinction between benign and toxic online disinhibition is not always clear. For example, a hostile word in the online chat may damage other's <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a>, but on the other hand, if the word is genuine, perhaps it may help the person on the receiving end have a better understanding of themselves. Considering the different subcultures of online communities, people may have various tolerance towards a particular social behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example would be acting as a bystander of online hate. A German study looked at the association between seeing online hate and creating online hate on teenagers. This study found a positive correlation between online hate and creating online hate among teenagers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influencing_factors">Influencing factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_disinhibition_effect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influencing factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Anonymity, asynchronous communication, and empathy deficit contribute to online disinhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anonymity can make a person feel safe online, like a different person; one might even take on a new persona. It can also make one feel like doing or saying anything is possible because one will most likely not be reprimanded in real life. However, new technologies employed and coming into force by law enforcement partners are increasingly making it easier to combat cybercrime. Asynchronous communication is communication that is not happening live and it can take time for the original message to receive a response. Asynchronous communication affects online disinhibition because one can send a message out into the internet and not get an immediate reply, and log out. Therefore, one does not have to think about what is said. On the other hand, this also gives one time to give a more thoughtful response.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empathy deficit is the reduction of being able to identify with others' emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an empathy deficit because of lack of non-verbal feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through mediated communication it is hard to know what tone and facial expressions accompany the message. So, it makes it harder to empathize with others. Both anonymity and empathy deficit make it harder to perceive others online as people with feelings because of the lack of facial interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Several researchers have noted the correlation between <a href="/wiki/Pathological_Internet_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological Internet use">Pathological Internet Use</a> and increased online disinhibition, especially among college students.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niemz_562–570_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemz_562–570-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Australian study found that disinhibition, which is often a predictor of other addictive behaviors, was a poor predictor of heavy Internet use. The joint prevalence of low self-esteem and online disinhibition among pathological internet users suggests that they may find the anonymity and a synchronicity of online interactions liberating, leading to greater disinhibition when they are online.<sup id="cite_ref-Niemz_562–570_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niemz_562–570-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_consequences">Possible consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_disinhibition_effect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Possible consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<p>Online disinhibition plays a role in the act of <a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">cyberbullying</a>. Cyberbullying is the act of trying to make another person feel embarrassed, intimidated, or bad about themselves through the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anonymity usually leads to meaner comments towards others (cyberbullying) but it alone does not cause cyberbullying.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asynchronous communication allows the bully to say what they have to say and then log out like nothing happened, having to face no consequence outside of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empathy deficit is what allows the bully to post the messages in the first place, the victim is reduced to a name on a computer screen.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Racist, sexist, violent, and rude online comments are not the direct result of anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those comments arise only when other people are also saying things like that; online users tend to keep the same tone, civility/incivility as others in online posts.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The online disinhibition effect can have an effect on one's job security and future employment opportunities. Sixteen-year-old Kimberley Swann was fired from her job due to negative comments she made about her occupation on her Facebook page,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another infamous case involved a woman, <a href="/wiki/Heather_Armstrong" title="Heather Armstrong">Heather Armstrong</a>, being terminated after "lampooning" her colleagues on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are consequences of certain Internet users believing themselves to be unchained from typical social standards. The author of "Six Causes of Online Disinhibition" states that "[c]ompared with face-to-face interactions, online we feel freer to do and say what we want and, as a result, often do and say things we shouldn't".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Online disinhibition can also have positive outcomes. People that are shy, that feel they cannot talk about certain things in their real lives, and/or that may have no vocal outlet can benefit from online disinhibition without causing harm to others.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anonymity of being online allows people to self-disclose more than they do in-person.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Online disinhibition can provide a safe place for people of the <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> community (and other marginalized groups) to share information and support one another.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can help students be more interactive in online classrooms than they are in offline classrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_disinhibition_effect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">Antisocial personality disorder</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology" title="Cyberpsychology">Cyberpsychology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Deindividuation" title="Deindividuation">Deindividuation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">Flaming (Internet)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Internet troll</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges" title="Ring of Gyges">Ring of Gyges</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man" title="The Invisible Man">The Invisible Man</a></i></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_disinhibition_effect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Suler, John (June 2004). "The Online Disinhibition Effect". <i>CyberPsychology & Behavior</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 321–326. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.514.4718">10.1.1.514.4718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F1094931041291295">10.1089/1094931041291295</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15257832">15257832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CyberPsychology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+Online+Disinhibition+Effect&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321-326&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.514.4718%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15257832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F1094931041291295&rft.aulast=Suler&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidot-LeflerBarak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lapidot-Lefler, Noam; Barak, Azy (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0747563211002317">"Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition"</a>. <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 434–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2011.10.014">10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Effects+of+anonymity%2C+invisibility%2C+and+lack+of+eye-contact+on+toxic+online+disinhibition&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=434-443&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2011.10.014&rft.aulast=Lapidot-Lefler&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Barak%2C+Azy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0747563211002317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry,_Christopher2016" class="citation journal cs1">Terry, Christopher, Jeff Cain (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4891856">"The Emerging Issue of Digital Empathy"</a>. <i>American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education</i>. <b>80</b> (4): 58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5688%2Fajpe80458">10.5688/ajpe80458</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4891856">4891856</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27293225">27293225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+Education&rft.atitle=The+Emerging+Issue+of+Digital+Empathy&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2016-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4891856%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27293225&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5688%2Fajpe80458&rft.aulast=Terry%2C+Christopher&rft.aufirst=Jeff+Cain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4891856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Psychology and the internet : intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications</i>. Gackenbach, Jayne, 1946- (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080469058" title="Special:BookSources/9780080469058"><bdi>9780080469058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/162573099">162573099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+and+the+internet+%3A+intrapersonal%2C+interpersonal%2C+and+transpersonal+implications&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FAcademic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F162573099&rft.isbn=9780080469058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidot-LeflerBarak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lapidot-Lefler, Noam; Barak, Azy (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4335">"The benign online disinhibition effect: Could situational factors induce self-disclosure and prosocial behaviors?"</a>. <i>Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace</i>. <b>9</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2FCP2015-2-3">10.5817/CP2015-2-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1802-7962">1802-7962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyberpsychology%3A+Journal+of+Psychosocial+Research+on+Cyberspace&rft.atitle=The+benign+online+disinhibition+effect%3A+Could+situational+factors+induce+self-disclosure+and+prosocial+behaviors%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5817%2FCP2015-2-3&rft.issn=1802-7962&rft.aulast=Lapidot-Lefler&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Barak%2C+Azy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberpsychology.eu%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidot-LeflerBarak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lapidot-Lefler, Noam; Barak, Azy (2012). "Effects of anonymity, invisibility, and lack of eye-contact on toxic online disinhibition". <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 434–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2011.10.014">10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Effects+of+anonymity%2C+invisibility%2C+and+lack+of+eye-contact+on+toxic+online+disinhibition&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=434-443&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2011.10.014&rft.aulast=Lapidot-Lefler&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Barak%2C+Azy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagsamen-ConradBillotte-VerhoffGreene2014" class="citation journal cs1">Magsamen-Conrad, Kate; Billotte-Verhoff, China; Greene, Kathryn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4283587">"Technology addiction's contribution to mental wellbeing: The positive effect of online social capital"</a>. <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>40</b>: 23–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2014.07.014">10.1016/j.chb.2014.07.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4283587">4283587</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568591">25568591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Technology+addiction%27s+contribution+to+mental+wellbeing%3A+The+positive+effect+of+online+social+capital&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=23-30&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4283587%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25568591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2014.07.014&rft.aulast=Magsamen-Conrad&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=Billotte-Verhoff%2C+China&rft.au=Greene%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4283587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Katie (2012). "Friendship 2.0: Adolescents' experiences of belonging and self-disclosure online". <i>Journal of Adolescence</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 1527–1536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2012.02.013">10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.02.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22475444">22475444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Friendship+2.0%3A+Adolescents%27+experiences+of+belonging+and+self-disclosure+online&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1527-1536&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2012.02.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22475444&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Katie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:6-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidot-LeflerBarak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lapidot-Lefler, Noam; Barak, Azy (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2Fcp2015-2-3">"The benign online disinhibition effect: Could situational factors induce self-disclosure and prosocial behaviors?"</a>. <i>Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace</i>. <b>9</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2Fcp2015-2-3">10.5817/cp2015-2-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1802-7962">1802-7962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyberpsychology%3A+Journal+of+Psychosocial+Research+on+Cyberspace&rft.atitle=The+benign+online+disinhibition+effect%3A+Could+situational+factors+induce+self-disclosure+and+prosocial+behaviors%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5817%2Fcp2015-2-3&rft.issn=1802-7962&rft.aulast=Lapidot-Lefler&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Barak%2C+Azy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5817%252Fcp2015-2-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsWright2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wachs, Sebastian; Wright, Michelle F. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163978">"Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate: The Moderating Role of Toxic Online Disinhibition"</a>. <i>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</i>. <b>15</b> (9): 2030. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph15092030">10.3390/ijerph15092030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163978">6163978</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30227666">30227666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Associations+between+Bystanders+and+Perpetrators+of+Online+Hate%3A+The+Moderating+Role+of+Toxic+Online+Disinhibition&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=2030&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6163978%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30227666&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph15092030&rft.aulast=Wachs&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Wright%2C+Michelle+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6163978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCornack,_Steven2016" class="citation book cs1">McCornack, Steven, Joseph Ortiz (2016). <i>Choices & Connections, 2e</i>. Bedford/St. Martin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1319043520" title="Special:BookSources/978-1319043520"><bdi>978-1319043520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choices+%26+Connections%2C+2e&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1319043520&rft.aulast=McCornack%2C+Steven&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Ortiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoniadou,_Nafsika2016" class="citation journal cs1">Antoniadou, Nafsika; et al. (June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pse.2016.01.003">"Possible Common Correlates between Bullying and Cyber-Bullying among Adolescents"</a>. <i>Psicologia Educativa</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 27–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pse.2016.01.003">10.1016/j.pse.2016.01.003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psicologia+Educativa&rft.atitle=Possible+Common+Correlates+between+Bullying+and+Cyber-Bullying+among+Adolescents&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-38&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pse.2016.01.003&rft.au=Antoniadou%2C+Nafsika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.pse.2016.01.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorahan-MartinSchumacher2000" class="citation journal cs1">Morahan-Martin, J.; Schumacher, P. (31 January 2000). "Incidence and correlates of pathological Internet use among college students". <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 13–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0747-5632%2899%2900049-7">10.1016/S0747-5632(99)00049-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0747-5632">0747-5632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Incidence+and+correlates+of+pathological+Internet+use+among+college+students&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-29&rft.date=2000-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0747-5632%2899%2900049-7&rft.issn=0747-5632&rft.aulast=Morahan-Martin&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Niemz_562–570-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niemz_562–570_14-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemz_562–570_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemzGriffithsBanyard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Niemz, Katie; Griffiths, Mark; Banyard, Phil (1 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/8193/1/186979_4626%20Griffiths%20Publisher.pdf">"Prevalence of Pathological Internet Use among University Students and Correlations with Self-Esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and Disinhibition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CyberPsychology & Behavior</i>. <b>8</b> (6): 562–570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fcpb.2005.8.562">10.1089/cpb.2005.8.562</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-9313">1094-9313</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16332167">16332167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CyberPsychology+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+Pathological+Internet+Use+among+University+Students+and+Correlations+with+Self-Esteem%2C+the+General+Health+Questionnaire+%28GHQ%29%2C+and+Disinhibition&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=562-570&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft.issn=1094-9313&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16332167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fcpb.2005.8.562&rft.aulast=Niemz&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Mark&rft.au=Banyard%2C+Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firep.ntu.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F8193%2F1%2F186979_4626%2520Griffiths%2520Publisher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cyber%20bullying">"Merriam-Webster Dictionary Cyberbullying"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary+Cyberbullying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcyber%2520bullying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosner,_Leonie2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rosner, Leonie, Nicole C. Kramer (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2056305116664220">"Verbal Venting in the Social Web: Effects of Anonymity and Group Norms on Aggressive Language Use in Online Comments"</a>. <i>Social Media + Society</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 2–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2056305116664220">10.1177/2056305116664220</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Media+%2B+Society&rft.atitle=Verbal+Venting+in+the+Social+Web%3A+Effects+of+Anonymity+and+Group+Norms+on+Aggressive+Language+Use+in+Online+Comments&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-11&rft.date=2016-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2056305116664220&rft.aulast=Rosner%2C+Leonie&rft.aufirst=Nicole+C.+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2056305116664220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhls2012" class="citation journal cs1">Uhls, Yalda T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/ViewpointsDetailsWindow?disableHighlighting=&displayGroupName=Viewpoints&source=DirectLinking&prodId=&mode=view&zid=554369d8cc950f6e00ae11f7e5e9af22&jsid=bf8ad5aa31ce0f6e4d3d82d8f9fc8ce2&limiter=&display-query=&contentModules=&action=e&sortBy=&windowstate=normal&currPage=&dviSelectedPage=&scanId=&query=&search_within_results=&p=OVIC%3AGIC&catId=&u=oak30216&displayGroups=&documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010789204&activityType=&failOverType=&commentary=">"Cyberbullying Has a Broader Impact Than Traditional Bullying"</a>. <i>Cyberbullying</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyberbullying&rft.atitle=Cyberbullying+Has+a+Broader+Impact+Than+Traditional+Bullying&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Uhls&rft.aufirst=Yalda+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.galegroup.com%2Fic%2Fovic%2FViewpointsDetailsPage%2FViewpointsDetailsWindow%3FdisableHighlighting%3D%26displayGroupName%3DViewpoints%26source%3DDirectLinking%26prodId%3D%26mode%3Dview%26zid%3D554369d8cc950f6e00ae11f7e5e9af22%26jsid%3Dbf8ad5aa31ce0f6e4d3d82d8f9fc8ce2%26limiter%3D%26display-query%3D%26contentModules%3D%26action%3De%26sortBy%3D%26windowstate%3Dnormal%26currPage%3D%26dviSelectedPage%3D%26scanId%3D%26query%3D%26search_within_results%3D%26p%3DOVIC%253AGIC%26catId%3D%26u%3Doak30216%26displayGroups%3D%26documentId%3DGALE%257CEJ3010789204%26activityType%3D%26failOverType%3D%26commentary%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonnikova2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Konnikova, Maria (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/the-psychology-of-online-comments">"The Psychology of Online Comments"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+Online+Comments&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.aulast=Konnikova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftech%2Felements%2Fthe-psychology-of-online-comments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/essex/7914415.stm">"BBC NEWS | UK | England | Essex | Facebook remark teenager is fired"</a>. <i>news.bbc.co.uk</i>. 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%7C+UK+%7C+England+%7C+Essex+%7C+Facebook+remark+teenager+is+fired&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fessex%2F7914415.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spring.org.uk/2010/08/six-causes-of-online-disinhibition.php">"Six Causes of Online Disinhibition – PsyBlog"</a>. <i>PsyBlog</i>. 19 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PsyBlog&rft.atitle=Six+Causes+of+Online+Disinhibition+%E2%80%93+PsyBlog&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spring.org.uk%2F2010%2F08%2Fsix-causes-of-online-disinhibition.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0"><span class="cite-accessibility-label">Jump up to: </span><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidot-Lefler,_N.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lapidot-Lefler, N., Azy Barak (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2015063001">"The benign online disinhibition effect: Could situational factors induce self-disclosure and prosocial behaviors?"</a>. <i>Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace</i>. <b>9</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2FCP2015-2-3">10.5817/CP2015-2-3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyberpsychology%3A+Journal+of+Psychosocial+Research+on+Cyberspace&rft.atitle=The+benign+online+disinhibition+effect%3A+Could+situational+factors+induce+self-disclosure+and+prosocial+behaviors%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5817%2FCP2015-2-3&rft.aulast=Lapidot-Lefler%2C+N.&rft.aufirst=Azy+Barak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyberpsychology.eu%2Fview.php%3Fcisloclanku%3D2015063001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2016" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Brandon (September 2016). "A Computer-Mediated Escape from the Closet: Exploring Identity, Community, and Disinhibited Discussion on an Internet Coming Out Advice Forum". <i>Sexuality & Culture</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 602–625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12119-016-9343-4">10.1007/s12119-016-9343-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147080795">147080795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexuality+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+Computer-Mediated+Escape+from+the+Closet%3A+Exploring+Identity%2C+Community%2C+and+Disinhibited+Discussion+on+an+Internet+Coming+Out+Advice+Forum&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=602-625&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12119-016-9343-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147080795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23" aria-label="Jump up" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Kenneth (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olj.onlinelearningconsortium.org/index.php/olj/article/view/304">"Leveraging disinhibition to increase student authority in asynchronous online discussion.(Case study)"</a>. <i>Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asynchronous+Learning+Networks&rft.atitle=Leveraging+disinhibition+to+increase+student+authority+in+asynchronous+online+discussion.%28Case+study%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folj.onlinelearningconsortium.org%2Findex.php%2Folj%2Farticle%2Fview%2F304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_disinhibition_effect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Joinson, Adam (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cyPiIDZy4YC&pg=PA75">"Disinhibition and the Internet"</a>. <i>Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. 75–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123694256" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123694256"><bdi>978-0123694256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disinhibition+and+the+Internet&rft.btitle=Psychology+and+the+Internet%3A+Intrapersonal%2C+interpersonal%2C+and+transpersonal+implications&rft.pages=75-92&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0123694256&rft.aulast=Joinson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_cyPiIDZy4YC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_disinhibition_effect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcRaney2011" class="citation web cs1">McRaney, David (10 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://youarenotsosmart.com/2011/02/10/deindividuation/">"Deindividuation"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deindividuation&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft.aulast=McRaney&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyouarenotsosmart.com%2F2011%2F02%2F10%2Fdeindividuation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rider.edu/~suler/psycyber/disinhibit.html">The Online Disinhibition Effect</a> Rider University</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/jul/24/internet-anonymity-trolling-tim-adams">"How the internet created an age of rage"</a>. The Guardian (The Observer). 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+the+internet+created+an+age+of+rage&rft.date=2011-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2011%2Fjul%2F24%2Finternet-anonymity-trolling-tim-adams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+disinhibition+effect" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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